Printable Flash Cards

Term 1

_____________Functions are unfamiliar, unplanned, and widely overlooked.

Definition 1

Latent

Term 2

It is suggested that the _________ intellectual contributions of the sociologist are found primarily in the study of unintended consequences of social practices.

Definition 2

Distinctive

Term 3

According to the Author, the manifest purpose of buying consumption goods is the

Definition 3

Satisfaction of the needs for which goods are explicitly designed.

Term 4

Hindus venerate cows because cows are a symbol of

Definition 4

Everything that is alive

Term 5

According to many experts. cow worship is the

Definition 5

cause of India's hunger and poverty

Term 6

According to the author, _________ may be the reason for India's lower agricultural efficiency.

Definition 6

a shortage of oxen

Term 7

According to George Herbert Mead, the self

Definition 7

develops through the language process

Term 8

For Mead, the essential psychological problem of the self-hood or of self'conscious is how the individual can

Definition 8

get outside himself, experimentally, in such a way as to become an object himself.

Term 9

According to Mead, the individual himself as such, _______ from the particular standpoints of other individual members of the same group, or from the generalized standpoint of the social group as a whole which he belongs.

Definition 9

indirectly

Term 10

for Mead, ______ provides a form of behavior in which the organism or the individual may become an object himself

Definition 10

communication

Term 11

The fact that an individual knows that he/she can depend only upon the other and on nobody else, gives a special consecration to

Definition 11

a dyad

Term 12

A married couple without children is considered

Definition 12

a dyad

Term 13

A husband, wife, and child is

Definition 13

a triad

Term 14

No matter how close a triad may be there is always the occasion where two of the three members regard the third as

Definition 14

an intruder

Term 15

According to Goffman, communication in the traditional sense involves expression that the individual

Definition 15

gives

Term 16

For Goffman, the expression that an individual _____involves a wide range of action that others can treat as symptomatic of the actor, the expectation being that the action was performed for reasons other than the information conveyed in this way.

Definition 16

gives off

Term 17

Goffman's article is primarily concerned with communication or expressions that are

Definition 17

given off

Term 18

According to Goffman, in everyday life, there is a clear understanding that _____ are important.

Definition 18

first impressions

Term 19

As Goffman would see it, when an instructor "lays down the law" on the first day of class, he is proceeding on the understanding that _______is/are very important.

Definition 19

first impressions

Term 20

For Goffman, sources of information and carriers of information that are available about individuals are referred to as

Definition 20

"sign-vehicles"

Term 21

For Charles Horton Cooley, _____are "spheres of intimate association and cooperation."

Definition 21

primary groups

Term 22

According to Cooley, the unity of the primary group is

Definition 22

differentiated and unusually competitive.

Term 23

Which of the following, according to Cooley, is NOT one of the most important spheres of primary group intimate association and cooperation?

Definition 23

the organization

Term 24

According to Cooley, the general fact is that children, especially boys after about twelfth year, live in ________ where their sympathy, ambition, and honor are engaged even more often than they are in the family.

Definition 24

fellowships

Term 25

Which social theorist argued that there were two social classes in society characterized by their relationships to the means of production?

Definition 25

Karl Marx

Term 26

The social class that must sell their labor for a wage in order to survive is referred to as the

Definition 26

proletariat

Term 27

the social class the owns the means to production is referred to as the

Definition 27

bourgeoisie

Term 28

Karl Marx argued that social classes were defined by their relationship to the

Definition 28

means of production

Term 29

The mode of production characterized by the dominance of the owners of industry over the mass of individual workers is called ____________.

Definition 29

capitalism

Term 30

___________is the technologically advanced, classless society of the future, in which all productive property would be help in common.

Definition 30

Communism

Term 31

What is the concept Marx used to describe the pervasive ideas that uphold the status quo and sustain the ruling class?

Definition 31

ideology

Term 32

it was int he work _______that Marx most completely explained his beliefs on class including the idea that "(t)he history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle."

Definition 32

Communist Manifesto

Term 33

Marx believed that a new social class had been created by the capitalist mode of production. Which of the following is that class?

Definition 33

the urban working class

Term 34

Which of the following is one of the three broad issues in the study of social class based on Marx's and Weber's work suggested in the textbook?

