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MGT 455
Test 1
108
Management
Undergraduate 3
10/10/2011

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

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Term
What is an Organizations?
Definition
1)social entities that 2) are goal directed 3) are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activities systems and 4) are linked to the external environment.
Term
Organizational Theory
Definition
is a macro examination of organizations which focuses on the whole organization as a unit.
Term
Organization Definition
Definition
An input-output system. Defined by system characteristics: Inter-relatedness,openness,wholism
Term
Structural dimensions Definition
Definition
proide labes to describe the internal characteristics of an organization. They create a basis for measuring and comparing organizations.
Term
Structural Dimensions
Definition
Formalization,Specialization,Hierarchy of Authority,Centralization,Professionalism,Personnel ratios
Term
Formalization
Definition
pertains to the amount of written documentation in the organization. Documentation includes procedures,job descriptions,regulations, and policy manuals
Term
Specialization
Definition
is the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into separate jobs.
Term
Hierarchy of authority
Definition
decribes who reprots to whom and the span of control for each manager. Hierarchy is depicted by the vertical lines on an organization chart
Term
Centralization
Definition
refers to the hierarchical level that has authority to make a decision
Term
Professionalism
Definition
is the level of formal education and training of employees.
Term
Personnel ratios
Definition
refer to the deployment of people to various functions and departments.
Term
Contextual dimensions
Definition
characterize the whole organization, including its size, technology,environment,and goals. Represents both the organization and the environment
Term
size
Definition
can be measured for the organization as a whole or for specific components, such as plant or division
Term
Organizational technology
Definition
refers to the tools, techniques,and actions used to transform inputs into outputs.
Term
Environment
Definition
includes all elements outside the boundary of the organization
Term
goals and strategy
Definition
define the purpose and competitive techniques that set it apart from the organizations. Goals are often written down as an enduring statement of company intent. Strategy is a plan of action
Term
Efficiency
Definition
amount of resources used to achieve the organization's goals
Term
Effectiveness
Definition
the degree to which an organization achieves it goals
Term
Stakeholder approach
Definition
balancing the needs of groups in and outside of the organization that has a stake in the organizations performance
Term
stakeholders
Definition
is any group within or outside of the organization that has a stake in the organization's performance.BOTTOMLINE: Economic,Social,Environmental
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
Fredrick Taylor; emphasizes scientifically determined jobs and management practices as the way to improve efficiency and labor productivity.
Term
administrative principles
Definition
looked at the design and functioning of the organization as a whole.
Term
bureaucratic organizations
Definition
which emphasized designing and mangaging organizations on an impersonal,rational basis through such elements as clearly defined authority and responsibility, formal recordkeeping,and uniform application of standard rules
Term
Contingency
Definition
means that one thing depends on other things, and for organizations to be effective, there must be a "goodness of fit" between their structure and the conditions in their external environment.
Term
Current Challenges
Definition
Globalization,Intense Coompetition,Ethics and Social Responsibility,Speed of Responsiveness,The Digital WOrkplace,Diversity
Term
Chaos theory
Definition
suggests that relationships in complex, adaptive systems(including organizations)are non linear and mae up of numerous interconnections and diergent choices that create unintended effects and render the whole unpredictable.
Term
learning organization
Definition
promotes communication and collaboration so that everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems, enabling the organization to continously experiment, improve,and increase its capability.
Term
task
Definition
is a narrowly defined piece of work assigned to a person
Term
role
Definition
in contrast is a part in a dynamic social system,having discretion and responsibility.
Term
Organizational behavior
Definition
the micro approach to organizations because focuses on the indeiidual within orgainzations as the releant units of analysis
Term
organizational environment
Definition
is defined as all elements that exist outside the boundary of the organization and have the potential to affecct all or part of the organization
Term
domain
Definition
is the chosen environmental field of action. defines the organizations niche and those external sectors with which the organization will interact to accomplish its goals.
Term
sectors
Definition
subdivisions that contain similar elements.
