Term
| _______: is the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ is the pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Measurable or objective manifestations: |
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Definition
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Term
| Feelings that the patient describes - subjective manifestations: |
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Definition
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Term
| Disease caused by physician or treatment: |
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Definition
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Term
| Infections contracted in the acute care facility: |
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Definition
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Term
| Infections contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility: |
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Definition
| community-acquired infections |
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Term
| When the underlying cause is unknown, the disease is termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ inflammation is the initial response of body tissues to local injury. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of white blood cells engulfing and enzymatically digesting infectious organisms and cellular debris is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The initial response of tissue to a local injury: |
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Definition
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Term
| A _________ membrane allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ tissue is a fibrous scar that replaces destroyed tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thick, yellow fluid called pus (dead white blood cells): |
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Definition
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Term
| Localized, usually encapsulated collection of fluid: |
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Definition
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Term
| The accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen (more common in African Americans) may produce a protruding, tumor-like scar known as a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five clinical signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
1. rubor (redness)
2. calor (heat)
3. tumor (swelling)
4. dolor (pain)
5. loss of function |
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Term
| Increase in number of white blood cells: |
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Definition
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Term
| A suppurative inflammation is one that is associated with ___ formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria spread throughout the circulatory system: |
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Definition
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Term
| A localized area of chronic inflammation, often with central necrosis: |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the interference of blood supply to an organ; deprives the cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients. |
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Definition
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Term
| An ______ is a localized area of ischemic necrosis; produced by occlusion of either arterial supply or venous drainage. |
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Definition
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Term
| Implies rupture of a blood vessel: |
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Definition
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Term
| Accumulation of blood trapped within body tissues: |
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Definition
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Term
| Ganglion cells of the nervous system and myocardial cells undergo irreversible damage if deprived of their blood supply for _-_ minutes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two most common clinical forms of infarction are _______ and ________. |
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Definition
1. myocardial
2. pulmonary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Minimal hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called _______; slightly larger hemorrhages are termed ______. A large (greater than 1-2 cm) subcutaneous hematoma, or bruise, is called an ________. |
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Definition
| 1. petechiae (pronounced peh-teekey-eye) (very small) 2. purpura (slightly larger, but still quite small) 3. ecchymosis (greater than 1-2 cm) |
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Term
| (True or False): Sudden losses of up to 20% of the blood volume or slow losses of even larger amounts may have little clinical significance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with corresponding decrease in function: |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function: |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ: |
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Definition
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Term
| Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation: |
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Definition
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Term
| Ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells: |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of neoplasms (tumors): |
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Definition
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Term
| A growth that closely resembles the cells of origin in structure and function: |
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Definition
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Term
| A neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures: |
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Definition
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Term
| Malignant neoplasms that travel to distant sites: |
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Definition
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Term
| Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin: |
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Definition
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Term
| Undifferentiated cell growth - without form (bizarre): |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the major route by which carcinoma metastasizes: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli: |
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Definition
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Term
| The assessment of the aggressiveness or the degree of malignancy of a CA: |
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Definition
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Term
| A word to describe: 1. the extensiveness of a tumor at the primary site, and 2. the presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs: |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of determinants of disease events in given populations: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The rate that an illness or abnormality occurs: |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ reflects the # of deaths by disease per population. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Define cachexia (pronounced cuh-cecks-ee-uh) |
|
Definition
| physical wasting away and malnutrition; generally associated with a chronic disease such as CA |
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Term
| What are the two basic components of all tumors? |
|
Definition
1. parenchyma (organ tissue)
2. supporting stroma (supporting tissue) |
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Term
| The _________ of a neoplasm largely determines its biologic behavior and is the component that determines how the tumor is named. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are benign tumors generally named? |
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Definition
| Adding the cell type from which the tumor arose (i.e. - fibrous tissue) to the suffix 'oma'; 'FIBR-OMA; fibroma' |
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|
Term
| Malignant neoplasms disseminate to distant sites by one of three pathways: |
|
Definition
