Term
| the vitamin k dependent clotting factors include factors: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heparin will increase ____ value, and affects the ____ pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the antidote to warfarin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vitamin k dependent clotting factors (2, 7, 9, and 10) are part of the ____ pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the useage of warfarin for anticoagulation, the INR goal is between ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the antidote to heparin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when starting a patient on warfarin: initially, heparin and warfarin should be given together , due to the possibility of ____ |
|
Definition
| hypercoagulability (becauase warfarin inhibits proteins C and S before factors 2, 7, 9, and 10) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is a deficiency of a clotting factor that leads to bleeding disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bleeding disorders due to ____ dysfunction usually cause petechiae; bleeding disorders due to ____ dysfunciton usally cuase hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint spaces) |
|
Definition
| platelets, coagulation factors |
|
|
Term
| * classic case of ____ is the boy who presents with hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint space, results in joint swelling) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mc SEVERE congenital clotting deficiency is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mc severe congenital clotting deficiency is hemophilia A, which is due to ____ defeciency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mc severe congenital clotting deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews is ____, which is caused by defeciency of ____ |
|
Definition
| hemophilia C, clotting factor 9 |
|
|
Term
| patients with hemophilia are typically ____ and have a ____ history |
|
Definition
| male, family (is an x-linked recessive disease) |
|
|
Term
| bleeding disorder + joint pain + joint destruction is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| hemophilia (leads to hemarthrosis, aka bleeding into joint space) |
|
|
Term
| hemophilia will result in high ____ value |
|
Definition
| PTT (same as von Willebrand's disease) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is treatment of bleeding episode in patient with hemophilia |
|
Definition
| transfusion of clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| ____ is treatment of mild hemophilia; this treatment helps the body release more ____ |
|
Definition
| desmopressin, clotting factor 8 (ensure to restrict fluids in patients, to avoid low sodium) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is an autosomal dominant condition in which patients have deficient or defective von Willebrand's factor with low levels of clotting factor 8, which is carried by von Willebrand factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mc inherited bleeding disorder is ____ |
|
Definition
| von Willebrand's disease (is a more mild disease than hemophilia) |
|
|
Term
| the symptoms of von Willebrand's disease are due to ____ dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| von Willebrand's disease will result in high ____ value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is treatment of bleeding episode in patient with von Willebrand's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is an all-inclusive term describing conditions that increase a patient's risk of developing thromboembolic disease |
|
Definition
| hypercoaguable states (aka thrombophilia, aka prothrombotic states) |
|
|
Term
| the mc inherited cause of hypercoaguable state is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 physiologic causes of hypercoaguable state are ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thrombosis + hemorrhage (bleeding) is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is a common disorder among hospitalized patietns, 2nd only to liver disease as a cause of ACQUIRED bleeding disorder |
|
Definition
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (may be associated with almost ANY severe illness) |
|
|
Term
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is due to deposition of ____ (leading to thrombosis) and depletion of ____ and ____ (leading to hemorrhage) |
|
Definition
| fibrin, clotting factors, platelets |
|
|
Term
| ____ is low in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC); it is normal in liver disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a bleeding disorder due to platelet microthrombi that block off small blood vessels, leading to end-organ ischemia and dysfunction; RBCs are fragmented by contact with microthrombi, leading to hemolysis |
|
Definition
| TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) |
|
|
Term
| Schistocytes (fragmented RBCs that look like helmets) + LOW platelets + HIGH creatinine is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the mcc of acute renal failure (acute rise in creatinine) in children |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| ____ transfusion is contraindicated in TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) (a bleeding disorder due to platelet microthrombi that block off small blood vessels, leading to end-organ ischemia and dysfunction; RBCs are fragmented by contact with microthrombi, leading to hemolysis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura is a relatively common cause of thrombocytopenia (low platelets); it is caused by ____ antibodes that are formed against the patient's platelets (patients often feel well and present with no systemic symptoms) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is mc treatment of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (a relatively common cause of thrombocytopenia (low platelets); it is caused by igG antibodes that are formed against the patient's platelets (patients often feel well and present with no systemic symptoms)) |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids (IVIG and splenectomy are 2 other options) |
|
|
Term
| patients that are stable after surgery, can be treated with heparin as soon as ____ (time frame) after surgey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heparin + 3+ months of warfarin |
|
|
Term
| Spherocytes (spherical RBCs) + LOW hemoglobin + HIGH reticulocytes + Jaundice + Splenomegaly is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ or ____ are the tests for Hereditary Spherocytosis (Spherocytes (spherical RBCs + LOW hemoglobin + HIGH reticulocytes + Jaundice + Splenomegaly) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells that stain with tartrate-resistant ____ are indicative of hairy cell leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| itching after bathing / showering can be indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| polycythemia vera (an overproduction of RBCs) |
|
|
Term
| polycythemia vera (an overproduction of RBCs) is typically due to ___ mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patient with sickle cell anemia suddenly has very LOW reticulocyte count; likely cause is ____ |
