Term
| Aphasias usually result from a lesion somewhere in the _____; while dysarthrias usually result from a lesion in the ____. |
|
Definition
| cortex; subcortical area such as an internal capsule or brain stem lesion |
|
|
Term
| Which is the "dominant" hemisphere in most peopl? |
|
Definition
| left is dominant in 90% of righties and 50% of lefties |
|
|
Term
| To characterize aphasia it is important to assess the patient's language abilities in what three domains? |
|
Definition
| production, comprehension and repitition |
|
|
Term
| What kind of stroke causes Broca's aphasia? |
|
Definition
| secondary to a superior MCA stroke |
|
|
Term
| What are some associated symptoms that occur with stroke causing broca's aphasia? |
|
Definition
| arma nd face hemiparesis, ,hemisensory loss and apraxia of oral muscles |
|
|
Term
| Where is broca's area located? |
|
Definition
| the posterior inferior frontal gyrus |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Broca's aphasia? |
|
Definition
| begin speech therapy (varying outcomes) |
|
|
Term
| Can pts with Broca's aphasia read or write? |
|
Definition
| their ability to do either is decreased |
|
|
Term
| Can patient's with Wernicke's aphasia read or write? |
|
Definition
| their ability to do either is decreased |
|
|
Term
| Where is Wernicke's area located? |
|
Definition
| posterior superior temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What abnormalities are noted in conduction aphasia? |
|
Definition
| decreased repitition naming and writing |
|
|
Term
| A lesion to the arcuate fasciculus results in what kind of aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of lesion causes a global aphasia? |
|
Definition
| large portion of left hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| What lesion causes a transcortical motor aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the deficit seen in transcortical motor aphasia? |
|
Definition
| decreased fluency and writing; mildly decreased naming; normal comprehension, repetition and reading |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lesion that causes transcortical sensory aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the deficit seen in transcortical sensory aphasia? |
|
Definition
| decreased comprehension, naming, reading and writing; normal fluency and repetition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are paraphasic errors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Wernicke-Korsakoff's encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
| thiamine deficiency (often secondary to alcoholism) that causes a lesion in the mamillary bodies that leads to confabulations and anterograde amnesia |
|
|
Term
| How are the transcortical aphasias different from Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia? |
|
Definition
| repetition remains intact |
|
|
Term
| What are the different parts to the glasgow coma scale? |
|
Definition
| motor (6), verbal (5), eye opening (4) |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to predict coma outcomes? |
|
Definition
| depends on the cause of the coma; coma secondary to druc overdose is associated with 5-10% mortality, coma secondary to anoxia carries a 90% mortality |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the reticular activating system? |
|
Definition
| structure that extends from the brain stem, through the thalamus bilaterally, and to the cerebral hemispheres bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| name some supratentorial processes that can cause coma |
|
Definition
| hemorrhage (epidural, subdural, or intraparenchymal),infarction, abscesses, and tumors; must be recognized in order to preventpotential herniation and compression of the midbrain and brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Name some infratentorial lesions that can cause coma? |
|
Definition
| hemorrhage (pons, cerebellum or posterior fossa), vertebrobasilar strokes, and tumors of the brain stem or cerebellum; infratentorial masses require prompt evacuation due to impending compression/damage to the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| What a re some metabolic causes of coma? |
|
Definition
| electrolyte or endocrine disturbances; ethanol, drugs, or toxins |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for an initial GCS score of 3 or 4? |
|
Definition
| 95% mortality at one month |
|
|
Term
| Etiologies of sudden onset coma= |
|
Definition
| brain stem infarctions; SAH |
|
|
Term
| Etiologies of coma that is initially focal but rapidly progressive= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Etiology of coma with subacute initial presentation= |
|
Definition
| tumor, abscess, subdural hematoma |
|
|
Term
| Etiologies of coma with focal enurologic deficits= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Etiologies of coma with no focalsigns= |
|
Definition
| diffuse processes such as metabolic or drug intoxication |
|
|
Term
| What types of diseases can cause "locked in" syndrome? |
|
Definition
| central pontine myelinolysis, brain stem stroke, advanced ALS |
|
|
Term
| What are some different names for the doll's eye reflex? |
|
Definition
| oculocephalic reflex, vestibulo-ocular reflex, or oculovestibular reflex |
|
|
Term
| T/F THe vestibuloocular reflex depends on visual input? |
|
Definition
| false; VOR can occur even in total darkness or when the eyes are closed |
|
|
Term
| What is the physiology behind hot/cold water calorics? |
|
Definition
| when a semicircular canal is inactive (like by cold water), the eyes will move slowly toward the inactive canal |
|
|
Term
| Lesion if eyes look slowly toward the stimulus side with no fast phase correction during cold/hot water calorics= |
