Term
| The nervous system is organized into the: |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| The CNS is made up of and the PNS is made up of |
|
Definition
| Brain and Spinal Cord; Everything else |
|
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Term
| Why is rapid communication in the nervous system important? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The nervous system has ________ of intelligence and emotion. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| come from sensory/stimulus receptors and inform CNS of the stimuli. What is their nickname? |
|
Definition
| Afferent Neurons; sensory |
|
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Term
| Come from CNS to muscles and glands. What is their nickname? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The types of neurons that make up the peripheral nervous system: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| neurons to skeletal muscles |
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Definition
|
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Term
| neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle, exocrine and some endocrine glands |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two parts to the autonomic Division of PNS: |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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Term
| The branch of ANS that is primarily excitatory. What is the nickname. |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic; fright or flight |
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|
Term
| The branch of the ANS that primarily relaxes; what is the nickname |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic; rest and digest |
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|
Term
| Most organs are innervated by both divisions of the PNS by |
|
Definition
| an antagonistic relationship to maintain homeostasis (push/pull) |
|
|
Term
| Flow in a typical neuron: |
|
Definition
| Dendrites to cell body to axon to terminal to adjacent tissue (neuron, muscle, gland) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The terminal of a neuron is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "upstream" of a cell body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| "upstream" of a cell body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a dendrite? |
|
Definition
| receive incoming signals and increase surface are of a neuron |
|
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Term
| What is the purpoose of the increased surface area of a dendrite? |
|
Definition
| so it can communicate with multiple other neurons (possibly thousands!) |
|
|
Term
| A dendrite is composed of: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains the nucleus and other organelles associated with most cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Downstream" of the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the axon? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many axons do most neurons have? What is an exception? |
|
Definition
| A single axon; interneurons of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| How long is a typical axon? |
|
Definition
| micrometers to meters in length |
|
|
Term
| Axon leaves the cell body at the: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the action potential initiation zone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a bundle of axons; many running together from ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What holds together nerves? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons are _______ because they |
|
Definition
| Vasularized; have same needs as other cell types |
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|
Term
| At _____, the _______ signal results in the message being translated into a _______ signal, as a ________ signal |
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Definition
| axon terminal, upstream, chemical, neruroendocrine (neurotransmitter) |
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|
Term
| The cell body is the site of |
|
Definition
| energy generation and synthesis |
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Term
| In addition to exceptionally rapid movement of electrical signals down axons, _____________________. |
|
Definition
| other materials are transported |
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|
Term
| Axonal transport can be _________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow axonal transport is: and it moves: |
|
Definition
| 0.2-.25 mm/day; enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins |
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|
Term
| Some neurons can be up to 1 m in length. They would use __________ when materials need to move fast. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast axonal transport moves ______ /day |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast axonal transport: _____ "walk" down ________ using foot-like protein motors called ________ and ______. |
|
Definition
| Vesicles, microtubules, kinesins, ATP |
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|
Term
| _________ "walk" up __________ (_________-toward cell body) using __________. |
|
Definition
| Vesicles, microtubule, retrograde movement, microtubule associated ATPase. |
|
|
Term
