cell
consists of an organized chemical system, including many specialized molecules surrounded by a membrane. It is the lowest level of biological organization that can survive and reproduce as long as it has access to a usable energy source, the necessary raw materials, and appropriate environmental conditions
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emergent properties
characteristics that depend on the level of organization of matter, but do not exist at lower levels of organization. Ex- life
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unicellular organisms
single cell organisms such as bacteria and protozoans
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multicellular organisms
many plants and animals, their cells live in tightly coordinated groups and are so interdependent that they cant survive on their own
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population
group of unicellular or multicellular organisms of the same kind that live together in the same place. Have emergent properties that don't exist at lower levels of organization
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community
all populations of different organisms that live in the same place.
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ecosystem
group of communites interacting with their shared physical environment.
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
the most fundamental and important molecule that distinguishes living systems from nonliving matter. Large, double stranded helical molecule that contains instructions for assembling a libing organism from simpler molecules
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biosphere
all regions of earths crust, waters, and atmosphere that sustain life.
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Differeneces in DNa ....
molecular building blocks are arranged differently in each of these organisms, producing difference in their appearence and function
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RNA (rhibonucleic acid)
information in DNA is copies into molecules of RNA, which direct the production of different protein molecules
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proteins
proteins carry our most of the activities of life, including the sunthesis of all other biological molecules
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metabolism
descries the ability of a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grow, and reproduce
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photosynthesis
process in which electromagnetic energy in sunlight is absorbed and converted into chemical energy. uses sunlight to build sugar molecules form carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a by product of the reaction
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cellular respiration
uses oxygen to break down sugar molecules, releheasing their chemical energy and making it available for other metabolic processes.
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photosynthetic organisms
are the primary producers of the food on which all other organisms rely
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consumers
animals that directly or indirectly feed on complex molecules manufactured by plants
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decomposers
feed on the remains of dead organisms, breaking down complex biological molecules into simpler raw materials, which may then be recycled by the producers. Ex-bacteria and fungi
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Heat
some energy that photosynthetic organisms trap from sunlight flows within and between populations, communities, and ecosystems. Biological processes arent 100% efficient, so some energy is lost as heat
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Carbon and nitrogen ___ in an ecosystem
cycle between living organisms and nonlibing components of the biosphere, to be used again and again
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receptors
molecules or larger structures located on individual cells and body surfaces that are able to detect changes in external and internal conditions. When stimulated, they trigger reactions that produce a compensating response
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homeostasis
a steady internal condition maintained by responses that compensate for changes in the external environment. all organisms have mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in relation to temperature, blood chemistry, etc
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reproduction
the process in whcih parents produce offspring
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inheritance
transmission of DNA from on generation to the next
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development
a series of programed changes encoded in DNA through which a fertilized egg divides into many cells that ultimately are transformed into an adult, which is itself capable of reproduction
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life cycle
the sequential stages through which individuals develop, grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce
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biological evolution
populations of all organisms change from one generation to the next bc some individuals experience changes in their DNA and they pass those modified instructions along to their offspring
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what are the 3 things known about the evolutionary process
1-all populations change through time
2-all organisms are related through a shared ancestry
3-evolution has produced the spectacular diversity we have now
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artificial selection
the and selection of traits wanted in a species
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natural selection
natural process of the passage of traits
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species
a group of populations in which the individuals are so closely related in structure, biochemsitry, and behavior that they can interbreed
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genus
group of similar species that share common ancestry
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prokaryotes
exhibit a relatively simple organization of DNA and cell structures, no nucleus, bacteria and archae are prokaryotes
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eukaryotes
dna enclosed in a nucleus, specialized internal compartments (organelles) hold structures as well
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bacteri
live as producers or decomposers. have some structural molecules and mechanisms of photosynthesis that are unique and found only in this domain
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archae
live as producers or decomposers. inhabit extreme environments, distinguished by some structural molecules and by a primitive form of photosynthesis that are unique to their domain
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protoctista
diverse group of single and multi-cellular eukaryotic species.
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kingdom plantae
multicellular organisms, carry ut photosynthesis, producers
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fungi
varied groups of unicellular and multicellular species,most are decomposers that break down and absorb molecules from dead organisms;
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animals
multicellular organisms that live as consumers by ingesting organisms in all 3 domans. motility is a key function
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basic research
search for explanatiins about natural phenomena to satify their own curiostiy and to advance our collective knowledge of living systems
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applied research
research for the goal of solving a specific problem
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