Definition 34

Economic basis

Term 35

Gilbert defines ________as "groups of families more or less equal in rank and differentiated from other families above or below them with regard to characteristics sch as occupation, income, wealth and prestige"

Definition 35

social classes

Term 36

In the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure the group located directly beneath the capitalist class is the ______________

Definition 36

upper-middle class

Term 37

According to the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure, what class derives its income largely from the return on assets?

Definition 37

capitalist class

Term 38

The Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure is built around_______.

Definition 38

source of income

Term 39

In the Gilbert-Kahl model of class structure, which of the social classes is most likely to be university educated?

Definition 39

upper-middle

Term 40

When did class inequalities rise steeply in the latter half of the 20th century?

Definition 40

mid 1970s

Term 41

the years between 1946 to approximately 1973 are referred to in the Gilbert text as the ____________________.

Definition 41

Age of Shared prosperity

Term 42

For Cooley, the "_______________ has been broken up by the growth of an intricate mesh of wider contacts which leaves us strangers to people who live in the same house."

Definition 42

intimacy of the neighborhood..

Term 43

Primary groups are primary in the sense that they

Definition 43

give individuals their earliest and completest experience of social unity.

Term 44

The complex system that included a group's beliefs, values, dress, and way of life is called _____________.

Definition 44

culture

Term 45

What is culture made up of?

Definition 45

all of these

Term 46

Which of the following is an example of non-material culture?

Definition 46

table manners

Term 47

Material culture consists of

Definition 47

objects created in a given culture.

Term 48

What is the relationship between biology and culture in shaping human behavior?

Definition 48

human biology sets limits and provides the capacities for different types of behavior.

Term 49

The discussion of birthday traditions included in the text demonstrates that

Definition 49

even seemingly "normal" practices have cultural roots.

Term 50

Norms, values, laws, and customs are all examples of

Definition 50

non-material culture.

Term 51

The research technique in which sociologist is the researcher, but is also involved in the activities being studied is called

Definition 51

participant observation

Term 52

When choosing a research method, the most important thing for sociologists to consider is

Definition 52

what type of sociological question is being investigated.

Term 53

How scientific is sociology?

Definition 53

Sociology aspires to be both scientific and humanistic.

Term 54

The scientific method was first described by

Definition 54

Sir Francis Bacon

Term 55

Which of the following is not a step in the scientific research process?

Definition 55

finding funding for the research

Term 56

Studies that are based on interpretive observation are called __________.

Definition 56

qualitative

Term 57

In what ways does sociological knowledge differ from philosophy and personal belief?

Definition 57

In sociological study the theory must be testable.

Term 58

Sociological study that starts with a specific research question focused on some generally-held principle is called

Definition 58

deductive reasoning

Term 59

The _______________ is the overall logic of the research project, included what observational method will be used.

Definition 59

research design

Term 60

In order to develop a research design, a sociologist must

Definition 60

All of these choices are true.

Term 61

To study the difference in academic achievement between male and female athletes, one might look at rates of graduation among university students involved in sports. This is an example of ____research.

Definition 61

qualitative

Term 62

Preindustrial societies are those that

Definition 62

work directly with the land

Term 63

Which of these types of society has the greatest amount of social differentiation?

Definition 63

agricultural

Term 64

Which of the following is not a characteristic of foraging societies?

Definition 64

simple technologies for harvesting food surpluses

Term 65

Pastoral societies are based on the domestication of animals. In addition, they are characterized by

Definition 65

being nomadic

Term 66

In ___________ societies, hand tools such as hoes and digging sticks are used to cultivate crops.

Definition 66

horticultural

Term 67

The type of research that is more open to interpretation of what people do is called _______research.

Definition 67

qualitative

Term 68

Based on what you read you think that people whose parents are divorced are more likely to become divorced themselves. As you begin your research you state your belief that if a person's parents are divorced that person is more likely to become divorced themselves. This is an example of a ___________.

Definition 68

hypothesis

Term 69

Most sociologists would probably agree that in the nature-nurture debate,

Definition 69

human development is the result of the interactions of natural and social influence.

Term 70

Within sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called ______.

Definition 70

social control

Term 71

Socialization serves as a form of social control because

Definition 71

All of these are true

Term 72

Which of the following is false in regards to socialization and conformity?

Definition 72

Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality.

Term 73

Which of the following is true about peers as agents of socialization?