|
Definition
| brain stem is intact and the lesion is in the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Lesion if during cold/hot water calorics, there is no eye movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient has reactive pupils with absent oculocephalic reflexes= |
|
Definition
| can not localize one lesion; probably due to a toxic/metabolic insult |
|
|
Term
| What is Cheyne-stokes breathing? |
|
Definition
| a crescendodecrescendo pattern due to bilateral hemisphere dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What is central neurogenic hyperventilation? |
|
Definition
| rapid deep breathing due to midbrain damage |
|
|
Term
| Rapid deep breathing due to midbrain damage= |
|
Definition
| central enurogenic hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| What is apneustic breathing? |
|
Definition
| prolonged inspiration with subsequent apnea due to pontine dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What is ataxic breathing? |
|
Definition
| irregular breathing due to medullary dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| How do you manage a pt that acutely presents with coma? |
|
Definition
| attend to ABCs, adminster dextrose, oxygen, naloxone and thiamine to reverse potentially reversible causes of coma; look for an etiology |
|
|
Term
| The elderly are at particular risk for delirium secondary to what cauases? |
|
Definition
| medical illness (esp UTI and pneumonia), polypharmacy, and preexisting dementia |
|
|
Term
| What are some predisposing factors to delirium? |
|
Definition
| unfamiliar surroundings, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, and sensory overload |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of delirium? |
|
Definition
| metabolic (hepatic encephalopathy, thiamine deficiency, hypoglycemia), oxygen (hypoxia, hypercarbia), vascular (anemia, MI), endocrine/electrolytes (hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, fluid imbalance, hyper/hypothyroid), seizures (ictal/postictal), tumor/trauma, temperature, uremia (acute renal failure, dehydration), pschogenic, infection (UTI, pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis), intoxication (alcohol, benzodiazepines, carbon monoxide, barbiturates, hallucinogens, opioids), drugs/degenerative diseases |
|
|
Term
| When should a patient with delirium getting head imaging? |
|
Definition
| if after lab work is done and found to be noncontributory head trauma or CNS pathology is suspected; OR if there is a high index of suspicion of CNS pathology |
|
|
Term
| How should you treat delirium? |
|
Definition
| treat underlying cause; use nonsedating antipsychotcs (like haloperidol) for agitation (except in alcohol withdrawal) |
|
|
Term
| What drug should you avoid using to treat delirious patients? |
|
Definition
| benzodiazepines as they will worsen most patients symptoms except in the setting of alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal when benzodiazepines are clearly indicated |
|
|
Term
| What are the five A's of dementia? |
|
Definition
| amnesia, aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, abstract thought disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disruption of recognition |
|
|
Term
| What percent of dementias are due to alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bewsides alzheimer's, name some other causes of dementia? |
|
Definition
| degenerative disease (parkinson's huntingtons, pick's, lwybody disease), endocrine (thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary-adrenal axis), metabolic (alcohol, fluid electrolytes, B12, glucose, hepatic/renal disease, wilson's disease), exogenous (heavy metals, carbon monoxide, drugs), neoplasm, trauma (subdural hematoma), infection (meningitis, encephalitis, abscess, endocarditis, HIV, syphilis, prions, lyme disease), affective disorders (pseudodementia), stroke/structure (multiinfarct/vascular dementia, ischemia, vasculitis, normal pressure hydrocephalus) |
|
|
Term
| How should you treat dementia in general? |
|
Definition
| avoid benzos, can give low dose atypical antipsychotic (risperidone) for agitation |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| age, female gender, family history, down syndrome, apoE4 homozygosity, and low educational level |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathology of alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques with amyloid deposition, amyloid angiopathy and neuronal loss |
|
|
Term
| What is average survival with alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| 5-10 eyars from onset of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What do patietns with Alzheimer's disease typically die of? |
|
Definition
| aspiration pneumonia or other infections |
|
|
Term
| What is the first sign of alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clinical diagnosis of exclusion that can be definitively diagnosed only on autopsy; neurobehavioral and neuropsychological tests can be ordered to identify specific cognitive deficits; PET is increasingly being used to determine specific patterns of hypometabolism that may be highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing AD |
|
|
Term
| What types of medications can be used to treat alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
| anticholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine, galantamine or donepezil) are first line therapy; tacrine can cause hepatotoxicity; vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) and selegiline) both of which are antioxidants may slow cognitive decline |
|
|
Term
| Does AD affect life expectancy? |
