Term
| Alternating light and dark bands; includes skeletal and cardiac muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to a number of muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An individual muscle cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A muscle fiber is formed by the fusion of several what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Undifferentiated mononucleated cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A muscle fiber contains multiple what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a muscle fiber is injured, can it be replaced by the division of other existing skeletal fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New muscle fibers can be formed from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New muscle fibers by satellite cells is good, but it will generally not restore severely damaged muscle fibers to __ strength. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When muscle fibers are severely damaged, the remaining fibers usually compensate how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The striated pattern of a muscle fiber results from the arrangement of numerous what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractile proteins such as actin and myosin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Striated pattern of a muscle fiber results from the arrangement of numerous sarcomeres into bundles called myofibrils in the __ of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Makes up the majority of the cytoplasm of muscle fibers, and extend from end to end of hte muscle fiber and linked to tendons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick and thin filaments are arranged in a repeating pattern. One unit of this pattern is called a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick filaments are composed of mostly what protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composed of 2 heavy chains and 4 smaller light chains |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Myosin filament chains combine to form a molecule with 2 ___ heads (cross bridge) and a __ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Myosin filament globular heads contain 2 binding sites: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extend from the surface of the thick filaments toward the thin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin filaments are mostly made of what 3 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ filament is composed of 2 intertwined helical chains. Each of which contains a binding site for __ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 1 strand of __ blocks the binding sites of 7 actin molecules |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 1 __ molecule (3 binding sites) locks the tropomyosin in place during rest |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ca++ binds to the __ molecule to release from the binding sites of actin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Thick filaments located in the middle of each sarcomere form the |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 2 thin filaments per sarcomere, one at each end. One end of the thin filament is free, the other is bound to a network of interconnecting proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connects sarcomeres end to end |
|
Definition
| Interconnecting proteins (z line) |
|
|
Term
| The portion of the thin filaments that does NOT overlap the thick filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A narrow light band in the center of the A band that does NOT overlap the thin filaments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A narrow dark band in the center of the H zone that corresponds to proteins that link together the central region of adjacent thick filaments. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The bisecting line of the H zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connect the z line, m line, and thick filaments |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Z line to Z line is what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 1 myosin filament with 2 actin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each thick filament is surrounded by __ thin filaments. So there are twice as many thin filaments as thick in the region of overlap. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 2 zones/bands that diminish during contraction. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The activation of the force generating sites within the muscle fibers (cross-bridges) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you have muscle contraction without muscle shortening? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Contraction of muscle fiber that is caused by two thin filaments sliding toward each other |
|
Definition
| Sliding filament mechanism |
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the thin filaments and act like oars to "row" the thin filaments and z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a contraction what shortens and what does not shorten? |
|
Definition
sarcomere shortens
thin and thick filaments do NOT |
|
|
Term
| One stroke of the cross bridge yields very little movement of the thin filaments. But continued activation of hte muscle leads to multiple oar rows of each what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually, one end of a muscle is attached to a fixed position. When the sarcomeres shorten during contraction, the centers of the sarcomeres also slide toward what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generates force and movement through the interaction of actin and myosin contractile proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ binds to troponin and "unlocks" tropomyosin by inducing a conformational change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When tropomyosin is unlocked, this exposes the myosin binding sites on what molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when Ca++ is removed? |
|
Definition
| The "unlocking" i reversed. |
|
|
Term
| The cross bridge cycle can only go on as long as what is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 steps of the cross bridge cycle |
|
Definition
1. Attachment of cross bridge to the thin filament
2. Movement of the cross bridge, producing tension in the thin filament
3. Detachment of hte cross bridge from the thin filament
4. Energizing the cross bridge to repeat the cycle |
|
|
Term
