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09. Cell and cell division
Denisse Alejandra Ochoa Orrico. English for Medical Students
16
Medical
Not Applicable
10/31/2020

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Term
plasma membrane
Definition
outer layer of the cell; composed mainly of lipids and proteins
Term
cytoplasm
Definition

colloidal suspension that fills cell 

holds cell contents

Term
nucleus
Definition

large, dark-staining body near the center of the cell; composed of DNA and proteins

contains the chromosomes with the genes

Term
nucleolus
Definition

small body in the nucleus; composed of RNA, DNA, and protein

needed for protein manufacture 

Term
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition

network of membranes in the cytoplasm 

used for storage and transport; holds ribosomes

Term
ribosomes
Definition

small bodies attached to the ER; composed of RNA and protein

manufacture proteins

Term
mitochondria
Definition

large organelles with folded membranes inside

convert energy from nutrients into ATP 

Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition

layers of membranes

put together special substances such as mucus 

Term
lysosomes
Definition
small sacs of digestive enzymes
Term
centrioles
Definition
help separate the chromosomes in cell division
Term
cilia
Definition

short, hairlike projections from the cell

create movement around the cell

Term
flagellum
Definition

long, whiplike extension from the cell

moves the cell

Term
prophase
Definition
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • nucleolus disappears
Term
metaphase
Definition
  • mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
  • each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
Term
anaphase
Definition
  • cohesin proteins binding the sister chromatids together break down
  • sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
  • non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell
Term
telophase
Definition
  • chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondenese
  • nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
  • the mitotic spindle breaks down
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