| Axons and dendrites fuse during development to create one long process |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| axon and dendrite w/ cell body dividing two poles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 axon and many dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interneurons of the CNS are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the types of neurons as classified by structure |
|
Definition
| pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar |
|
|
Term
| Name the neurons as classified by function |
|
Definition
| sensory, interneurons, efferent neurons |
|
|
Term
| The classification of neurons that is most useful to physiologists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory (______) neurons: __________ to ________. Their function |
|
Definition
| Afferent, sensory recptors, cns; carry info (light, temperature, touch, smell, etc. |
|
|
Term
| _______(___): lie within the _____. _______allows complex interations and processing and allows the appropriate response. |
|
Definition
| interneurons; interconnecting neurons; CNS; branching |
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|
Term
| Transmit signals from CNS to effector cells. Nickname is... |
|
Definition
| Efferent neurons; motor and autonomic neurons |
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|
Term
| Glial cells are part of the _____. Name the six types of glial cells. |
|
Definition
| PNS; schwann, satellite, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| closely associate with and serve neuronal cells, thier nickname is.....and their function is..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the glial cells that are part of the PNS...name the glial cells that are part of the CNS. |
|
Definition
| Schwann, satellite; ependymal, oligodendrocdytes, microglia, astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| support and insulate anxons by creating myelin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myeline is made up of ____ |
|
Definition
| mulitiple layers of phospholipid membrane |
|
|
Term
| specialized immune cells that when activated attack and remove foreign invaders and damaged cells (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| similar in function to schwann cells in that they form myelin.....purpose of myelin. |
|
Definition
| oligodendrocytes; insulation and support |
|
|
Term
| epithelial cells that create a selectively permeable barrier between different sections or compartments of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epithelial cells that create a selectively permeable barrier between different sections or compartments of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells make up ependymal cells? What do that create? Where are they found? What are they a source of? |
|
Definition
| epithelial; selectively permeable barrier; brain; neural stem cells |
|
|
Term
| non-myelating Schwann cells that form supportive capsules around nerve cell bodies located in ganglia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are satellite cells located? |
|
Definition
| nerve cell bodies in ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highly branched cells that contact neurons and blood vessels, serve to transfer nutrients between the two; take up K+ that's released during a nervous impulse. Also, take-up neurotransmitters from extracellular fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes: (____) highly_____ cells that contact____ and ______, serve to transfer_______between the two. Take up ______ to replace the ____that's realeased during a ______. Also, take-up _______from _______. |
|
Definition
| star cell; branched; neurons; blood vessels; nutrients; K+; K+; nervous impulse; neurotransmitters; extracellular fluid |
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|
Term
| Most numerous cell type in the brain and makes up approximately ______ of ______. |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes; 90%; CNS tissue |
|
|
Term
| It's hypothesized that ________ are a specific adaptation fresulting from the brain being protected from some materials in the blood stream. This is known as the : |
|
Definition
| astrocytes; blood brain barrier |
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|
Term
| Brain capillaries are _________ as cappillaries found in other areas. ______ facilitate transport across______. |
|
Definition
| not as porous; astrocytes; bbb |
|
|
Term
| _____cells are found in ______ and _______. The ______ contains and the ______ and ______. contains_____, _____, _____,_____. |
|
Definition
| glial, PNS, CNS, PNS, satellite cells, schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
Satellite cells:
Schwann cells secrete: and form:
Oligodendrocytes form:
Astrocytes: form: help form: secrte: and take up:
microglia are modified: and act as:
Ependymal cells create and are a source of: |
|
Definition
| support cell bodies; neurotrophic factors; myelin sheaths; myelin sheaths; support for CNS; BBB; neurotrophic factors, K+ neurotransmitters; immune cells; scavengers; barriers between compartments; neural stem cells |
|
|
Term
| The _______ is key in a nerve's ability to conduct signals at high speeds. |
|
Definition
| membrane potential difference |
|
|
Term
| Nerves vary in ______. Not all nerves are ______. Speed depends on _______ type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain is _____ compared to musles positioning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory receptor found in muscles important for positioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although nerve conduction is fast, they're still a ______ times slower than___________. |