Definition 73

Peer cultures for young people often take the form of cliques or friendship circles.

Term 74

Religion is a powerful socialization agent. What is the impact of religion during one's childhood?

Definition 74

Religious education is important to the identities to the identities children construct in childhood.

Term 75

Psychoanalytic theories of socialization are based on the work of Sigmund Freud, whose theoretical contribution related to socialization is

Definition 75

the idea that the subconscious mind shapes human behavior.

Term 76

Social learning theory views identity as

Definition 76

the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others.

Term 77

Sociologists who study the large paterns of social interactions that are vast, complex, and highly differentiated are using

Definition 77

macro-analysis

Term 78

Which of these is an example of something a sociologist would consider from the microlevel analysis of social interaction?

Definition 78

day to day life in a sorority house

Term 79

Which of these would interest a sociologist who prefers macro-analysis of social interaction?

Definition 79

how laws governing family leave have affected families in the US

Term 80

Sociologists use the term ________ to describe the order established in social groups at any level.

Definition 80

social organization

Term 81

According to Peter Berger, it can be said that the first wisdom of sociology is that

Definition 81

things are not what they seem.

Term 82

According to C. Wright Mills, __________do not possess the quality of mind to grasp the interplay of man and society, of biography and history, of self and world.

Definition 82

ordinary men

Term 83

According to C. Wright Mills, in this course of a single generation, one-_______ of mankind is transformed from all that is feudal and backward into all that is modern and advanced.

Definition 83

sixth

Term 84

The sociological imagination enables its professor to

Definition 84

understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals.

Term 85

According to Berger, there is a ______ motif inherent in the sociological consciousness.

Definition 85

debunking

Term 86

______was long identified in the history of sociology for her 1853 translation and abridgment of Comte.

Definition 86

Martineau

Term 87

______ spearheaded national and international anti-lynching campaigns and was an active organizer for African American civil rights.

Definition 87

Well-Barnett

Term 88

______ was a leading figure in the German feminist movement.

Definition 88

Weber

Term 89

______self-identified as a sociologist, taught sociology, and worked as a social investigator.

Definition 89

Webb

Term 90

Poverty is a persistent problem in the US and none of its intended solutions are more controversial than

Definition 90

welfare.

Term 91

The UofM's "Panel Study of Income Dynamics" found that in 1978, ___% of families depended on welfare for more than half of their income

Definition 91

3.5

Term 92

Many of the thing social scientists study generate deep emotions and firm convictions in most people. This make

Definition 92

effective inquiry into the facts difficult.

Term 93

According to feminists, _________ is a key reason why eating problems predominate among women.

Definition 93

the culture of thinness

Term 94

According to Thomas Silber, many well trained professionals have wither misdiagnosed or delayed their diagnoses of eating problems among African Americans and Latina women due to

Definition 94

stereotypical thinking that eating disorders are limited to white women.

Term 95

"A thing the value or meaning of which is bestowed upon it by those who use it" to defines a/an

Definition 95

symbol

Term 96

According to Leslie White, human beings differ from the dog and all other creature because they

Definition 96

play an active role in determining what value vocal stimuli will have.

Term 97

According to Leslie White, human social organization would be impossible without

Definition 97

articulate speech.

Term 98

Which of the following is a symbolic behavior?

Definition 98

the use of amulets

Term 99

_______functions are those consequences that are familiar, planned, and generally recognized.

Definition 99

Manifest

Term 100

"Means tested" public assistance programs are

Definition 100

only available to people with incomes below a specific threshold.

Term 101

Which of the following would be an example of anomie?

Definition 101

A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s

Term 102

According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has

Definition 102

accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regards as improper.

Term 103

The contact hypothesis

Definition 103

states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudice and to abandon previous stereotypes.

Term 104

Ehreneich's first low-wage job in Key West was as a:

Definition 104

waitress

Term 105

In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as

Definition 105

ritualists

Term 106

When viewing the global economic system, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the

Definition 106

conflict perspective

Term 107

A farmer is called to help sandbag a levy that is about to flood his town. the farmer is stationed between two correctional center inmates who are required to assist in the flood-control efforts. As a result of this experience, the farmer has developed a new found respect for inmates. This example would be consistent with which perspective?

Definition 107

interactionist perspective

Term 108

What percent of the total available wealth did the richest 20 percent of people in the US own in 2002?

