Term
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Definition
| A record of the episodes that constitute our lives. |
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Term
| Encoding, Storage and Retrieval |
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Definition
| Memory may be regarded as involving three logical stages, encoding, storage and retrieval (getting information in, keeping it there and then getting it back out). |
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Term
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Definition
| Craik and Lockhart presumed that processing proceeded through a fixed sequence of levels, from early perceptual processes, through pattern recognition to the extraction of meaning. The greater the depth of processing applied to an item, the more likely it was to be remembered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing need not proceed through all levels. An example being repetitive processing, verbally rehearsing a telephone number to keep it ‘in mind’ before calling the number. (p.192) |
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Term
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Definition
| applied to processing that proceeded through further levels than Type I processing. Craik and Lockhart also assumed that Type II processing would benefit memory. (p.192) |
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Term
| Mandler (1980): Dual-process model of recognition |
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Definition
| Mandler’s dual-process model of recognition memory assumes item-specific processing enhances processing fluency or familiarity, as well as the distinctiveness, of an item, while relational processing supports contextbased retrieval. |
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Term
| Relational processing (Elaboration) |
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Definition
| Underlies similarity. Establishes connections between different entity representations. Mandler refers to this as ‘elaboration’. (p194) |
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Term
| Item-specific processing (Integration) |
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Definition
| Underlies distinctiveness. Item-specific processes focus specifically on the item’s mental representation, enhancing the operation and coherence of the cognitive processes that carry the mental representation. Mandler calls this sort of enhancement ‘integration’. Practising saying a word provides one example of item-specific processing. (p.194) |
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Term
| Recall derives greater benefit from.... |
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Definition
| ...relational processing, |
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Term
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Definition
| Our general knowledge store, containing all the information underlying our understanding of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| Responses to semantic and episodic memory tasks typically provide declarative information, such as ‘(I know that) the capital of Scotland is Edinburgh’, |
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Term
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Definition
| ‘Knowing how’, for example, the type of information underlying the ability to ride a bicycle is procedural knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrieval is the label given to the way in which information held in memory is made available for use. Retrieval involves finding, activating and sometimes further processing pertinent memory representations. |
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Term
Encoding specificity
Tulving and Osler (1968) |
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Definition
| Specific retrieval cues facilitate recall only if information about them and their relation to the target item is stored along with the target item. |
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Term
Transfer appropriate processing (TAP)
Morris et al. (1977) |
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Definition
| TAP focuses on the overlap between the processes engaged at encoding and the processes engaged at retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
Taxes memory with participants’ awareness.
Free recall, cued recall and recognition are standard explicit memory tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
Taxes memory without participants’ awareness.
There are conceptual and perceptual implicit memory tasks.
Amnesics exhibit normal memory performance on implicit tasks. |
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Term
| Conceptual implicit tests |
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Definition
| Word association, category instance generation and answering general knowledge questions. |
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Term
| Perceptual implicit memory tasks |
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Definition
| Word-fragment completion, word-stem completion, word identification, anagram solution and lexical decision. |
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