|
Definition
| yes, life expectancy from teh time of diagnosis is approximately hafl that of age-matched controls |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of peripheral dysfunction leading to vertigo? |
|
Definition
| benign paroxismal positional vertigo, menier's disease, acoustic neuroma, viral labyrinthitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of BPPV? |
|
Definition
| brief spells of vertigo triggered by changes in head position; caused by loose debris within the posterior canal of the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| What percent of peripheral dysequilibrium is caused by BPPV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes meniere's disease and what are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
| intermittent vertigo due to dilation and periodic rupture of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear; hearing loss and tinnitus are also common |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat meniere's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some causes of cnetral dysfunction causing dysequilibrium? |
|
Definition
| brainstem or cerebellar processes such as stroke, tumor or MS |
|
|
Term
| Vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic or a lesion located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe peripheral vertigo versus central vertigo? |
|
Definition
| peripheral=intermittent and severe; central= constant and less severe |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nystagmus associated with central versus peripheral dysequilibrium? |
|
Definition
peripheral= nystagmus is always present; unidirectional, never vertical
central= nystagmus may be absent, unidirectional, or bidirectional; may be vertical |
|
|
Term
| Hearing loss associated with central vs. peripheral dysequilibrium= |
|
Definition
| peripheral= hearing loss or tinnitus often present; central= hearing loss or tinnitus rarely present |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic brain stem signs associated with central vs. peripheral dysequilibrium= |
|
Definition
| peripheral= absent; central= often present |
|
|
Term
| Name some peripheral vestibular disorders? |
|
Definition
| BPPV, meniere's diseae, acute peripheral vestibulopathy, otosclerosis, cerebellopontine angle tumor, vestibulopathy/acoustic neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| TYpes of acute central ataxias= |
|
Definition
| drug intoxication, Wernicke's encephalopathy, vertebrobasilar ischemia/infarction; inflammatory disorders, cerebellar hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Types of chronic central ataxias? |
|
Definition
| MS, cerebellar degeneration, hypothyroidism, wilson's disease, cruetzfeldt-jakob disease, posterior fossa masses, ataxia-telangiectasia |
|
|
Term
| What maneuver is used to test for BPPV on physical exam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dix hallpike maneuver? |
|
Definition
| vertigo is elicited when a pat is brought from a sitting to a supine position with the head turned 45 degrees to one side and extended about twenty degrees backward; a burst of nystagmus is a positive dix hallpike maneuver |
|
|
Term
| What kind of testing can you get to distinguish a peripheral from central dysequilibrium? |
|
Definition
| audiogram, brainstem auditory evoked responses, and an electronystagmogram |
|
|
Term
| How can you treat benign conditions causing nystagmus in general? |
|
Definition
| antihistamines (especially meclizine), and anticholinergics ( such as scopolamine,, benzos or sympathomimetics); discontinue vestibulotoxic drugs such as quinidine, alcohol and aspirin |
|
|
Term
| What can you use to treat BPPV? |
|
Definition
| the reverse of the dix-hallpike maneuver |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of BPPV? |
|
Definition
| usually subsides spontaneously in weeks to months |
|
|
Term
| Oligoclonal bands on CSF from LP= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of acute headache? |
|
Definition
| SAH, hemorrhagic stroke, seizure, meningitis, acutely elevated ICP, hypertensive encephalopathy, post LP, ocular disease (glaucoma/iritis) new migraine headache |
|
|
Term
| Whata re some causes of subacute headache? |
|
Definition
| temporal arteritis, intracranial tumor, subdural hematoma, psuedotumor cerebri, trigeminal/glossopharyngeal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of chronic/episodic headache? |
|
Definition
| migraine, cluster headache, tension headache, sinusitis, dental disease, neck pain |
|
|
Term
| What percent of people get migraines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thought to be the cause of migraines? |
|
Definition
| vascular abnomralities (eg intracranial vasoconstriction and extracranial vasodilation) potentially secondary to disorder of serotonergic neurotransmission |
|
|
Term
| If present, when during a migraine does a visual aura occur/ |
|
Definition
| about 10-30 minutes before the onset of headache |
|
|
Term
| How long do migraines last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are migraine headaches more commonly located? |
|
Definition
| unilateral with frontal and retroorbital distribution (can be bilateral and occipital) |
|
|
Term
| What are "classic migraines"? |
|
Definition
| preceded by a visual aura in the form of either scintillating scotomas, or field cuts |
|
|
Term
| What is a "common migraine"? |
|
Definition
| not associated with visual auras and can be bilateral and periorbital |
|
|
Term
| When does subacute blood become isodense with brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some abortive migraine therapy. |
|
Definition