|
Definition
| parvovirus B19 infection (results in temporary arrest in RBC production, causing aplastic crisis) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is long-term treatment for HIGH calcium caused by cancer |
|
Definition
| bisphosphanates (-dronate, ex: zoledronate, pamidronate) (they inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption to inhibit calcium release from bone) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the mc form of skin cancer in the USA |
|
Definition
| basal cell carcinoma (accounts for 75% of skin cancers) |
|
|
Term
| hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (aka Lynch syndrome) puts a person at HIGH risk of developing ____ cancer, and ____ cancer |
|
Definition
| colorectal, endometrial (uterus) |
|
|
Term
| painful bruise after minimal trauma is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| hemophilia (can lead to hemarthrosis, aka bleeding into joint space, results in joint swelling) (is due to defeciency of clotting factor 8 or clotting factor 9) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is a disorder of LOW hematocrit and LOW hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microcytic anemia is defined as MCV (mean corpuscular volume) of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normocytic anemia is defined as MCV (mean corpuscular volume) of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| macrocytic anemia is defined as MCV (mean corpuscular volume) of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a condition in which iron loss exceeds intake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toddlers, adolescent girls, and women of childbearing age or most commonly affected by ____ anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most ____ anemias are caused by processes that interfere with normal DNA synthesis and replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 defeciency can be due to infection by ____ |
|
Definition
| a tapeworm (diphyllobothrium latum) |
|
|
Term
| ____ of a neutrophil is characteristic of megaloblastic anemia (a type of macro-cytic anemia) |
|
Definition
| hyper-segmentation (neutrophil will have a lot of lobes) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the gold standard test for iron deficiency anemia, but is rarely actually performed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency anemia will have a ____ reticulocyte count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| red cell distribution width (RDW) is ____ in iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency anemia will have ____ ferritin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anemia of chronic disease will have ____ ferritin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and/or ____ deficiency cause megaloblastic anemia (a type of macro-cytic anemia) |
|
Definition
| vitamin B12 (aka cobalamin), Folate |
|
|
Term
| deficiency of ____ can lead to subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (presents with motor, sensory, autonomic, and/or neuropsychiatric dysfunction) |
|
Definition
| vitamin B12 (aka cobalamin) |
|
|
Term
| the ____ test is used to determine if a person has pernicious anemia, or if they have dietary vitamin b12 defeciency (both of these can cause megaloblastic anemia) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the schilling test, the PRESENCE of radioLABELED b12 in the URINE indicates: |
|
Definition
| dietary vitamin b12 deficiency (the radioLABELED b12 can only get to the urine if it is properly absorbed) |
|
|
Term
| in the schilling test, the LACK of radioLABELED b12 in the URINE indicates: |
|
Definition
| pernicious anemia (destruction of parietal cells, so no production of intrinsic factor, so no absorption of vitamin b12) (or bacterial overgrowth, or pancreatic enzyme deficiency) (the radioLABELED b12 can only get to the urine if it is properly absorbed) |
|
|
Term
| ____ occurs when bone marrow production is unable to compensate for increased destruction of circulating blood cells |
|
Definition
| hemolytic anemia (a type of normo-cytic anemia) |
|
|
Term
| autoimmune RBC destruction can occur due to ____ virus infection |
|
Definition
| EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) (causes infectious mononucleosis) |
|
|
Term
| sickle cell disease can cause ____ anemia |
|
Definition
| hemolytic (a normo-cytic anemia) |
|
|
Term
| mechanical heart valves can cause ____ anemia |
|
Definition
| hemolytic (a normo-cytic anemia) |
|
|
Term
| patients are typically jaundiced with ____ anemia |
|
Definition
| hemolytic (a normo-cytic anemia) |
|
|
Term
| hemolytic anemia (a normo-cytic anemia) will have a ____ reticulocyte count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and ____ is treatment of hemolytic anemia (a normo-cytic anemia) |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids, iron supplements |
|
|
Term
| a positive ____ coomb's test indicates autoimmune cause of hemolytic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a rare condition caused by failure of blood cell production due to destruction of bone marrow cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low RBCs + Low WBCs + Low Platelets is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| pancytopenia (likely due to aplastic anemia, which is a rare condition caused by failure of blood cell production due to destruction of bone marrow cells) |
|
|
Term
| sickle cell disease patients are at increased risk of ____ of the hip |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is an autosomal recessive disorder most commonly caused by a mutation of adult hemoglobin (the beta chain has glu replaced by val) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anemia + jaundice + cholelithiasis + murmur + cardiomegaly + delayed growth + splenic infarction is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| sickle cell disease (murmur and cardiomegaly are due to increased cardiac output) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is treatment of symptomatic sickle cell disease |
|
Definition
| hydroxyurea (works by stimulating the production of fetal hemoglobin) (is contraindicted in pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is a hereditary disorder involving decreased or absent production of normal globin chains of hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a hematology disease mc in Africans, Middle Easterners, and Asians |
|
Definition
| thalassemia (a hereditary disorder involving decreased or absent production of normal globin chains of hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
| hydrops fetalis is a type of ____, in which the fetus dies before birth (dies in utero) |
|
Definition
| thalassemia (a hereditary disorder involving decreased or absent production of normal globin chains of hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
| prophylaxis with ____ and ____ is sometimes ued to prevent blood transfusion reactions |
|
Definition
| diphenhydramine, acetaminophen |
|
|
Term