| In the resting state, cross bridge is energized (bound ADP and P), and the cytoplasmic __ concentration is low. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Ca++ enters the cell, it activates the cross bridge cycle, and the energized cross __ binds to the __ filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding of the actin and myosin triggers the release of the cross bridge and releases what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding of the cross bridge to the actin is broken by __ binding to the myosin head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP hyrolysis breaks the ATP into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When ATP is broken, this reenergizes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs because there is no ATP being produced, and thus the actin-myosin linked cross bridges cannot be broken. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The muscle stiffens because the thick and thin filaments cannot be pulled past each other. Only lasts about 48 hours due to decomposition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A series of tubular sleeve-like segments that surround each individual myofibril |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solely responsible for the storage of calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does calcium flow out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Located at each end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contain calcium stores |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lie between the lateral sacs at the level where the A-band and I-band meet. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lumen of the T-tubules is continuous with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connected to the lateral sacs by junctional feet (integral membrane proteins) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The junction of a motor neuron axon terminal with a motor end plate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Region of the muscle fiber plasma membrane that lies directly beneath the axon terminal |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Contains one motor neuron and all the motor fibers innervated by that neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a single motor unit, all fibers are located within the same muscle. Are they all adjacent to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Analogous to the EPSP in neuron-neuron synapses in that they involve depolarization of a "postsynaptic" membrane via Na/K ion channels |
|
Definition
| EPP (End Plate Potential) |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of events by which an action potential in the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber leads to cross-bridge cycling. |
|
Definition
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
|
|
Term
| Bring AP into the interior of the skeletal muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wave of depolarization passes close to the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates the release of calcium ions |
|
Definition
| Depolarization wave passing close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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|
Term
| The extensive network of __ __ assures that when it releases calcium ions they can readily diffuse to all of the troponin sites |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Muscle action potential is propogated into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potential activates the junctional process and releases __ from the lateral sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium binds to __ and removes the blcoking action of __ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __ ___ bind and generate force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once calcium is removed from the cytosol what happens? |
|
Definition
| Troponin locks the tropomyosin back |
|
|
Term
| What provides the energy for force generation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breaks the cross bridge/ actin bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP concentration contains within the muscle at rest is sufficient to maintain contraction at most for how long? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ATP is going to split to form what to provide the energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction depends on energy supply from what 2 things? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Carries a high energy bond similar to ATP. Instantly cleaved to form ATP. Total amount of this is relatively small. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Provides a very rapid means of forming ATP at the onset of contraction |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Creatine is naturally produced by what 2 organs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Over half of creatine stores are provided by what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Creatine phosphate is transported in the blood to be stored in what 2 places? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| About 95% of the body's creatine is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Combined energy of stored ATP and Creatine Phosphate can maintain a maximal contraction for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal range is 2-12 mg/L |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Half life of ~3 hours supplement of 5g would peak plasma levels at 120 mg/L in 1-2 hours post consumption. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Supplementation of this can improve performance of high intensity exercise, mental function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains as much energy in the phosphate bond at ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatine phosphate can transfer the phosphate and energy to __ to form ATP and free creatine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The energy from this cannot be released by myosin to drive the cross-bridge activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During rest, creatine phosphate builds up in the muscle to about _X ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reaction of creatine phosphate to ATP is so fast, that total levels of ATP remain relatively constant in the beginning of contraction creatine phostphate to ATP. This can only last as long as the initial concentration of what allows? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If contractile activity lasts more than a few seconds, ___ must be produced by other means. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If oxidative phosphorylation is so efficient, then why do we still use other methods of producing ATP? |
|
Definition
| It is dependent on the other processes that give it H+ atoms |
|
|
Term
| Combines O2 with the end products of glycolysis (H+ atoms) and food to release ATP |
|
Definition
| Oxydative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Provides more than 95% of all energy for sustained, long term contraction |
|
Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| For period up to 24 hours, up to half of energy comes from stored what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For long term maximal contraction, the majority of energy comes from stored what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During moderate levels of exercise, most ATP is formed by what in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| For the first 5-10 minutes of moderate exercise, fuel comes from the breakdown of muscle _ to __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After 5-10 minutes of moderate exercise, the next 30 minutes, the fuel comes from blood borne nutrients such as __ and __ equally |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Beyond 45 minutes of moderate exercise, what becomes the primary source of fuel? Also note that the muscle's glucose utilization decreases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is used to reconstitute both ATP and creatine phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is the rapid breakdown of glycogen to what 2 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can glycolysis occur without O2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis can sustain a maximal contraction for an upwards of __ in the absence of O2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate of ATP produced here is rapid, but it produces many end-products and loses capability to sustain a maximal contraction for any longer than a minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When intensity of exercise exceeds about __% of the maximal rate of ATP breakdown, glycolysis produces the majority of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comes from blood stores or muscle glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As intensity increases, glycolysis __ and lactic acid production __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle, ATP production via substrate phosphorylation is supplemented by the availability of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle's capacity to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation is further supplemented by the availability of molecular oxygen bound to intracellular what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depleted creatine phosphate and glycogen in the muscle must be __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After exercise, the lactic acid that was produced must be __ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Provides the energy to convert lactic acid back into pyruvic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recovery after exercise usually lasts about __ minutes after a 4 minute maximal exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactic acid may also be reconverted to glucose mainly in what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Must be utilized to metabolize the lactic acid and return blood and plasma levels to pre-exercise levels. This is how oxygen debt is repayed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not only provides ATP for moderate exercise, but it also is used to increase ATP following exercise to restore energy reserves. |
|
Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Influences on diet and can last up to days to fully replenish glycogen stores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a skeletal muscle fiber is continuously stimulated, the tension the fiber develops eventually decreases even though the stimulus continues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a muscle is fatigued, you get decreased muscle tension and a decreased shortening __ and a slower rate of __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Development of muscle fatigue and recovery from fatigue depends on 3 factors |
|
Definition
1. type of skeletal muscle fiber activated
2. intensity and duration of stimulus
3. individual's fitness level |
|
|
Term
| Fatigue that occurs rapidly when continuously stimulating, but also recover rapidly after a brief rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High intesity, short duration exercises like weight lifting can cause what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1. conduction failure
2. lactic acid buildup
3. inhibition of cross bridge cycling |
|
|
Term
| Where K+ builds up in the T-tubules during the repolarization of action potentials and cause persistent depolarization which eventually causes a failure to produce an action potential. Recovery is rapid with rest as the accumulation K+ diffuses out of the t-tubule resotring excitability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactic acid changes the pH of the muscle, which can alter the conformation of proteins including actin and myosin and Ca pumps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Build up of ADP and P due to a decrease in ATP can inhibit the cross bridge cycling. Slowing this step delayes the detachment of actin and thus slows the whole cycle |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of cross bridge cycling |
|
|
Term
| Develops more slowly with low intensity, long duration exercise involving cyclical periods of contraction and relaxation. Requires much longer periods of rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Likely due to a depletion of fuel stores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of low frequency fatigue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure of the cerebral cortex to send signals to motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatigue does not directly correlate with depleted __ levels. This is a protective mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If exercise is continued past fatigue to deplete ATP levels, then cross-bridges would lock in __ and damage muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of skeletal fibers are classified based upon what 2 factors? |
|
Definition
1. Speed of contraction (maximal velocity of shortening)
2. Major pathway for ATP production (oxidative or glycolytic) |
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has a high ATPase activity in the muscle and myosin is able to split ATP rapidly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has a maximal rate of cross-bridge cycling, and thus maximal shortening velocities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber is large in diameter and high in enzyme activity for creatine phosphate and glycolytic systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has low ATPase activity and cross-bridge cycling is 4X slower than type II fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries, high enzyme activity for aerobic systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has a high concentration of mitochondria and thus high capacity for oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber is dependent on oxygen supply, so they are surrounded by many small vessels and contains large amounts of myoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An oxygen binding protein that gives the fibers a dark red color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has few mitochondria but possess high levels of glycolytic enzymes and glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has few blood vessels and low myoglobin. They are generally large in diameter which leads to greater force due to increase actin myosin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Slow (type I) and Fast (type II) fibers, what is the different in force? |