Definition 108

84.5%

Term 109

Which of the following would be the best example of absolute poverty?

Definition 109

A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food.

Term 110

Which sociological perspective's approach to deviance focuses on why rule violation continues to exist in societies despite pressures to conform and obey?

Definition 110

functionalist perspective

Term 111

Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others?

Definition 111

cultural transmission

Term 112

Amalgamation refers to the process of

Definition 112

combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group.

Term 113

Which sociologist used the term "differential association" to describe the process by which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules?

Definition 113

Edwin Sutherland

Term 114

In Mexico, what percent of the population has a high school education?

Definition 114

21 percent

Term 115

Which of the following is surprising about Mexico, according to Forbes magazine?

Definition 115

Mexico was home to 2010's wealthiest person in he world.

Term 116

Mexican schoolchildren are taught that the election of Benito Juarez in the nineteenth century proved that all Mexicans

Definition 116

are equal.

Term 117

Du Bois poses the question, "Why did God make me an outcast and a stranger in mine own house?" By this, the author alludes to

Definition 117

the color-conscious nature of society.

Term 118

Monica, a new student at Valley High school, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the National Anthem. Although Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the Anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of

Definition 118

differential association.

Term 119

An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the social significance of power as purported by the

Definition 119

conflict perspective

Term 120

A bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years' probation and a $50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500. the teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment would be of particular concern to sociologists using the

Definition 120

conflict perspective.

Term 121

The Red Scare of 1919 clearly linked the anti-immigrant to the anti-_____sentiment.

Definition 121

working-class

Term 122

The most massive affirmative action program in the US history was/is

Definition 122

the GI Bill of Rights.

Term 123

Crime is a violation of

Definition 123

criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority

Term 124

According to world systems analysis, a core nation is a nation that

Definition 124

Along with it multinational corporations controls and exploits noncore nations.

Term 125

A single women who engages in illegal acts of prostitution in order to support herself and her children is

Definition 125

committing a victumless crime.

Term 126

A women is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented and as an adult, becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most clearly represents which type of stratification system?

Definition 126

class

Term 127

Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on

Definition 127

class differentiation.

Term 128

According to Portes, bilingual students:

Definition 128

succeed academically.

Term 129

In 1998, California voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition 227, the:

Definition 129

The English for the Children Initiative

Term 130

Capitalism is an economic system in which

Definition 130

the means of production are largely in private hands, and main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit.

Term 131

Karl Marx used the term "proletariat" to refer to

Definition 131

the working class.

Term 132

The notion that peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characterized of more developed nations is known as

Definition 132

modernization theory.

Term 133

Which of the following would be an example of segregation?

Definition 133

confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during WWII.

Term 134

The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as

Definition 134

apartheid.

Term 135

In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depends on who controls the

Definition 135

primary mode of economic production.

Term 136

Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to

Definition 136

a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.

Term 137

The manifest purpose of buying consumption goods is the

Definition 137

satisfaction of the needs for which the goods are explicitly designed.

Term 138

In which of the following nations is income inequality the highest?

Definition 138

Namibia

Term 139

Which of the following statements about multinational corporations is true?

Definition 139

The value of sales of the largest multinational corporations exceeds the total value of goods and services of many peripheral nations.

Term 140

Which of the following terms did Karl Marx use to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class's objective position?

Definition 140

false consciousness

Term 141

Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?

Definition 141

conflict perspective

Term 142

Which of the following have the women volunteers in the Philippines accomplished through the establishment of the Pan-Cordillera Women's Network for Peace and Development?

Definition 142

all of these

Term 143

What country does the text use as a case study to illustrate colonialism, neocolonialism, and the domination and exploitation of a peripheral, developing country by a core industrialized nation?

Definition 143

Mexico

Term 144

Sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf suggests that among the most powerful groups in society are

Definition 144

all of these

Term 145

Structural or institutional discrimination

Definition 145

both a and c

Term 146

Interracial love if often stereotyped as

Definition 146

all of the above

Term 147

Of the following, which Latino subpopulation is the second largest

Definition 147

Puerto Ricans

Term 148

"Mainstream organizations" tend to be

Definition 148

Eurocentric

Term 149

Slavery in the US was one of the first....

Definition 149

multinational corporations

Term 150

The term "social control" refers to

Definition 150

techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behavior in any society.