|
Definition
| million; true electrical impulse |
|
|
Term
| Neurons have four major types of selective ion channels that play a role in ________ of signals. What are they? |
|
Definition
| propagation; Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- |
|
|
Term
| Upon stimulus, gated channels open and ions ____________ across the _________. |
|
Definition
| down thier concentration gradient; neural membrane |
|
|
Term
| While all of these ions have roles, ___ and ___are most important. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upon stimulation (from upstream of the neuron), gated ____ channels ____ and __ moves_______ and becomes ______. |
|
Definition
| Na+, open, Na+, down electrochemical gradient, depolarized (very locally) |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of gated channels and the stimulation that affects them? Give an example. |
|
Definition
Chemical: adjacent neuron (olfaction, vision)
Mechanical: respond to physical forces (touch and hearing)
Voltage: as depolarization moves down a neuron changes in polarity move across membrane and cause the gate to open |
|
|
Term
| All of the gated channels are important in neural function but _______are key players in ________. |
|
Definition
| voltage gated channels, signal propagation |
|
|
Term
| The _____that occurs in response to the _______ stimulus from influx of __ ions cause adjacent ____gated channels to _____ and this causes the neuronal signal to move _____ the neuron and ____ the signal. |
|
Definition
| depolarization, depolarization, na+, voltage, open, down, propagate |
|
|
Term
| membrane potential of a given ion if it were the only ion. Determined with: |
|
Definition
| Equilibrium potential of an ion; nernst equation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eion=(61/z)log([ionout]/[ionin]) |
|
|
Term
| Resting membrane potential = and is dependent upon |
|
Definition
| total Eion, ion concentration in and outside of cell and membrane permeablity to a given ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization that are largely restricted to the dendrite and maybe the cell body and upper part of the axon are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graded potentials are restricted to |
|
Definition
| the dendrite and maybe the cell body and upper part of the axon |
|
|
Term
| If the stimulus is strong enough it will result in ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An action potential moves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size is directly related to the intensity of the stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graded potentials: so called because their _______ is ______ related to the _____ of the stimulus. |
|
Definition
| amplitude, directly,intensity |
|
|
Term
| A strong stimulus produces a _____ and a weak stimulus produces a _____ |
|
Definition
| strong graded potential, weak graded potential |
|
|
Term
| graded potentials_________as they move __dendrite or cell body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| graded potentials degrade as they move down _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graded potentials spread from point of _______(_______) as they move ___. |
|
Definition
| original simulus, dendrite, down neuron |
|
|
Term
| Graded potentials-The ________decreases as it gets further from _________. The signal______. |
|
Definition
| degree of depolarization, origin, weakens |
|
|
Term
| The stronger the initial stimulus, the more likely it is to be strong enough at the ________ of the ________ to initiate a/an________. |
|
Definition
| trigger zone, axonal hillock, action potential |
|
|
Term
| A graded potential starts ______ at its initiation point, but ____ in strength as it travels through ______. At the _______ it is ______threshold and therefore does not initiate ______. |
|
Definition
| above threshold, decreases, cell body, trigger zone, below, action potential |
|
|
Term
| small graded potentials will ____ before they make it to the ______ but larger ones may proceed down the ______ and through the ______to the ______. |
|
Definition
| die out, axon, dendrite, cell body, axonal hillock |
|
|
Term
| If the degree of depolarization is large enough or above the _______ level of depolarization at the ______ in the ________ it will trigger an _______. |
|
Definition
| threshold, trigger zone, axonal hillock, action potential |
|
|
Term
| Graded potentials can be ______. Two waves come together and the height is increased. The degree of ______ is increased. This would be an _______. |
|
Definition
| summed, depolarization, excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) |
|
|
Term
| There can also be _______________ in which there is a subtraction of signal. IPSP's cause ________ thus making depolarization less likely. |
|
Definition
| inhibitory post-synaptic potential, hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| IPSP's make ______ less likely because they cause __________. |
|
Definition
| depolarization, hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| if the membrane potential difference becomes more negative it will take a ____ to reach _______. |
|
Definition
| greater stimuls, threshold |
|
|
Term
| Two types of neuromodulation: |
|
Definition