| ____ will show a high Hematocrit, and it is either primary (due to increased RBC production) or secondary (due to decreased plasma volume and hemo-concentration) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the % of whole blood that is made up of RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polycythemias will always have a high ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a group of inherited disorders that result from abnormalities of heme production, that leads to an accumulation of porphyrin (porphyrin is essential for the funciton of hemoglobin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classic sign of ____ is pink urine |
|
Definition
| porphyria (a group of inherited disorders that result from abnormalities of heme production, that leads to an accumulation of porphyrin (porphyrin is essential for the funciton of hemoglobin)) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is treatment of acute attack of porphyria (a group of inherited disorders that result from abnormalities of heme production, that leads to an accumulation of porphyrin (porphyrin is essential for the funciton of hemoglobin)) |
|
Definition
| glucose (glucose will provide negative feedback to the heme synthesis pathway) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is malignant proliferation of hematopoietic cells, categorized by the type of cell involved and their level of differentiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a rod-shaped structure in the cytoplasm of a myeloblast is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____ |
|
Definition
| auer rod, AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the mc childhood malignancy |
|
Definition
| ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia |
|
|
Term
| AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) and ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) are clonal disorders of ____ hematopoietic stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia), the leukemic cells are ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia), the leukemic cells are ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) and ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) the WBC count is ____ |
|
Definition
| high (but the WBCs are dysfunctional), so there is increased rate of infections |
|
|
Term
| tumor lysis syndrome is acute renal failure (due to renal ____) caused by ____ which results due to the sudden destruction of many tumor cells (after chemotherapy begins) |
|
Definition
| insufficiency, hyper-uricemia |
|
|
Term
| a cell that is "smeared"-looking is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____ |
|
Definition
| smudge cell, CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the mc type of leukemia and primarly affects adults over age 60 |
|
Definition
| CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) |
|
|
Term
| treatment of ____ is often withheld until patients are symptomatic |
|
Definition
| CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) |
|
|
Term
| philadelphia chromosome (t(9,22)) is typically associated with ____ |
|
Definition
| CML (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia) |
|
|
Term
| likely diagnosis of leukemias based on age: ____ = less than age 13, ____ = age 13-40, ____ = age 40-60, ____ = age 60+, ____ = older males |
|
Definition
| ALL, AML, CML, CLL, Hairy Cell Leukemia |
|
|
Term
| cells with hair-like cytoplasmic projections from lymphocytes is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____ |
|
Definition
| hairy cells, Hairy Cell Leukemia |
|
|
Term
| ____ is malignant transformation of lymphoid cells residing primarily in lymphoid tissues, especially the lymph nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common signs of ____ = high WBC count + splenomegaly + low platelet count + frequent infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymphoma is clasically organized into ____ lymphoma and ____ lymphoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most Non-hodgkin's lymphoma are ____ origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mc hematopoietic cancer is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ lymphoma is 5x more common than ____ lymphoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hodgkin's lymphoma will typically affect ____ lymph nodes first |
|
Definition
| cervical (or any other lymph nodes above the diaphragm) |
|
|
Term
| "owl's eye" cell is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____ |
|
Definition
| reed-sternberg cells, hodgkin's lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| ____ is clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells at varying stages of differentiation, with excess produciton of monoclonal immunoglobulins (typically IgA or IgG) or immunoglobulin fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple myeloma typically occurs around age ____ or older |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anemia + Renal failure + Bone pain is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
| multiple myeloma (clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells at varying stages of differentiation, with excess produciton of monoclonal immunoglobulins (typically IgA or IgG) or immunoglobulin fragments) |
|
|
Term
| ____ at rest = concern for malignancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bone pain at rest is indicative of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple myeloma will present with Anemia + Lytic bone lesions + ____ calcium + Kidney abnormalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ macroglobulinemia is a clonal disorder of B cells that leads to malignant monoclonal gammopathy, with high levels of IgM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cold Agglutinins cause ____ upon exposure to cold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a generic term referring to extracellular deposition of protein fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mc forms of amyloidosis (generic term referring to extracellular deposition of protein fibers) results in deposition of protein in the ____, ____, and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ confirms the diagnosis of amyloidosis (generic term referring to extracellular deposition of protein fibers) |
|
Definition
| Congo Red staining (shows apple-green birefringence under polarized light) |
|
|
Term
| patients with ____ neutrophil count are at High risk of infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fungemia (presence of fungi in the blood) can result in ____ body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eosinophilia is a medical term for ____ eosinophil count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain an Autologous transplant: |
|
Definition
| transplant from yourself to yourself |
|
|
Term
| explain an Allogenic transplant: |
|
Definition
| transplant from 1 human to another human |
|
|
Term
| explain a Syngenic transplant: |
|
Definition
| transplant from 1 identical twin to their other identical twin |
|
|
Term
| AIDS is associated with these 2 cancers: Kaposi's sarcoma and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autoimmune diseases are associated with this cancer: ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