Term
task environment
Definition
includes sectors with which the organization interacts directly and that have a direct impact on the organization's ability to achieve its goals
Term
General environment
Definition
those sectors that might not have a direct impact on daily operations of a firm buy will indirectly influence it.
Term
Demographic segment
Definition
Population size, Age structure, Geographic distribution, Ethnic mix, Income distribution.
Term
Global Segment
Definition
Important political events, Critical global markets, Newly industrialize countries, Different cultural and institutional attributes
Term
Technological Segments
Definition
Products innovations, Applications of knowledge,Focus of private and government- supported R&D expenditures, New communication technologies.
Term
Political Legal Segments
Definition
Antitrust laws, Taxation laws, Deregulation philosophies, Labor training laws educational philosophies and policies
Term
Economic(financial) Segments
Definition
Inflation rates, Interest rates, Trade deficits or surpluses, Budget deficits or surpluses Personal savings rate Business saving rates Gross domestic product.
Term
Sociocultural segment
Definition
Women in the workplace, Workforce diversity, Attitudes about quality of worklife, Concerns about environment, Shifts in work and career preferences, Shifts in product and service preferences
Term
Environmental uncertianty
Definition
pertains primarily to those sectors that an organization deals with on a regular, day to day basis
Term
uncertainty
Definition
means that decision makers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors, and they have a difficult time predicting external changes.
Term
Changing Environment
Definition
The dimensions of the environment range: Unstable, Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, Simple, Complex. The dimensions boil down to: the need for information about the environment, The need for resources from the environment
Term
simple-complex
Definition
heterogeneity; the number of dissimilarity of external elements
Term
Stable- Unstable
Definition
whether elements in the environment are dynamic
Term
organizational goal
Definition
is a desired state of affairs that the organization attempts to reach
Term
strategic Intent
Definition
means that all the organization's energies and resources are directed toward a focused, unifying, and compelling overall goal.
Term
mission
Definition
the organization's reason for existence, describes the organization's shared values and beliefs and its reason for being.
Term
Industry Environment
Definition
a set of factors that idrectly influences a company and its competitive actions and responses. Interaction among these factors determine an industry's profit potential: Threat of new entrants, Power of suppliers, Power of buyers, Product substitutes, Intensity of rivalry
Term
competitive advantage
Definition
refers to what sets the organization apart from others and proides it with a distinctive edge for meeting customer or client needs in the marketplace.
Term
Core competence
Definition
is something the organization does especially well in comparison to its competitors.
Term
operative goals
Definition
designate the ends sought through the actual operating procedures of the organization and explain what the organization is actually trying to do.
Term
strategy
Definition
is a plan for interacting with the competitive environment to achieve organizational goals. Strategies define how it will get there.
Term
Porters Five Forces
Definition
Threat of new entrants,Power of suppliers, power of buyers, threat of substitutes, rivalry among existing competitors
Term
Threat of new Entrants
Definition
high barriers to entry lower the competitive pressures. can create pressure for established organizations, which might need to hold down prices or increase their level of investment
Term
Power of suppliers
Definition
Hi power allows suppliers to drive prices up and make other demands. Large and powerful suppliers can charge higher prices, limit services or quality, and shift costs to their customers, keeping more of the value for themselves
Term
Power of Buyers
Definition
Powerful buyers force down prices and increase competition. Powerful customers, the flip side of powerful suppliers, can force down prices, demand better quality or services, and drive up costs for the supplying organization
Term
Threat of substitutes
Definition
Few substitutes provides protection. the power of alternatives and substitutes for a company's product or service may be affected by changes in cost, new technologies, social trends that will deflect buyer loyalty, and other environmental changes.
Term
Rivalry among existing competitors
Definition
Increased competition creates uncertainty and instability. is influenced by the preceding four forces, as well as by cost and product differentiation
Term
officials goals
Definition
also with mission statements describe a value system : legitimize the organization
Term
Vision
Definition
a strategic vision concerns a firm's future business path "where we are going"
Term
strategies
Definition
plan for the future and patters from the past. Strategies need not be deliberate they can also emerge. Strategies can result in incremental change or happen in brief quantum leaps.