| ASA/NSAIDS, sumatriptan and other triptans, ergots, and rarely opiates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are triptans contraindicated? |
|
Definition
| those with CAD or complicated migraine headaches (i.e. basilar migraines) that include focal neurologic symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What can be used as prophylactic therapy for migraine treatment? |
|
Definition
| propranolol (beta blocker), verapamil (CCBs), amitriptyline (TCAs), and valproic acid (anticonvulsant) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the population get cluster headaches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average age of onset for cluster headaches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What events may precipitate a cluster headache? |
|
Definition
| vasodilator use or alcohol intake |
|
|
Term
| How long do cluster headaches last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cluster headaches usually take place when/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides headache, what are some other symptoms of cluster headache? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral tearing of the eye and conjunctival injection, Horner's syndrome, and nasal stuffiness |
|
|
Term
| What is abortive therapy for cluster headache? |
|
Definition
| high flow O2, sumatriptan, ergots, intranasal lidocaine, corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| What are some prophylactic treatments for cluster headaches? |
|
Definition
| calcium channel blockers, ergots, valproic acid, prednisone, topiramate, methysergide |
|
|
Term
| What percent of all headaches are tension headaches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tension headaches are associated with what other symptoms? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, poor concentration and difficulty sleeping |
|
|
Term
| Where are tension headaches typically the most severe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about the timing between tension headaches and migraines? |
|
Definition
| tension headaches occur later int eh workday; migraines occur on awakening |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat tension headaches? |
|
Definition
| relaxation, massage, hotbaths, regular diet, exercise and avoidance of exacerbating factors; abortive meds= NSAIDS but you can consider triptans and ergots; prophylactic therapy is uncommmon |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for headache sthat occur after discontinuing analgesics? |
|
Definition
| analgesic rebound headaches |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the population has analgesic rebound headaches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What patient population is most likely to get analgesic rebound headache syndrome? |
|
Definition
| middle aged women with underlying migraine |
|
|
Term
| What is the proposed cause of trigeminal neuralgia? |
|
Definition
| compression of the trigeminal nerve near its connection with the pons causing injury to the myelin sheath; leading to erratic hyperfunctioning of the nerve; aneurysms of the superior cerebellar artery, tumors, or arachnoid cysts may cause nerve compression |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal neuralgia in younger women is sometimes associated with ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of TN? |
|
Definition
| paroxysmal episodes of severe pain in the jaw, forehead and scalp around the eyes and lisp; episodes can occur up to hundreds of times a day; symptoms are unilateral; may also have allodynia |
|
|
Term
| what meds can be used to treat trigeminal neuralgia? |
|
Definition
| anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytoin, topiramate); gabapentin, TCAs such as nortriptyline; botox injections into the nerve |
|
|
Term
| IF medications fail to control TN symptoms what may be attempted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's another name for pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Describe the classic patient with pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| obese women of childbearing age (those 20-45 yoa) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main morbidity associated with pseudotumor cerebri/ |
|
Definition
| potentially permanent vision loss resulting from decompensation of papilledema and progressive optic atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common presenting complaint of pseudotumor cerebri pts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| headache, N/V, pulse tinnitus, horizontal diplopia, transient visual diming or blackouts, progressive peripheral vision loss and blurring and distortion of central vision, pain behind the eye or pain on eye movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rhythmic or "rushign" sound heard in one or both ears that may be exacerbated by bending movements |
|
|
Term
| What is horizontal diplopia associated with pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| a alsely localizing "sixth nerve palsy" other than this pts should have no localizing signs |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for blurring and distortion of central visison? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you distinguish between acute and chronic papilledema? |
|
Definition
| acute= flame hemorrhages, venous engorgement, and hard exudates, chronic= optic disk pallor |
|
|
Term