| postsynaptic inhibition and presynaptic inhibition |
|
|
Term
| A modulatory neuron synapses and one collateral of the neuron and selectively inhibits one targe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all targets are inhibited equally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the graded potential is strong enough, then depolarization at the ______ of the _______ is greate enough (above _______) then a ________ will be propagated. |
|
Definition
| trigger zone, axonal hillock, threshold, action potential |
|
|
Term
| Action potentials are: and they do not: |
|
Definition
| all or none events, do not lose strength like graded potentials |
|
|
Term
| An action potential from my CNS to my finger tip is __________. |
|
Definition
| equivalent the entire distance. |
|
|
Term
| Two types of signal to neuron. Which acts in long distances and which in short distances. |
|
Definition
| graded, action, action, graded |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Action Potential: ____gated ____ channels open and ____ move down thier concentration gradient across the cell membrane. Influx of _____. The is known as ______. Voltage gated __ channels open and ____ions begin to move down their concentration gradient ____ of ____ and the ____ channels ____. This is known as _______ or __________. Voltage gated _____ channels ______ and some Na+ leaks into cell down both concentration and electrical gradient and then comes back to ________. |
|
Definition
| Voltage, Na+, Na+, Na+, depolarization, K+, K+, efflux, K+, Na+, close, repolarization, hyperpolarization, K+, close, resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| The Na+ channels ____ spontaneously. The current model is a _______. ONe is for _____ and one is for _______. |
|
Definition
| close, two-gate channel, activation, inactivation. |
|
|
Term
| The _________ closes very shortly after the _______ gate opens. It remains open for short period of time . When it closes, the _____ gate ______ and the system is reset. |
|
Definition
| inactivation, activation, inactivation, opens |
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|
Term
| The neuron is _________ to further stimulation, a subsequent action potential after an AP when a subsequent AP cannot occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following the absolute refractory, the neuron is __________. The undershoot has left the membrane potential difference ________ making a relatively large ________ necessary for AP propagation. |
|
Definition
| relatively refractory, hyperpolarized, graded potential |
|
|
Term
| The _______ plays a critical role in an AP having only ___________ of AP propagation. The refractory periods also: |
|
Definition
| relatively refractory, one possible direction, set the rate at which the membrane can fire action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Ap's do not greatly change the relative _____________. |
|
Definition
| ion concentration gradients across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of AP's in a single event is dependent upon: example: |
|
Definition
| intensity of stimulus; stronger graded potential |
|
|
Term
| stronger stimulus causes ________ AP's and ____________ |
|
Definition
| more; more release of neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
weak stimulus releases:
strong stimulus releases: |
|
Definition
| little neurotransmitter; more neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
A graded potential above threshold reaches:
Then, voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters ________. ______ flows into adjacent sections of the ______ by local current flow. Local current flow from the active region causes new sections of the membrane to _______. The ________ prevents backward ________. Loss of K+ from the cytoplasm ______ the membrane. |
|
Definition
| trigger zone, axon, positive, axon, depolarize. refractory period; conduction; repolarizes |
|
|
Term
| Movement of AP down_______. ______ proceeds from the _________ of _________ to synapse as the ________ causes adjacent voltage-gated Na+ channels to open in a sweeping fashion. |
|
Definition
| axon; conduction; trigger zone, axonal hillock; depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Action potentials cause a number of |
|
Definition
| sequential depolarizations |
|
|
Term
| The region of the neuron where local current flow is taking place; the region that's behind that; the region that's in front of that |
|
Definition
| active region, refractory region, inactive rgeion |
|
|
Term
| There are two factors that influence the speed of action potential progagation: |
|
Definition
| Axon diameter and myelination |
|
|
Term
| Axon diameter: larger axons conduct _________ __________ efficiently and therefore propagate the action potential ____________. |
|
Definition
| current, more, more quickly (less surface are:volume for drag to occur) |
|
|
Term
| minimizes movement of ions across axon membrane and maintains current flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell types produce myelin? |
|
Definition
| schwann cells and oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| In myelinated axons, volgate-gated Na+ channels are limited to ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The depolarizing current generated when an action potential occurs at one node can conduct for a very long distance within the axon, because of: |
|
Definition
| overlying myelin insulation |