|
Definition
| Force is the SAME for both types |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 main types of skeletal muscle fibers. |
|
Definition
Slow Oxidative (Type I)
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (Type IIa)
Fast Glycolytic (Type IIb) |
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber responds well to repetitive stimulati without fatigue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has low myosin-ATPase activity and high oxidative capacity. Very resistant to fatigue and high in myoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of slow oxidative (type I) muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber has high myosin-ATPas activity with high oxidative and moderate glycolytic capacity. |
|
Definition
| Fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
|
Term
| Type type of muscle fiber is moderately fatigue resistant |
|
Definition
| Fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
Definition
| Muscles needed for swimming, short distance running, etc. |
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber responds quickly to repetitive stimulation without fatigue. |
|
Definition
| Fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
|
Term
| This type of muscle fiber is high in myosin-ATPase activity and high glycolytic capacity. It fatigues rapidly. |
|
Definition
| Fast glycolytic (type IIb) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an activity using fast glycolytic (type IIb) |
|
Definition
| Sprinting (quick burst of strong activation) |
|
|
Term
| The force exerted on an object by a contracting muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The force exerted on the muscle by an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tension and load are opposing forces that have relative __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must happen for a muscle fiber to shorten. |
|
Definition
| Muscle Tension > Opposing Load |
|
|
Term
| Muscle develops tension but does not shorten or lengthen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle changes length, yet load remains constant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shortening due to tension > load |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lengthening due to load > tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps 1, 3, and 4 of the cross bridge cycling are the same for all 3 types of contraction but step 2 differs depending on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitation-contraction coupling is occurring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Begins when the muscle tension just exceeds the load on the fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases rapily and dissipates slowly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shortening occurs slowly, only after taking up __ tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The relaxing muscle quickly returns to its __ __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isotonic twitches with an increased load. Velocity shortening is __, duration of twich is ___, and the distance shortened is __, latent period ___. |
|
Definition
Slower
Shorter
Less
Increases |
|
|
Term
| The complete dissipation of elastic tension between subsequent stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S4 occurred prior to the complete dissipation of elastic tension from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S6 occurred prior to the dissipation of ANY elastic tension from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partial dissipation of elastic tension between subsequent stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No time for dissipation of elastic tension between rapidly recurring stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where there are lots of actin-myosin overlap and plenty of room to slide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where actin filaments lack room to slide, so little tension can be developed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where actin and myosin do not overlap much, so little tension can be developed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individual muscle contain a mixture of fiber types, but the __ varies depending on the use of the muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each motor unit contains how many fiber types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there any muscle in the body that only has 1 fiber type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control of whole muscle tension depends on what 2 factors? |
|
Definition
1. Amount of tension developed by each fiber
2. Number of fibers contracting at any one time |
|
|
Term
| The amount of tension developed by each fiber depends on what 4 things? |
|
Definition
1. Frequency-tension relation (AP frequency)
2. Length-tension relationship
3. Fiber diameter
4. Fatigue |
|
|
Term
| The number of fibers contracting at any one time depends on 2 things? |
|
Definition
1. Number of fibers in each motor unit
2. Number of units active at any one time |
|
|
Term
| Muscles that make very small, precise movements have __ motor units for precision and find tension control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles that make course movements have __ motor units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neuronal process of increasing the number of motor units that are active in a muscle at any given time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Achieved by activating more excitatory synaptic inputs to motor neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ diameter neurons are recruied first because they generate action potentials faster than __ diameter neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When neurons are recruited they innervate what type of fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the level of synaptic input increases, __ diameter neurons are recruited. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larger diameter neurons innervate what types of fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ strength exercises involve Type I and IIa fibers that are resistant to fatigue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIb fibers get recruited when the intensity of the contraction exceeds __% of the maximal tension a muscle can produce. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allows for increases in force and velocity of shortening because it decreases the "load" placed on individual motor units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shortening velocity of a whole muscle depends on what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1. Load on the muscle