Term 151

Arnold gets an "A" on organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(an)

Definition 151

innovator

Term 152

Which of the following has a role in maintaining social control?

Definition 152

all of these

Term 153

Only ______ of Americans have an income over $250,000.

Definition 153

Term 154

In 1970 one in every 10 families was female headed. Which of the following statements about today's female-headed families is correct?

Definition 154

One of every 5 families is female-headed.

Term 155

A tax that takes higher proportions of income at lower levels is a

Definition 155

regressive tax

Term 156

A women who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the US Postal Service. She has experienced

Definition 156

upward intergenerational mobility

Term 157

Author Paul Collier states those countries at the bottom of the world economy are living a reality closer to the conditions of the

Definition 157

14th century

Term 158

How many people in the world do author Paul Collier state are falling behind, falling apart, and stuck at the bottom?

Definition 158

1 billion

Term 159

"Sanctions" are defined as

Definition 159

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

Term 160

Wealth is

Definition 160

all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.

Term 161

An ascribed status is a social position

Definition 161

assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents.

Term 162

Which sociological perspective emphasizes literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?

Definition 162

functionalist perspective

Term 163

Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers, with peers defined as individuals of a person's status who have no special right to direct that person's behavior?

Definition 163

conformity

Term 164

A minority group is a group

Definition 164

whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of the dominant group.

Term 165

Which group is at the top of the color hierarchy in Mexico?

Definition 165

the criollos

Term 166

The impoverished majority in Mexico are referred to as the

Definition 166

mestizos

Term 167

Which of the following is not one of the forms of capital distinguished by Pierre Bourdieu?

Definition 167

political capital

Term 168

Kohn assigned families to classes on the basis of

Definition 168

father's occupation

Term 169

The literature on social class and patterns of association suggest that people at higher class levels __________.

Definition 169

none of the above are correct.

Term 170

Which of the following terms is used to refer to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated?

Definition 170

castes

Term 171

Which of the following statements about racial groups in the US is true?

Definition 171

all of these

Term 172

A system of stratification under peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection was known as a(an)

Definition 172

estate system

Term 173

About how many people are imprisoned in non-governmental, privately run prisons in the US-a significant means of formal social control?

Definition 173

about 182,000

Term 174

A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's action is an example of

Definition 174

formal social control.

Term 175

Ethnocentrism refers to

Definition 175

the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.

Term 176

The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal activities is called

Definition 176

organized crime

Term 177

According to the text, which of the following forces is in part responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations?

Definition 177

all of these

Term 178

Which of the following statements about crime rates is in the US is correct?

Definition 178

all of these

Term 179

What racism prevails in a society, members of a subordinate groups generally experience

Definition 179

all of these

Term 180

Underreporting of crime in the US

Definition 180

has been a problem because members of racial and ethnic minority groups have not always trusted law enforcement agencies and have often refrained from contracting the police.

Term 181

Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys?

Definition 181

Fraud

Term 182

Which sociologist is responsible for creating control theory?

Definition 182

Travis Hirschi

Term 183

An ethnic group is a group

Definition 183

that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

Term 184

Which of the following statements is true relative to stigma and deviance in the US?

Definition 184

all of these

Term 185

Prejudice is to discrimination as

Definition 185

attitude is to behavior.

Term 186

Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern US in the pre-civil rights era, an African American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all the White members of the community. This would be an example of a(an)

Definition 186

class system

Term 187

Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex-offenders to register with police agencies and have their picture published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known?

Definition 187

interactionist perspective

Term 188

Which of the following is not one of the types of marital relationships distinguished by Rainwater?

Definition 188

progressive relationships

Term 189

The class advantages or disadvantages that a child inherits are not just economic but also _______.

Definition 189

a and b

Term 190

The kind of research Lareau used was ______, which is rare because it is expensive and time-consuming.

Definition 190

naturalistic observation

Term 191

At one time, amny Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet the height requirement. This is an example of

Definition 191

institutional discrimination

Term 192

Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?

Definition 192

anomie

Term 193

Which term is used by Karl Marx to refer to the capitalist class that owns the means of production?

Definition 193

bourgeoisie

Term 194

In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is called

Definition 194

world systems analysis

Term 195

Exploitation theory is a

Definition 195

Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.

Term 196

Which of the following is a core nation?