Term
differentiation strategy
Definition
an integrated set of actions designed by a firm to produce or deliver goods or services(at an acceptable cost) that customers perceive as being different in ways that are important to them
Term
Focused Business level strategies
Definition
must exploit a narrow target's differences from the industry by: isolating a particular buyer group, isolating a unique segment of a product line, concentrating on a particular geographic market, finding their "niche", Enviroment: good when intense competition, customer and supplier power high
Term
Integrated cost leadership/differentiation strategy
Definition
allows firms to gain a competitive advantage by offering two types of value to customers: some differentiated features and relatively lower costs. Often accomplished using flexible manufacturing systems along with superior MIS
Term
Miles and Snow's Strategy Typology
Definition
based on the idea that managers seek to formulate strategies that will be congruent with the external environment
Term
Prospector
Definition
Dynamic, growing enironment, learning orientation; flexible, fluid, decentralized structure. Values creativity, risk- taking, and innovation
Term
Defender
Definition
Stable environment, Efficiency orientation; centralized authority and tight cost control. emphasis on production efficiency, low overhead
Term
analyzer
Definition
stable businesses plus dynamic, Balances efficiency and learning; tight cost control with flexibility and adaptability
Term
Reactor
Definition
Ad hoc; No clear organizational approach; design characteristics may shift abruptly depending on current needs.
Term
Organizational structure
Definition
designates the formal reporting relationships (levels of hierarchy & span of control), Identifies the grouping together of individuals into departments and departments into the total organization. Designs system of comuniation coordination, and integration across departments and organization
Term
organizational design
Definition
the decision making process determining the organizational structure.
Term
5 elements of structure
Definition
division of labor, Departmentalization, Span of Control, Delegation, Coordination
Term
Division of Labor/ Specialization
Definition
degree of specialization,work or tasks are narrowly defined pieces of work
Term
Departmentalization
Definition
Homogeneous Work Functional, Heterogeneous Divisional
Term
Span of Control
Definition
Number reporting to any given supervisor, determines the number of levels
Term
Delegation
Definition
Degree of decision-making authority
Term
Coordination and control
Definition
Degree of formalization
Term
Line work
Definition
work that is directly related to the production and distribution of the primary product ex. education/knowledge
Term
Staff Work
Definition
Work that is indirectly related to the production and distribution of the primary product. This works facilitates the line function. Ex. Secretary, maintenance, worker
Term
departmentalization
Definition
Grouping of individuals, grouping of work
Term
hierarchy of authority
Definition
who reports to whom or span of control for each manager, vertical growth versus horizontal growth, as span of control narrows, vertical growth increases,& the hierarchy of authority grows tall. As span of control widens, horizontal growth increases, and the hierarchy of authority grows wide.
