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08 chemistry vocabulary
ch 3- 9, ch 11
101
Science
10th Grade
12/12/2008

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Term
1s
Definition
lowest energy of an electron (ground state)
Term
acid
Definition
a substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions; proton donor
Term
actual yield
Definition
what the product is, after it is calculated using the results of an experiment
Term
alkali metals
Definition
the elements in the first column of the periodic table, excluding hydrogen
Term
anion
Definition
a negatively charged ion
Term
atom
Definition
the smallest particle that matter can be split into. it consists of smaller parts: electron (negative charge), proton (positive charge), and neutron (neutral)
Term
atomic mass unit
Definition
a small unit of mass equal to 1.66 x 10^-24
Term
atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in a nucleus
Term
average atomic mass
Definition
the average mass of one atom of an element in grams
Term
avogadro's number
Definition
6.022 x 10^23
Term
balancing a chemical equation
Definition
making an unbalanced equation have the same number of each type of atom on the product side as on the reactant side of the arrow
Term
base
Definition
a substance that produces OH (negative) atom in water- it is required for an acid/ base reaction
Term
binary compound
Definition
a two-element compound
Term
binary ionic compound
Definition
a two-element compound consisting of a cation and an anion
Term
bohr model
Definition
of the atom correctly mapped electron movement but it only worked for the hydrogen atom
Term
box diagram
Definition
a system to indicate an atom's electrons' locations where orbitals are represented by boxes grouped by sublevel with arrows representing the electrons. the direction of the arrows indicates the direction of the electrons' spins
Term
cation
Definition
a positively charged ion
Term
chemical change
Definition
involves a change in the fundamental properties of the substances, also called reactions
Term
chemical equation
Definition
written representation of a chemical reaction
Term
chemical formula
Definition
a representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show relative number of atoms
Term
chemical properties
Definition
properties that refer to its ability to form new substances
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
a reaction in which a completely new substance(s) is formed, a chemical change usually indicated by:
- a color change
- a solid forms
- bubbles form
- heat and/ or a flame is produced
Term
chemistry
Definition
a synonym for awesome and fun. a way of thinking about the world. antonym for geeky.
Term
coefficients
Definition
numbers used before the reactants and/ or products to balance the equation with the same amount of products as reactants by changing the relative amounts
Term
combustion of a carbon compound
Definition
a reaction with oxygen that produces CO2 and H2O
Term
combustion reaction
Definition
a reaction with oxygen
Term
complete ionic equation
Definition
better represents the actual forms of the reactants and products in solution. all substances that are strong electrodes are represented as separate ions
Term
compounds
Definition
two or more elements combined and have the same composition no matter where they are found
Term
core electrons
Definition
inner electrons that aren't involved in bonding atoms to each other
Term
dalton's atomic theory
Definition
john dalton- english scientist and teacher and came up with 5 theories about all elements
1. elements are made of tiny particles called atoms
2. all atoms of a given element are identical
3. the atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element
4. atoms of one element can combine with atoms of another element to form a compound. a given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms
5. atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. that is, atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. a chemical reaction is simply changes the way the atoms are grouped together.
Term
decomposition reactions
Definition
ab --> a + b
a single reactant forms more than one product, opposite of synthesis
Term
diatomic molecule
Definition
a molecule of two atoms
Term
distillation
Definition
a method to separate the components of a liquid mixture. an example of distillation is separating saltwater into salt and water
Term
double displacement reaction
Definition
a reaction in which the anions of the two reactants switch cations
AB + CD --> AD + CB
Term
driving forces of a chemical reaction
Definition
1. formation of a solid
2. formation of water
3. transfer of electrons
4. formation of a gas
Term
electromagnetic radiation
Definition
radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum, energy being transmitted by light
Term
electron
Definition
the negatively charged part of an atom that is usually located in its loosely defined orbital
Term
electron orbital
Definition
probability map for an electron. no defined line of boundary, it fades off at the ends. contains around 90% of the total probability of where the electron could be
Term
elements
Definition
substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means
Term
empirical formula
Definition
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
Term
excess reactant
Definition
any reactant that isn't limiting in a chemical equation
Term
excited atom
Definition
when an atom has excess energy it is said to be in an excited state. it releases this energy by jumping and when it comes back down it releases photons of light. atoms have different levels of excitement, which corresponds to different colors of the visible spectrum
Term
filtration
Definition
a simple method used to separate a liquid from a solid. an example of filtration would be the separation of sand from a sand and water mixture using a filter
Term
frequency
Definition
the number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space
Term
ground state
Definition
the lowest energy arrangement an element can possess. hydrogen's ground state is 1s^2, but neon's ground state is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6
Term
halogen
Definition
a group 7 element
Term
homogeneous mixture
Definition
a mixture that is the same throughout; synonymous with a solution
Term
insoluble/ slightly soluble solid
Definition
a solid where such a tiny amount dissolves in water that it is undetectable with the eye alone
Term
isotopes
Definition
atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Term
light travels
Definition
through electromagnetic radiation; it either travels in waves or in particles
Term
limiting reactant (limiting reagent)
Definition
the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion. also it is the rectant that limits the amount of products that can be formed; once it is consumed, no more products can be formed; essential to identify for any stoichiometric problem
Term
mass number
Definition
the sum of the number of neutrons and the number of protons in a given nucleus
Term
mass percent
Definition
the percent by mass of a component of a mixture or of a given element in a compound
Term
matter
Definition
the "stuff" of which the universe is composed. it has two characteristics: it has mass and it occupies space
Term
metalloids
Definition
elements that exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic behavior
Term
mixture
Definition
something that has a variable composition (salt and sand)
Term
molar mass
Definition
the mass of 1 mol of a substance
Term
mole
Definition
a unit used to count a group of atoms. there are 6.022 x 10^23 atoms in a mole
when you don't know what to do convert to moles!