2. Types of motor units in the muscle
3. Number of motor units recruited to work against the load |
|
|
Term
| The reduction in diameter of a muscle fiber and the amount of contractile proteins within it due to the either damage to the motor neuron or NMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in the amount of contractile activity increases the size of muscle fibers and increases their capacity for __ production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long duration, low intensity exercise "aerobic", increases the number of __ in fiber that are recruited for those activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long duration low intensity exercise "aerobic" increases the number of capillaries in the region. The increase in number of capillaries and mitochondria lead to a greater capacity for fiber to produce what? |
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Definition
| ATP via oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| Long duration, low intensity exercise __ endurance and __ fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
| With long duration - low intensity exercise, the fiber diameter slighlty __ which causes a slight __ in fiber strength with endurance training. |
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Definition
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Term
| Long duration - low intensity exercise uses what types of fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Short duration - high intensity exercise "strength" uses what type of fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Short duration - high intensity exercise "strength" effects primarily the fast-glycolytic fibers that are recruiting during __ contractions |
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Definition
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Term
| Short duration - high intensity exercise fibers undergo synthesis of more actin/myosin filaments, __ number of myofibrils, __ fiber diameter, __ muscle mass. |
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Definition
Increased
Increased
Increased |
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Term
| Short duration - high intensity exercise increases the number of glycolytic enzymes. It increases strength of muscle and size of the muscle but they __ rapidly. |
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Definition
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Term
| Has little effect of the TYPES of myoszin enzymes produced, therefore it does not change the proportion of fast/slow fibers that any one muscle contains. |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes the RATE at which the enzymes are produced, and thus effects the proportion of ox/glyco fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do we know the precise cause of muscle cramps? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle cramps are likely relation to what? |
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Definition
| Electrolyte imbalance in the ECF surrounding muscle and nerve fibers |
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Term
| May arise from overexercise, dehydration, or chemical imbalances within the muscle fiber. |
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Definition
| Inbalances (which lead to muscle cramps) |
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Term
| May result secondary to other disorders whihc involved sufficient removal of metabolic waste from the muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Left ventricular failure is often associated with muscle cramps...why? |
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Definition
| Inadequate cardiac output which leads to hypoxic tissure and slowed removal of metabolic waste |
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Term
| Involuntary titanic contraction that occurs when ECF Ca++ concentration falls to about 40% normal. Low serum Ca++ induces the opening of Na+ channels in excitable membranes leading to depolarization. |
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Definition
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Term
| Associated with progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers, weakening of muscles and ultimately death due to respiratory and cardiac failure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Disease affecting the nicotinic cholinergic receptors within the motor end plate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies against the receptors are thought to bind the receptors and prevent EPP. Current treatments include administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or glucocorticoids (blunt the immune response) |
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Definition
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Term
| Potentially fatal muscle toxicity that results from disintegration of muscle tissue due to acute trauma, burns, or unaccustomed intensity or duration of muscle contraction (especially eccentric conctractions) |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle pain from Rhabdomyolysis occurs as broken fibers leak __ into the ECF, and a cascade of chemical reactions insue due to damaged blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Produces ATP the fastest, shortest endurance duration (8-10 sec) Used for power surges |
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Definition
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Term
| Produces ATP at moderate speed, short endurance duration (1-1.6 minutes) |
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Definition
| Glycogen-Lactic Acid System |
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Term
| Slowest in terms of ATP. Requires end products of phosphagen system and glycogen-lactic acid system |
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Definition
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Term
| Has the greatest endurance value (unlimited), used for prolonged athletic activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stored ATP can sustain up to __ seconds |
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Definition
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Term
| Stored creatine phosphate and ATP can sustain up to __ seconds |
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Definition
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Term
| Much of muscle glycogen is converted into __ but can produce considerable ATP without oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for the aerobic system |
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Definition
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