| what kind of opening pressure is seen in LP of pts with pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen on CT and MRI of pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| normal to small ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What pharmacologic treatment can be used for pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| diuretics such as caronic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide) or a short course of high dose steroids to combat vision loss in severe cases |
|
|
Term
| What are some procedural treatmetns of pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| large-volume therapeutic LP; lumboperitoneal or ventriculoperitoneal CSF shunts and optic nerve sheath fenestration as last resorts |
|
|
Term
| What are some long term ways to manage pseudotumor cerebri? |
|
Definition
| weight loss, dietary chagnes (eg a low sodium diet) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of intracranial neoplasms are primary vs metastatic? |
|
Definition
| primary=30%; metastatic= 70% |
|
|
Term
| What percent of all primary brain tumors are benign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical age range for primary brain tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common primary brain tumors in adults? |
|
Definition
| meningioma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common primary brain tumors in children? |
|
Definition
| medulloblastomas and astrocytomas in children |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common primary brain tumors in children? |
|
Definition
| medulloblastomas and astrocytomas in children |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common types of metatstatic tumors to the brain? |
|
Definition
| breast, lung, kidney, and GI tract and melanomas |
|
|
Term
| What is teh typical appearance/characteristics of metastatic tumors to the brain? |
|
Definition
| appear at the gray-white junction; rapid growth, invasiveness, necrosis and neovascularization; multiple discrete neolastic nodules appear simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| What percent of brain tumors in adults are supratentorial/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of brain tumors in kids are supratentorial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent vomiting, and headache or focal enurologic deficit; personality changes, mood swings, lethargy, intellectual decline, aphasias, seizures |
|
|
Term
| What percent of pts with brain tumor present with headache? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of headache associated with brain tumors? |
|
Definition
| dull and steady, worse in the morning, associated with nausea and vomiting, and exacerbated by coughing, changing position or exertion |
|
|
Term
| Where do hemorrhagic brain tumors typically occur? |
|
Definition
| near the cortex, where blood vessels dramatically decrease in size (as opposed to htn related bleeds, which occur in deep gray matter such as teh basal ganglia) |
|
|
Term
| What metastatic brain tumors tend to bleed? |
|
Definition
| thyroid cancer, melanoma, renal tumors, and choriocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What is teh typical presentation of astrocytoma? |
|
Definition
| presents with headache and increased ICP; may cause unilateral paralysis in CN V-VII and CN X |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of astrocytoma? |
|
Definition
| slow, protracted course; prognosis is much better than GBM |
|
|
Term
| What is teh presentation of GBM? |
|
Definition
| often presents with headache and increased ICP |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for GBM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common primary brain tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's teh treatment for astrocytoma? |
|
Definition
| resection if possible; radiation |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of GBM? |
|
Definition
| progresses rapidly; has a poorer prognosis (<1 yr from the time of diagnosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for GBM? |
|
Definition
| surgical removal and resection; radiation and chemotherpay have variable results; palliative care |
|
|
Term
| Where do meningiomas arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of meningiomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incidence of meningioma increases with what pt factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for meningioma? |
|
Definition
| surgical resection; radiation for unresectable tumors |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of acoustic neuroma? |
|
Definition
| presents with ipsilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and signs of cerebellar dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What tissue is an acoustic neuroma derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for acoustic neuroma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do medulloblastomas arise? |
|
Definition
| from teh fourth ventricle and leads to increased ICP |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of medulloblastoma? |
|
Definition
| highly malignant; may seed the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for medulloblastoma? |
|
Definition
| surgical resection; radiation, chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Where do ependymomas arise? |
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Definition
| from the ependyma of a ventricle (commonly the fourth) or the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Name a common compicliation of ependymoma? |
|
Definition
| may lead to hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for ependymoma? |
|
Definition
| surgical resection and radiation |
|
|
Term
| What drug can be used to palliate GBM? |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids to reduce vasogenic edema |
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