Definition 196

Germany

Term 197

According to Rosenhan, which of the following patient characteristics was NOT found to be evident in the mental hospitals under investigation?

Definition 197

treated with extreme human dignity

Term 198

In Karl Marx's view of class conscious workers in revolt, who will guide the working class in its struggle?

Definition 198

revolutionary leaders

Term 199

According to the author, from 60 to ___% of those in prostitution were sexually assaulted in childhood.

Definition 199

Term 200

_______law specifically prohibits inducement into prostitution by sexual abuse, pornography, or by exploiting the need for food, shelter, safety, or affection.

Definition 200

Florida

Term 201

Many psychiatrists believe that the preference for sexual partners of a particular sex is merely a secondary manifestation of something that lies much deeper in the individual. They refer to this as "the ________ personality."

Definition 201

homosexual

Term 202

It is commonly believed that homosexual males are

Definition 202

rarely robust physically .

Term 203

Very little is known about homosexual behavior in the rest of the world. This lack of knowledge stems from

Definition 203

the irrational fear anf prejudice surrounding the study of human sexual behavior.

Term 204

According to Monroe et al. 1969, a number of societies have what they call

Definition 204

institutionalized male transvestitism

Term 205

In _______, the Zpotec Indians believe that "effeminate males" are born not made.

Definition 205

Southern Mexico

Term 206

According to the author, ________starts with assignment to a sex category on the basis of what the genitalia looks like at birth.

Definition 206

gender construction

Term 207

In the lecture, the 'Achievement Gap' differentiate between two similar States revealed that:

Definition 207

Texas had better educational outcomes than California.

Term 208

Linguist Marjorie Swacker recorded question-and-answer sessions at academic conferences. Women were highly visible as speakers at the conferences studied, but it came to volunteering and being called on to ask questions, women contributed

Definition 208

only 27.4%

Term 209

For most women, the language of conversation is primarily a language of

Definition 209

rapport

Term 210

From childhood, men learn to use talking as a way to get and keep

Definition 210

attention

Term 211

For males, talk

Definition 211

is for information

Term 212

For women, talk

Definition 212

is for interaction.

Term 213

Institutions such as prostitution and slavery, which have existed for thousands of years, are so deeply embedded in cultures that they have become

Definition 213

invisible.

Term 214

In 1988, ______ described prostitution as "dynamic and adaptive sex work, involving a transaction between seller and buyer of a sexual service."

Definition 214

the World Health Organization

Term 215

According to the author, there have been huge growth in ________ in the US: strip clubs, nude dancing, escort services, tanning salons, massage parlors, phone ans computer sex.

Definition 215

illegitimate pimping

Term 216

According to researcher Debra Boyer, most prostitutes began prostituting between ages of

Definition 216

12 and 14

Term 217

The building blocks of gender are

Definition 217

socially constructed statuses.

Term 218

Some societies have three genders- men, women, and

Definition 218

berdaches

Term 219

At ______, sex characteristics become evident, and most societies put children through their most important rites of passage.

Definition 219

puberty

Term 220

Through naming, birth announcements, and dress, parents create

Definition 220

a gendered world for their newborn.

Term 221

_____refers to a form of subtle sex discrimination where women receive mixed messages about their abilities, intelligence, and accomplishments.

Definition 221

Supportive discouragement

Term 222

______refers to a sexually oriented behavior that, at face value, looks harmless or even playful.

Definition 222

Friendly harassment

Term 223

Bernard points out that in the area of sexual relations, Kinsey and his associates found different responses in from one-to two-thirds of the couples they studied. Kinsey interpreted these difference in terms of

Definition 223

selective perception.

Term 224

In a study of happily married, middle-class couples, __________ concluded that projection in terms of everyday needs was distorting even simple, everyday events, and lack of communication was permitting the distortions to continue.

Definition 224

Harold Feldman

Term 225

In a laboratory-based study of married couples conducted by David Olson, a most interesting finding was that husbands perceived themselves as

Definition 225

having more power than they actually did have in the laboratory "reality."

Term 226

According to Bernard, there is a/an _______ in marriage, that resides in the cultural prescriptions, proscriptions, and expectations that constitute marriage.

Definition 226

objective reality

Term 227

The Racial-Ethnic 'Achievement Gap' in education refers to:

Definition 227

Difference between blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans and whites in achievement.

