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| Macronutrients |
| Micronutrients |
| Symbiosis |
| Parisitism |
| Mutualism |
| Which nutrients are often the most difficult for plants to get from the soil? |
| Native Species |
| Why does it take so much energy to fix nitrogen? |
|
How much energy is required to fix one molecule of nitrogen? |
| In what form does nitrogen occur in the air? |
|
What percentage of air is composed of nitrogen gas? |
| What kinds of organisms can produce nitrogenase? |
| What is the function of nitrogenase? |
|
Where does Azotobacter it occur in relationship to plant roots? What does the plant provide to the bacterium? What does the bacterium provide to the plant? |
| What kinds of plants form relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the soil? |
|
About what percentage of the nitrogen that a beachgrass plant uses in its life comes from Azotobacter? |
| What kinds of organisms (plants and bacteria) are involved in nitrogen fixation that occurs inside plant roots? |
| What is a nodule and what does it contain? |
|
Which organism makes the cell wall material of which the infection thread is composed? |
| What is the difference between a bacterium and bacteroid? |
| Where are bacteroids found? |
| What structure of a bacteroid is derived from the host plant? |
| What is exchanged between bacteroids and host? |
| Why do seeds of legumes contain more protein than seeds of cereals? |
| Why do plants often suffer from a shortage of phosphate even though there is abundant phosphate inthe soil? |
| What is the size of the depletion zone of phosphate around a root? Why doesn't the phosphate from outside the depletion zone migrate into the zone? |
| How do mycorrhizal fungi help plants overcome the phosphate problem? |
| What are ectomycorrhizae? What kinds of plants form ectomycorrhizae? |
| Explain why attempts to introduce pine trees into Australia failed when seeds were sent there and planted. |
| About what percentage of plants form arbuscular mycorrhizae? What plants don't form AM? |
| What benefits do plants receive from mycorrhizal relationships? |
| How important are mycorrhizae for plants to be able to grow in nature? |
|
Describe the processes involved that result in sand being deposited where plants are growing in a dune. |
| Accretion |
| What is the opposite of Accretion |
| If you wanted to encourage erosion of the dunes, what could you do? |
| What could you do to encourage accretion? |
| What are the major plant species involved in forming dunes in North America and in what regions do they occur? |
| What stimulates the growth of Ammophila breviligulata |
|
Why does this plant grow better at the front of the dune than in the back of the dune? |
| What happens to Ammophila when it is buried by sand? |
| Rhizome |
| How could you recognize if a plant made rhizomes without digging the rhizome up? |
|
Why are rhizomes important in determining how quickly barren areas of sand can become vegetated? |
| How important are seeds of Ammophila in the colonization of barren areas of sand dunes? |
| Explain how a sand dune can advance toward the ocean. |
| Explain how a sand dune retreats. |
| How fast can dunes (and the coastline) retreat in a year? What is the average for RI? |
| At what rate is sea level rising? Why is this a problem for sand dunes? |
|
When a house is built on sand dunes, what do home-owners do that hastens the retreat of the dunes? What can be done to stop the dunes from retreating? |
| What is “beach nourishment?” |
| How are mycorrhizal fungi important in sand dunes? |
| ZEBRA MUSSEL |
| GORILLA OGO |
| LIONFISH |
|
GARLIC MUSTARD – HOW DOES THIS SPECIES KNOCK OUT THE COMPETITION? |
| SNOWFLAKE CORAL IN HAWAII |
| ASIAN LONGHORN BEETLE |
| COQUI IN HAWAII |
| WOOLLY ADELGID |
| ASIAN CARP |
| Describe the effects of feral pigs on native plants, invasive plants, water quality, reefs, and native |
|
Name several diseases of humans caused by alien species. When Europeans settled North America, what was the effect of introduced diseases on the population of native Americans? |
| What is biocontrol, and what is its advantage in dealing with invasive species? Where would you go to find for a biocontrol for an invasive species? Why must the biocontrol organism be “specific?” |
| In about what year did the bird population in Guam begin to decline? What evidence pointed to the problem originating on the south end of the island? |
| Of the 12 species of forest birds native to Guam, how many remain? What effects has the decline of the bird population on Guam had on other native species? |
| What were considered to be possible causes of the decline of the bird population? Who carried out the study? What were the TWO reasons that the alien snakes on Guam were not thought to be the cause? |
| Describe the brown tree snaked (BTS) and the period when it is active. |
| What do BTS eat? How dangerous are they to humans? What other costly problems did BTS cause on Guam? |
| Why were the birds of Guam especially easy prey for the BTS? |
| What method appears to be the most promising to control BTS on Guam? |
| What are some other areas the BTS has been found? |
| What methods are used to slow the spread of BTS to other areas of the world? |