1. seeding within body cavities
2. lymphatic spread
3. hematogenous spread |
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Term
| What is the most common hereditary abnormality? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Each human cell contains __ chromosomes divided into __ pairs. |
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Definition
| 46; 23 (44 autosomes, 2 X for females & 1 X, 1 Y for males) |
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Term
| A _______ gene always produces an effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ gene only manifests itself when a person is homozygous for the trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ is an alteration in the DNA structures that may become a permanent hereditary change. |
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Definition
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Term
| Foreign substance that evokes an immune response: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Immunoglobulins responding to the antigens to make them harmless: |
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Definition
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Term
| A person is protected against antigens; antibodies bind with antigens to make them harmless: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Forming antibodies to counteract an antigen by way of vaccine or toxoid: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Contact with dead or deactivated microorganisms to form antibodies: |
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Definition
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Term
| Treated toxin w/ antigenic power to produce immunity by creating antibodies: |
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Definition
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Term
| A hypersensitive reaction resulting in a histamine release: |
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Definition
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Term
| Protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to any person: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ ______ ________ - gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection, used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents. |
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Definition
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |
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Term
| ________-_____ Precautions: the need for additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet, or airborne transmission. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A cluster of alveoli is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiration is controlled by a center in the _______ at the base of the brain. The level of CO2 in the blood regulates this respiratory center. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ and the ________ muscles between the ribs are the muscles of respiration. |
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Definition
| diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
|
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Term
| What are the two different blood supplies to the lungs? |
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Definition
Pulmonary circulation- low pressure, low resistance system through which oxygen enters and CO2 exits the circulatory system
Bronchial circulation- high pressure system that supplies oxygenated blood to nourish the lung tissue itself |
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Term
| When the head and neck are in neutral position, the endotracheal tube tip ideally should be about _ - _ cm above the carina. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of catheter is inserted into the subclavian vein or a more peripheral vein in the upper extremity. It is useful for measuring central venous pressure (CVP) and providing a conduit for rapid infusion of fluid or chronic hyperalimentation. |
|
Definition
| CVC (Central Venous Catheter) |
|
|
Term
| Where should a CVC be located? |
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Definition
| within the true central venous system, where the brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava or within the superior vena cava itself (should be medial to the anterior border of the first rib on chest radiographs) |
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Term
| What type of catheter has become the long-term venous access device used for home therapy and for patients undergoing chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
| PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) |
|
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Term
| What type of catheter is flow-directed and consists of a central channel for measuring pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure and a second, smaller channel connected to an inflatable balloon at the catheter tip. Cardiac output and CVP can also be measured. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Ideally, the Swan-Ganz catheter is positioned so that it lies within the right or left main ________ artery. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (True or False) The most common complication associated with the use of a Swan-Ganz catheter is pulmonary infarction distal to the catheter tip. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Transvenous _________ _______ is the method of choice for maintaining cardiac rhythm in patients with heart block or bradyarrhythmias. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ideally, the tip of a pacemaker should be positioned at the apex of the ____ ventricle. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What chest projection is needed to demonstrate whether or not a cardiac pacemaker is placed correctly in the right ventricle? |
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Definition
| The lateral chest, because only the lateral projection will demonstrate if the pacemaker has been misplaced in the coronary sinus. |
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|
Term
| This respiratory disease is one of the most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn. It occurs primarily in premature infants, especially those who have diabetic mothers or who have been delivered by cesarean section: |
|
Definition
| Hyaline membrane disease aka 'idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome' (IRDS) |
|
|
Term
| The progressive underaeration of the lungs in hyaline membrane disease results from a lack of _________ and immature lungs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This mixture of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates create high surface tension in the lungs, requiring less force to inflate and maintain the alveoli - too little of this substance can cause hyaline membrane disease in infants: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is primarily a viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ is demostrated as a tapered narrowing (hourglass shape) of the subglottic airway on a frontal radiograph of the lower neck - caused by edema. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This is an acute infection of the epiglottis, most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae in children; it causes a thickening of the epiglottic tissue and surrounding pharyngeal structures: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______________ shows on a lateral projection of the neck using soft tissue techniques. It looks like a rounded thickened epiglottic shadow about the size of an adult's thumb. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Acute ___________ is an inflammation of the lung that can be caused by a variety of organisms, most commonly bacteria and viruses. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ pneumonia is of pneumococcal origin. It causes an inflammatory exudate that replaces air in the alveoli so that the affected part of the lung is no-longer air containing - appears radiopaque; spreads from one alveolus to another; may involve segments or an entire lobe. |
|
Definition