Term 228

The ______ of Puritanism differs only in degree, not in fundamental principle, from that of monasticism; and on account of the Puritan conception of marriage, its practical influence is more far-reaching than that of the latter.

Definition 228

sexual asceticism

Term 229

According to Weber, ________ is bad ethically only in so far as it is a temptation to idleness and sinful enjoyment of life, and its acquisition is bad only when it is with the purpose of later living merrily and without care.

Definition 229

wealth

Term 230

Worldly Protestant, _______ acted powerfully against the spontaneous enjoyment of possessions; it restricted consumption, especially of luxuries.

Definition 230

asceticism

Term 231

According to Steve Baker, the director of BYU's honor code office, _____% of students are ever brought to see him.

Definition 231

fewer than 1

Term 232

At Notre Dame, _____% of the university's student body lives on campus and there is general agreement about the positive effects of single-sex dorms.

Definition 232

Term 233

At Baylor, ______involves a willingness on part of the administration to adopt behavioral standards.

Definition 233

formation

Term 234

______requires students to get their parents' permission before pursuing a romantic relationship.

Definition 234

Patrick Henry College

Term 235

According to Smith, any attempt to talk about women in Islam involves venturing into an area characterized by

Definition 235

over-generalization.

Term 236

According to Smith, the Holy Koran

Definition 236

forms the basis of prevailing family law in most areas of the Muslims world.

Term 237

In her article, Smith points out that

Definition 237

according to the Holy Koran, a man may take up to four wives.

Term 238

According to Smith's discussion of traditions int he Muslim world

Definition 238

in contemporary Islamic world, divorce rates vary considerably from one country to the next.

Term 239

According to the Holy Koran

Definition 239

the wives of the Prophet Muhammad should, for the sake of property, speak to other men only from behind a partition.

Term 240

According to Smith's discussion of life within the Islamic world

Definition 240

until fairly recently, education for women has been minimal.

Term 241

Following the Irish potato famine of the 1840s, thousands of Irish workers settled in the cities and towns of the northeastern US, and _______ was seen as a means of integrating this "uncouth and dangerous" element into the social fabric of American life.

Definition 241

schooling

Term 242

Since the mid-nineteenth century, the dual objectivies of educational reformers-_______ and ________ -have been intermingled; sometimes so completely that its impossible to distinguish between the two.

Definition 242

equality of opportunity/social control

Term 243

According to Bowles and Gintis, early educational reformers believed that education was to help preserve and extend

Definition 243

the capitalist order.

Term 244

Denial of "______" is perhaps the single most consistent outcome of the education offered to poor children in the schools of our large cities.

Definition 244

the means of competition.

Term 245

The video, 'Inside the teenage Brain' made the point that:

Definition 245

teenagers are natural 'thrill seekers'

Term 246

According to the author, Public School 261 in District 10 has the capacity for 900 students, but there were _____students enrolled.

Definition 246

1300

Term 247

According to the principle of Public School 261, there are _____ computers for its 1300 students.

Definition 247

Term 248

At Public School 24, students labeled "talented" or "gifted"

Definition 248

are placed in the "pull out" program.

Term 249

According to the principal of Public School 24, the reason for the 130 children in "special classes" can be traced to

Definition 249

neurological damage

Term 250

Frequently genital mutilation is performed by

Definition 250

an old women of the village.

Term 251

_______is reported to affect nearly all the female population of Somalia.

Definition 251

Infibulation

Term 252

During the 1980s, women in ______ were shocked by accounts of mutilations being performed in local hospitals on daughter of immigrants.

Definition 252

Sweden

Term 253

What is the name of the Federal policy that mandates gender equity in education in federally funded schools?

Definition 253

title IX

Term 254

what risk found by researchers among female athletes who are "highly involved" in sports?

Definition 254

all of these

Term 255

A small body of scholarship suggests that traditional gender roles may be disadvantageous to men in that

Definition 255

all of these

Term 256

When ted consoles his sister about a difficult romantic breakup, works a day shift as a construction worker, and sings nursery rhymes to his young daughter so that she may fall asleep, he is portraying

Definition 256

multiple masculinities

Term 257

Which sociologist discussed the concept and coined the term "multiple masculinities?"