Term
delegation
Definition
passing down decision, making authority;
Term
Centralization
Definition
decision making authority at top of organization
Term
decentralization
Definition
decision making authority pushed down to lowest levels of organization
Term
Formalization
Definition
degree of written documentation in the organization. High Formalization- Impersonal mechanism Low formalization- Personal mechanisms ; integration
Term
functional structure
Definition
activities grouped by common function, all specific skills and knowledge are consolidated, promotes economies of scale, slow response to environmental changes, prevalent approach but few companies can respond in today's environment without horizontal linkages
Term
Strengths of functional structure
Definition
Efficiency, in-depth knowledge of skills,best with only a few products, Best with only limited geographic range, Best in early stages of growth, promotes departmental goals
Term
Weaknesses of Functional Structures
Definition
slow response to change, May cause hierarchy overload or slow decision-making, poor horizontal communication, less innovative and creative, Narrow view of organizational mission & goals
Term
Bureaucratic organization
Definition
Design and organization eemphasizing impersonal, rational with clearly defined authority and responsibility, formal record keeping, and standard operating procedures
Term
Divisional structure
Definition
Divisions organized according to products/services, geographic segments, or customers groups, Good for achieving coordination across functional departments, suited for fast change (adaptability & flexibility) loses economies of scale, Lacks technical specialization
Term
Hybrid structure
Definition
Combination of various structure approaches, tailored to specific needs, often used in rapidly changing environments, greater flexibility
Term
Vertical linkages
Definition
coordinate activites between the top and the bottom of the organization
Term
Horizontal Linkages
Definition
coordinate activities across organizational departments- not traditionally drawn on the organizational chart
Term
Vertical organization designeed for efficiency
Definition
vertical structure is dominant, specialized task, strict hierarchy, many rules, vertical communication and reporting systems, few teams, task forces, or integrators,centralized decision making
Term
Horizontal organization designed for learning
Definition
Horizontal sructure is dominant, shared tasks, empowerment, relaxed hierarchy, few rules, horizontal communication, face to face many teams and task forces, decentralized decision making
Term
Team Structure
Definition
Strengths:
•Flexibility & adaptability to customer needs
•Emphasizes customer needs
•Broad view of organizational goals
•Promotes teamwork and collaboration
•Employees share responsibility, decision-making, and accountability for outcomes
Weaknesses:
•Identification of core processes is difficult and time consuming
•Requires change in culture
•Traditional managers require training to share decision-making authority and become coaches
•Requires extensive training
•Limits in-depth skill development (specialization)
Term
Matrix Structure
Definition
Multifocused with strong horizontal linkage
Conditions for Matrix:
1.Share resources across the organization
2.Two or more critical outputs required: products and technical knowledge
3.Environment is complex and uncertain
Allows organization to meet dual demands
Largest weakness is that employees have two bosses and conflicting demands
Term
Network Structure (Outsourcing)
Definition
Extend horizontal coordination beyond the boundaries of the organization
Most common strategy is outsourcing
•Contract out certain tasks/functions
Virtual or modular structures subcontract most of its major functions to separate companies
The virtual network organization serves as a central hub with contracted experts
Term
Structural alignment
Definition
aligns structure with organizational goal
Term
Structural deficiency
Definition
–Decision making is delayed or lacking quality
–Organization cannot meet changing needs
–Employee performance declines, needs are not meet
–Too much conflict
Term
Structure & Organizational goals
Definition
Vertical: Control, Efficiency, Stability, and Reliability
Horizontal: Coordination, Learning, Innovation, and Flexibility
Term
Power and types of individual power
Definition
Power is the potential ability of one person to influence other people
•Individual versus Organizational Power
–Legitimate Power
–Reward Power
–Coercive Power
–Expert Power
–Referent Power
Term
Power versus authority
Definition
Authority is a subset of power and is defined by the formal hierarchy and reporting relationships
1) Authority is vested in organizational positions
2) Authority is accepted by subordinates
3) Authority flows down the vertical hierarchy
•Authority is exercised downward along the hierarchy
•Power can be exercised upward, downward and horizontally
Term
Vertical source of power
Definition
•Formal Position – legitimate power accrued to top positions
•Resources – resources can be used as a tool for power
•Control of Decision Premises and information – constraints placed on decisions
–Control of information can also be a source of power
•Network Centrality – being centrally located in the organization and having access
•People – loyal executives/managers
Term
Horizontal sources of power
Definition
Relationships across departments, divisions, units
•Strategic Contingencies – groups most responsible for key organization issues
•Power Sources – five power sources that departments may possess
Term
Empowerment
Definition
a. Decision authority
b. Organizational structure (e.g. teams)
c. Information access
d. Organizational leadership
e. Organizational culture
•Power sharing, the delegation of power or authority to subordinates
•Empowerment benefits:
–Employees receive information about company performance
–Employees have knowledge and skills to contribute to company goals
–Employees have the power to make substantive decisions
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