Term
mole ratios
Definition
the ratio of the number of moles of the reactant in a balanced equation to the number of moles of the product
Term
molecular equation
Definition
complete formula with all reactants and products, has the forms of the reactants and products (solid, liquid, gas, dissolved in water)
Term
molecular formula
Definition
the exact formula of a molecule that gives the types of atoms and the number of each type
Term
net ionic equation
Definition
includes only those components that are directly involved in the reaction (leave out spectator ions)
Term
nuclear atom
Definition
an atom with a dense center of a positive charge (the nucleus) around which a tiny electrons move in a space that is otherwise empty
Term
nucleus
Definition
the center of the atom which contain protons and neutrons of the atom
Term
orbital
Definition
a representation of the space occupied by an electron in an atom; the probability distribution for the electron; "probability map"
Term
orbital diagram
Definition
diagram that illustrates the number of electrons and discrete energy levels and sublevels and orbitals
Term
orbital sublevels
Definition
there are four sublevels in the principal energy levels: s, p, d, and f. the letters represent the shape of the orbital with s= sphere, p= dumbbell, d= clover, and f= flower. each individual orbital holds two electrons. level 1 has s, level 2 has s and p, level 3 has s, p, and d, and levels 4- 7 have s, p, d, and f.
Term
oxidation- reduction reaction
Definition
a reaction that involves a transfer of electrons. redox often occurs when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form an ionic compound. the ions are formed when the metal transfers one or more electrons to the nonmetal, the metal atom becoming a cation and the nonmetal becoming an anion. a reaction between a nonmetal and oxygen is also redox
Term
oxyanion
Definition
a polyatomic ion containing at least one oxygen atom and one or more atoms of at least one other element
Term
pauli exclusion principle
Definition
an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and those two electrons must have opposite spins
Term
percent yield
Definition
the actual yield of a product as a percent of the theoretical yield
Term
photons
Definition
a "particle" of electromagnetic radiation, a stream of tiny packets of energy
Term
physical change
Definition
do not affect the composition of the substance (water vapor- water- ice)
Term
physical properties
Definition
easily observable properties (ex: hard, solid)
Term
polyatomic ion
Definition
an ion containing a number of atoms
Term
precipitate
Definition
the solid formed in a precipitation reaction
Term
precipitation
Definition
the process in which a solid forms in a chemical reaction
Term
principal energy levels
Definition
different discrete energy levels of an atom; labeled with an integer
Term
products
Definition
chemicals formed by the reaction, on the right of the arrow
Term
proton
Definition
the small, positively charged particle contained in a nucleus of an atom
Term
quantized
Definition
only certain values are allowed. energy levels of all atoms are quantized, they each have their own energy levels
Term
reactants
Definition
chemicals present before the reaction, on the left of the arrow
Term
rutherford's atom
Definition
rutherford was the first to discover that electron move around the nucleus
Term
salt
Definition
an ionic compound resulting (along with water) from an acid-base reaction
Term
single displacement reactions
Definition
one anion changes cations
A + BC --> B + AC
Term
soluble solid
Definition
a solid that readily dissolves in water
Term
solution
Definition
a mixture that is the same throughout; synonymous with a homogeneous mixture
Term
spectator ions
Definition
charged atoms that do not participate directly in the reaction
Term
states of matter
Definition
there are three states: solid, liquid, gas. solid is rigid and has a fixed shape and volume. liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. gas has no fixed volume or shape
Term
stoichiometry
Definition
the process of using balanced equations to determine the relative masses of reactants and products in a reaction
Term
strong acid
Definition
a strong electrolyte that produces H+ when dissolved in water
Term
strong base
Definition
a strong electrolyte that contains OH- ions
Term
strong electrolyte
Definition
a material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently because all of its ion separate
Term
synthesis reaction
Definition
a + b= ab
two or more reactants combine to make one product
opposite of decomposition
Term
theoretical yield
Definition
the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed
Term
type I compound
Definition
the metal present in the binary compound forms only one type of cation
Term
type II compound
Definition
the metal present in the binary compound can form two (or more) cations that have different charges
Term
type III compound
Definition
the binary compound contains only nonmetals
Term
valence electrons
Definition
the electrons in the outermost (highest) principle energy level of an atom
Term
wave mechanical model
Definition
can be applied to all atoms, is a probability map of where electrons can appear, all of an atom's orbitals put together
Term
wavelength
Definition
the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave
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