Definition 257

R.W. Connell

Term 258

The belief that men play a variety of gender roles, including a nurturing-caring role and an effeminate-gay role, in addition to their traditional role of dominating women, is called

Definition 258

multiple masculinities

Term 259

Which sociologist argued that to function most effectively, the family requires adults who specialize in particular roles?

Definition 259

both Robert Bales and Talcott Parsons

Term 260

Which of the following studied the minangkabau society in Indonesia, learning that men and women acted not as competitors but partners for the common good?

Definition 260

Peggy Reeves Sanday

Term 261

Which of the folloring terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions?

Definition 261

instrumentality

Term 262

Which of the following terms by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family?

Definition 262

expressiveness

Term 263

According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by

Definition 263

women

Term 264

Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing between spouses is beneficial for the family unit?

Definition 264

functionalist perspective

Term 265

Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such considerations are not so important?

Definition 265

conflict perspective

Term 266

Conflict theorists would view gender differences as

Definition 266

a religion of the subjugation of one group, such as women, by another group, such as men.

Term 267

Using an analogy to Marx's analysis of class conflict, conflict theorists would argue that women are in a position comparable to that of the

Definition 267

proletariat

Term 268

Which of the following publications was not one of the earlier important works to critique women's position in society and culture?

Definition 268

the Social System

Term 269

Which of the following statements about feminist movement is true?

Definition 269

Among the most important early critiques of women's position in society and culture was John Stuart Mill's feminist theory based on the interactionist perspective

Term 270

Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as

Definition 270

inevitable

Term 271

Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most?

Definition 271

conflict perspective

Term 272

In 2009, what percentage of children in their twenties lived with their parents?

Definition 272

33% OF MEN AND 22% of women

Term 273

In 2009, what percentage of all children in the US lived in a household with a grandparent?

Definition 273

Term 274

The process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents is referred to as

Definition 274

adoption

Term 275

Which of the following percentages reflects the number of married women in the US who are in the labor force?

Definition 275

69%

Term 276

Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise of dual-income families in the US?

Definition 276

all of these

Term 277

After his divorce from Wanda, Willy has custody of his two young children. Fortunately, his job allows him to work from home on his computer, and he is able to earn a living to support his family and to spend as much time as necessary supervising and caring for his children. This is an example of a(an)

Definition 277

single-parent family.

Term 278

which of the following statements concerning step families is correct?

Definition 278

Children raised by stepmothers are likely to have less health care, education, and money spent on their food than children raised by their biological mothers.

Term 279

About what percentage of divorcees in the US have remarried?

Definition 279

63%

Term 280

The increasing divorce rate in the US is attributable to

Definition 280

all of these

Term 281

Steve and Mary are married and then get a divorce. Steve then marries Rachel, anf they get a divorce too. Steve remarries Mary and lives with her until she dies. After Mary's death, Steve marries Beth and lives with her until his death. Steve's life would be an example of

Definition 281

serial monogamy

Term 282

what is the general term for a marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives at the same time?

Definition 282

polygamy

Term 283

Which of the following statements about polygamy is correct?

Definition 283

In some forms of polygamy, men often marry women and her sisters.

Term 284

Which pattern of descent is most typical in the US?

Definition 284

bilateral

Term 285

Patrilineal descent refers to a

Definition 285

kinship system that favors the relatives of the father.

Term 286

Males are expected to dominate family decision making in a(an)

Definition 286

patriarchy

Term 287

A kinship system that favors the relatives of the mother is based on

Definition 287

matrilineal descent

Term 288

a matriarchy is a society in which

Definition 288

women hold greater authority than men.

Term 289

Secularization is the

Definition 289

process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes.

Term 290

The US government maintains a policy of "separation of church and state." The relationship between the church and the government in the US illustrates

Definition 290

secularization

Term 291

Which sociologist was perhaps the first sociologist to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies?

Definition 291

Emile Durkheim

Term 292

According to your text, a table, an incense stick, and candelabra can all be considered

Definition 292

both sacred and profane items

Term 293

Which is the single largest faith in the world?

Definition 293

Christianity

Term 294

For Muslims, which of the following do they consider to be prophets?

Definition 294

all of these

Term 295

In which way does Hinduism differ from other religions?

Definition 295

all of these

Term 296

Which of the following attributes is true regarding Buddhism?

Definition 296

it emerged in India

Term 297

When did the religion known as Buddhism first develop?

Definition 297

6th century B.C.