| Alveolar (air-space) pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| _____________ is of staphylococcal origin. It is primarily an inflammation that originates in the bronchi or bronchiolar mucosa and spreads to adjacent alveoli; tends to cause small patches of consolidation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of pneumonia is most commonly produced by viral and mycoplasmal infections. The inflammatory process predominantly involves the walls and lining of the alveoli and the interstitial supporting structures of the lung, the alveoli septa: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When left untreated, this type of pneumonia may cause "honeycomb lung," which is demonstrated on CT as cystlike spaces and dense fibrotic walls: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This type of pneumonia is caused by aspiration of esophageal or gastric contents into the lung; due to the affects of gravity, the posterior segments of the upper and lower lobes are most commonly affected: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways of contracting anthrax? |
|
Definition
| cutaneous (through an opening in the skin), inhalation (lungs), and gastrointestinal |
|
|
Term
| This disorder is caused by inhalation of bacillus anthracis; it germinates in the lung tissue and lymph nodes producing deadly toxins that cause cellular edema and disruption of normal cell function. Early signs are similar to influenza, when progressed it may cause labored breathing, shock, and death. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A lung ______ is a necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent (puslike) material. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of lung abscesses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Tuberculosis only ever affects the lungs. |
|
Definition
| False: it is primarily a disease of the lungs, however, it can spread to involve the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and skeletal systems as well |
|
|
Term
| (True or False) In the lung, TB scars are commonly found in the posterior apical segments. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TB has a _ - _ week incubation period. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The tuberculin skin test does not become positive until _ - __ weeks after infection. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ TB has traditionally been considered a disease of children and adults. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ tuberculosis refers to dissemination of the disease by way of the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Secondary TB most commonly affects the upper lobes, especially the apical and posterior segments. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A __________ is a sharply circumscribed parenchymal nodule, often containing viable tuberculosis bacilli, that can develop in either primary or secondary disease. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common systemic fungal infections of the lung found in North America? |
|
Definition
| 1. histoplasmosis (endemic of Mississippi and Ohio river valleys) 2. Coccidioidmycosis (seen in southwestern U.S.) |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary mycosis means what? |
|
Definition
| Fungal infection of the lung |
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) is estimated to affect almost all children by age 2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virus primarily affects children and it attacks the lower respiratory tract, causing necrosis of the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles, which leads to brochiolitis. The necrotic material and edema from the infection cause bronchial obstruction. Bronchiolitis produces bronchial spasm, and interstitial pneumonia occurs as a result of the obstruction: |
|
Definition
| Respiratory syncitial virus |
|
|
Term
| This relatively new virus is a a coronavirus of unknown etiology. It may survive in the environment for many days. Person-to-person or droplet contact causes upper and lower respiratory infections that begin with a nonproductive cough and progress to hypoxemia. |
|
Definition
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) |
|
|
Term
| This disease includes several conditions in which chronic obstruction of the airways leads to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases and makes breathing difficult. |
|
Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
|
|
Term
| A chronic inflammation of the bronchi that leads to severe coughing with production of sputum. It may be a complication of respiratory infection or the result of long-term exposure to air pollution or cigarette smoking: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common radiographic abnormality in ________ ________ is a generalized increase in bronchovascular markings "dirty chest", especially in the lower lungs. Also, thickening of the bronchial walls and peribronchial inflammation can cause parallel or slightly tapered tubular line shadows "tram lines": |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a crippling and debilitating condition in which obstructive and destructive changes in small airways (the acini or terminal bronchioles) lead to a dramatic increase in the volume of air in the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe extrinsic asthma: |
|
Definition
| common allergens: pollen, molds, animal dander, house dust |
|
|
Term
| Describe intrinsic asthma: |
|
Definition
| asthma caused by exercise, heat or cold, emotional upset |
|
|
Term
| ___________ refers to permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown origin that most often is detected in young adults. It is more prevalent in African Americans. It can cause skeletal lesions primarily in the small bones of the hands and feet - looks like punched out areas of lucency: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is caused by occupational exposure to certain irritating particulates that can cause chronic interstitial inflammation that leads to pulmonary fibrosis and a diffuse nonspecific radiographic pattern of linear streaks and nodules throughout the lungs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 most common types of pneumoconiosis? |
|
Definition
| silicosis, asbestosis, and anthracosis |
|
|
Term
| ________ is the most common and best-known work-related lung disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major complication of asbestosis? |
|
Definition
| Mesothelioma (a highly malignant pleural tumor) |
|
|
Term
| What type of pneumoconiosis is typically referred to coal worker's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anthracite particles change the lung tissue to a dark color, leading to the nickname: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (True or False) Bronchial adenomas are neoplasms of high-grade malignancy. |
|
Definition
| False: low-grade malignancy |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common primary malignant lung neoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of lung cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The least common type of lung tumor: |
|
Definition
| bronchiolar (alveolar cell) carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| ______ ________ is a shower of bacteria that enter the pulmonary circulation and remain trapped within the lung. Many patients have a clinical history of intravenous drug abuse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common nickname for adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This syndrome describes a clinical picture of severe, unexpected, and life-threatening acute respiratory distress that develops in patients who have a variety medical and surgical disorders but no major underlying lung disease: |
|
Definition
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) "shock lung" |
|
|
Term
| Air within the mediastinal space: |
|
Definition
| Mediastinal emphysema aka pneumomediastinum |
|
|
Term
| ____________ __________ is caused by penetrating or blunt injuries that disrupt the lung and parietal pleura and force air into the tissues of the chest wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pleural fluid that collects below the inferior surface of the lung and gives the radiographic appearance of an elevated hemidiaphragm: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ refers to the presence of infected liquid or frank pus in the pleural space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ of the diaphragm is a rare congenital abnormality in which one hemidiaphragm (very rarely both) is poorly developed and too weak to permit the upward movement of abdominal contents into the thoracic cage. The condition is usually asymptomatic and occurs more frequently on the left. |
|
Definition
|
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