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Meat Colour and Toughness
wahohoeawf
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/19/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the major pigments in meat?
Definition
Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
Term
Where is hemoglobin found and what is it used for?
Definition
In the blood cells, used for O2 and CO2 transport
Term
Where is myoglobin found?
Definition
sarcoplasm
Term
Which is larger, hemoglobin or myoglobin?
Definition
Hemoglobin is 4x bigger
Term
What colour indicates high amounts of myoglobin?
Definition
Cherry red
Term
What type of fibers have more myoglobin?
Definition
Red fibres
Term
True or False,
Young animals need higher myoglobin concentrations
Definition
True, need to store more O2 to meet muscle needs
Term
True or False
Less myoglobin is needed in locomotive muscles
Definition
FALSE. More myoglobin is needed in locomotive muscles
Term
Which gender has more myoglobin in cattle?
Definition
Bulls have the most
Steers intermediate
cows/heifers have the least
Term
Which gender has more myoglobin in pigs?
Definition
Boars have the most
Gilts intermediate
Barrows the least
Term
What mineral causes in increase or decrease in redness of meat?
Definition
Iron, low Fe decrease in redness, high Fe increase in redness
Term
What colour is myoglobin?
Definition
Purple
Term
What is the oxidative form of iron in uncut meat?
Definition
Fe2+
Term
Define the Bloom Period
Definition
The time after slaughter that the meat will react with the air (deoxymyoglobin to oxymyoglobin) , 15-60min. Required before meat can be graded
Term
What causes O2 to be used up?
Definition
an increase in pH and an increase in temperature
Term
what is the ideal temperature for storing meat?
Definition
0-5C, can put off surface browning for 2-7 days
Term
as oxygen is used up _______ is converted to ________
Definition
oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin
Term
What colour is metmyoglobin?
Definition
brown
Term
What vitamin influences the oxidation process?
Definition
Vitamin E
Term
What can packagers do to prevent browning?
Definition
inject a gas into packaging
Term
Light scattering is inversely proportional to what?
Definition
sarcomere length
Term
more light scattering is influence by ________
Definition
low pH
Term
PSE pork has _______________ on _________.
Definition
denatured sarcoplasmic proteins on myofibrils
Term
incresaed denaturation causes
Definition
increase reflectance of light, lighter coloured meat
Term
PSE stands for
Definition
Pale, soft exidative
Term
DFD stands for
Definition
dark firm dry
Term
What type of meat has a higher WHC?
Definition
DFD
Term
Which type of meat has a higher drip value?
Definition
PSE
Term
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Definition
Collagen
Term
Where is collagen found?
Definition
tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage, muscle, skin
Term
what is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Definition
tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone
Term
What is the permysium?
Definition
***look this up***
Term
What is the endomysium?
Definition
****look this up as well***
Term
What is tropocollagen?
Definition
building blocks of collagen, structural unit of collagen fibre
Term
Where is tropocollagen synthesized?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
What are the building blocks of tropocollagen?
Definition
glycine, proline, hydroxyproline
Term
How often is glycine found on the AA chain?
Definition
Every third protein
Term
What is the arrangement of the PP chains?
Definition
Triple helix
Term
where are the PP chains assembled (after they are a triple helix)?
Definition
onto fibroblasts
Term
What order is collagen formed?
Definition
3-chained coiled helix, tropocollagen molecule, collagen fibril
Term
Is collagen very elastic?
Definition
No
Term
What colour is elastin?
Definition
Yellow
Term
the number of fibrils in a fiber is dependant on the__________
Definition
stress load
Term
the number fibers is dependant on the _________________
Definition
tissue load
Term
The strength of collagen is determined by
Definition
the presense of INTRAmolecular Xlinks between PP strands within tropocollagen
Term
Where are Intermolecular Xlinks formed?
Definition
between tropocollagen strands
Term
___________diameter of fibres increases toughness
Definition
larger
Term
What is responsible for tensile strength of collagen?
Definition
the different Xlinks, inter- and intra- molecular crosslinks
Term
True/False: younger animals have more reducilbe, soluble collagen.
Definition
True, this collagen can be broken down easier
Term
What percent of collage is turned over in a day?
Definition
10%
Term
True/False: larger fibril diameter causes less turn over
Definition
True
Term
AS animals age, what happens to collagen?
Definition
Collagen synthesis decreases
Collagen Xlinking increases
Reducible Collagen Xlinks are converted to pyridinoline
Term
True/False
Older animals will have tougher meat
Definition
True
Term
How do they assess beef carcasses for age?
Definition
age-related changes in pryodinolin/collagen content
bone ossification: conversion of cartilage->bone
Soluble proteins and hydroxyprotein decreases with age
Term
What type of diet decreases Xlink stability?
Definition
High CHO, High fructose, low CP
Term
Cattle vs. swine, which has a tenderness problem?
Definition
Cattle, pork has more hydroxyproline then cattle
Term
barrow vs gilt, which has a tenderness problem?
Definition
Barrow
Term
Where is elastin found?
Definition
Arteries, abdominal wall, skin,
Term
What is elastin made of?
Definition
glycine, desmosine, isodesmosine, hydroxyproline
Term
Is elastin soluble?
Definition
Extremely insoluble
Term
What is elastin resistant to?
Definition
acids, bases, heat
Term
Where is elastin synthesized?
Definition
Pancreas (evidence man is partly carnivorous)
Term
What is the Collagen:elastin ratio in the longisimus?
Definition
5:1
Term
Deficiency of what mineral causes an aortic rupture?
Definition
Cu
Term
what is the cofactor and enzyme used for the synthesis of desmosine?
Definition
lysyl oxidase(enzyme), Cu is the co-factor
Term
True/False:
There is more CT in cattle then sheep
Definition
True, larger animals have more CT
Term
True/False:
The Psoas Major is very tender
Definition
True
Term
Animals with a high growth rate tend to be _______tender
Definition
more
Term
Sirloin, loin and rib have more or less collagen then the chuck or round?
Definition
less
Term
A shorter sarcomere length causes?
Definition
more Xlinking therefore tougher beef
Term
What is the ideal cooking meathod to enhance eating experience?
Definition
Long time on low temperature
Term
as final internal temperature increases?
Definition
Tenderness decreases
Juiciness decreases
Flavour increases
cooking loss % increases
Term
True/False:
cooking increases solubility of collagen
Definition
True, this starts at 56-65C
Term
What is collagen shortening?
Definition
Fibrils are shortened to 1/3 original length
Term
what is moist heat?
Definition
cooking with a liquid involved
ex. boiling
Term
What is dry heat?
Definition
cooking without liquid involved
Ex. bbq, grilling, pan fry
DO NOT USE DRY HEAT ON CHUCK OR ROUND MUSCLES
Term
What process is mature collage resistant to?
Definition
gelatization
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