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| Stores relevant information relating to the words we know (e.g. what they mean) |
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| A phoneme is the speech equivalent of a letter (they are normally annotated with surrounding slash marks), so, for example, /k/ and /{/ are the first two phonemes in confess. |
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| Coarticulation refers to the fact that you have to prepare for upcoming phonemes well before they are produced, and these preparations lead to changes in the phonemes currently being pronounced |
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| The process of dividing the speech stream up, so that the words contained in it can be recognized and understood. |
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| Pre-lexical models rely on characteristics of the speech stream that might mark a likely word boundary |
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| Lexical models segmentation is guided by knowledge of how words sound |
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All languages have some unit of temporal regularity, and this provides the basic rhythm when an utterance is produced.
In English, this unit is known as a metrical foot, and consists of a strong (stressed) syllable, followed optionally by one or more weak (unstressed) syllables |
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Definition
| Cutler and Norris (1988) played pairs of nonsense syllables to listeners, and asked them to monitor for any familiar word embedded in the speech |
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| Phonological representation |
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Definition
| What particular words sound like |
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| The learning of complex information in an incidental manner, without awareness of what has been learned |
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| Speech is continually evaluated and re-evaluated against numerous potential candidates for the identity of each word |
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| As the beginning of a word is encountered the set of words that match the speech so far is activated. |
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Definition
| Point in the word recognition process where a unique word is identified |
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Definition
| Used to examine the extent to which the meaning of a spoken word has been retrieved – involves hearing a spoken prime word, followed swiftly by a visual target word |
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Definition
| Reflects the strength of evidence in favour of that particular word |
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Term
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Definition
| McClelland and Elman, 1986's connectionist model that assumes three levels of representation: the phonetic feature level, the phoneme level and the word level (containing a node for each word the listener knows). |
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Term
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| Phonetic features are basically bits of phonemes |
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Definition
| TRACE model - word with the greater consistency with the incoming signal becomes most strongly activated. |
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Term
| IAC (interactive activation and competition) model |
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Definition
| McClelland and Rumelhart's (1981) model contains three levels of nodes, representing activation of (1) visual features, (2) letters and (3) words |
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Definition
We often find lexical influences on recognition of sublexical units like letters, for example
letter detection is easier when the letter forms part of a word (e.g. the letter ‘i' is easier to detect in slim than in spim). This can be attributed to the influence of the word node for slim providing a secondary source of activation for recognition of ‘i', whereas there is no secondary source for a non word like spim. |
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| Generating a pronunciation based on a set of mappings between letters and sounds for your language |
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| Relies, like whole-word methods of teaching reading, on some kind of stored pronunciation of the whole word in the mental lexicon |
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| Non-words that can be pronounced to sound like words |
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| Words that occur relatively rarely in the language |
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| Coltheart et al's dual-route modes of reading |
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Definition
| Words that have similar spellings |
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Definition
| Words that are sound the same but are spelt differently. |
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| Periods when the eyes are more-or-less-stationary |
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| Grammatical words like we and on |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that convey meaning, like sentence and look |
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Term
| Optimal viewing position (OVP) |
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Definition
| Words are identified most quickly if they are fixated at a point in the word known as the optimal viewing position. The OVP is generally near the middle of a word, but can be slightly left of centre in the case of longer words |
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Term
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Definition
| Central region of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of the retina immediately surrounding the fovea |
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Definition
| How word meanings are stored |
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Definition
| How word meanings are related |
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Definition
| Morphology deals with the size of units in the mental lexicon |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest meaningful unit within a word |
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| A relatively minor modification of a word (for example, marking pluralization or tense) |
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| The branch of morphology that deals with inflection changes |
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| Major modifications in which the grammatical class of a word may change form part of derivational morphology. For example, the suffix -ness can change an adjective to a noun (as in happiness or weakness). Similarly, the suffix -ly can change an adjective into an adverb. |
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Definition
| The view that the recognition system is set up to recognize words, regardless of their substructure |
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Term
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Definition
| Taft and Forster's (1975) view that words are chopped up into morphemes as they are perceived, and the morpheme is the basic unit of representation in the lexicon. |
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Term
| Spreading activation models |
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Definition
| Spreading activation models (e.g. Collins and Loftus, 1975) assume that words can be represented by units or nodes with the links between the nodes representing semantic relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| The alternative featural theory of semantic representation assumes that word meanings are represented as a set of semantic features, for example, the features relevant for the word canary might include (‘has wings', ‘can fly', ‘is a bird' and so on). |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that seem to go together naturally |
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| .... is often measured by asking people to say or write down the word that first comes into their heads when they read a target word |
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Definition
| The presence of two or more possible meanings within a single sentence or sequence of words |
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Term
| Autonomous view of sematic ambiguity |
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Definition
| All meanings of an ambiguous word are first accessed, and then the contextually compatible meaning is selected from these alternatives |
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| Interactive view of semantic ambiguity |
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Definition
| The interactive view has a stronger role for sentential context than the autonomous view, in that it may in some cases rule out inappropriate meanings before they are fully accessed |
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Definition
| The process of constructing a mental model of the information being communicated when reading or hearing a sentence |
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| Grammatical rules of English that indicate how phrases can combine |
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Definition
| For example, in the sentence ‘The girl spotted the yacht' identifying the fact that the girl is the doer, identifying spotting as the activity she is doing, and that the yacht is what she is doing it to |
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| (Frazier, 1979), assumes that parsing is incremental, so each word is allocated a syntactic role as soon as it is perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| MacDonald et al., 1994 for example assume that parsing is parallel and interactive. So rather than maintaining a single syntactic analysis, these models allow more than one potential parse of a sentence to be evaluated at the same time |
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