|
|
Term
| When the current spreads to the next node, ______ membrane in that region; in this way the action potential leaps from node-to-node a process called __________. |
|
Definition
| depolarizes; saltatory conduction |
|
|
Term
| Where are neurotransmitters produced? What kind of communication is it? |
|
Definition
| either in cell body or at axon terminal, single cell to single cell |
|
|
Term
| A substance other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron that conveys information to multiple adjacent neurons, either enhancing or damping their activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuromodulators can also act as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of neuromodulators: |
|
Definition
| serotonin, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Three types of neurocrines: |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones |
|
|
Term
| a hormone produced by neuronal cells that usually has its effects upon distant target cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Neurotransmitter release: When the AP reaches the __________ the depolarization triggers voltage-gated ________ channels to __________. ____ enters and binds with ___________. ________ of NT containing synaptic vesicles with the membrane. Release of neurotransmitter into the _________. NT diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to _______ in the post-synaptic cell. These channels open, ion influx across the membrane, post-synaptic cell membrane potential changes. |
|
Definition
| axon terminal, ca2+, open; ca2+; regulatory proteins; exocytosis ; synaptic cleft; chemically-gated channels |
|
|
Term
| Synaptic transmission ends when: |
|
Definition
| concentration of NT in the synaptic cleft is lowered by actively transporting the transmitter back into the presynaptic cell (where it can be repackaged for later use) or enzymatically |
|
|
Term
| Recall that most NT's are small _____-based compiounds and as such they have a short______ in circulation due to _______. |
|
Definition
| protein, half-life, non-specific proteolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| More sodium in produces a : more K+ out or CL in produces a : |
|
Definition
| EPSP depolarization; IPSP hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| Often times we can have splitting of axon to affect multiple neurons downstream_________ or the opposite______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a neuron can have many axonal contacts with different neurons or muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A post-synaptic neuron can have as many as 10,000 pre-synaptic neuronal contacts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of convergence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes multiple sclerosis. What is the outcome of ms? |
|
Definition
| demyelination; severely compromised neural function |
|
|
Term
| what causes parkinson's disease? what is the outcome? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
| lack of dopamine (a critical brain neurotransmitter); severe shaking; l-dopa (dopamine precursor) |
|
|
Term
| Does neural repair occur? |
|
Definition
| the default wisdom is no, but new research is showing that this may be hopeful. |
|
|
Term
Endocrine pathways are also known as:
They usually involve which two hormones ? How many hormones must be included? |
|
Definition
| endocrine cascades; trophic- and releasing-hormones; two or more |
|
|
Term
| Complex endocrine pathways begin with the reasease of a ____ from the _______ to the ________. |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter; hypothalamus; anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Complex endocrine pathways can be _______ or _________ and often lead to: |
|
Definition
| stimulatory or inhibitory; negative feedback loops |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine cells release their hormones: |
|
Definition
| into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic neurohormones are delivered by the _________ via a dedicated blood portal system known as the ___________to ________. |
|
Definition
| anterior pituitary, hypotalamo-hypophyseal portal system, anterior pituitary cells. |
|
|
Term
| The direct delivery assures that relatively minute amounts of hormone will not be diluted and the message lost as might happen if released into circulation. Lets a little bit do the job. Most of these neurohormones or releasing hormones are very small. (a few amino acids) There a number of these releasing factors that are the 1st step of the _______. |
|
Definition
| complex endocrine pathway. |
|
|
Term
| Major hypothalamic neurohormones: |
|
Definition
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone-inhibiting Hormone
Prolactin-releasing Hormone
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone |
|
|
Term
| Prolactin Inhibiting hormone is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each of the major hypothalamic neurohormones come from the ___ and go to specific target cells (_____ cells) within the _________. |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, trophic, anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Many hormones released from the ______ in response to the hypothaamic signal have another _____________ as their target. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine glands throughout the body are key to systems _________ and ________. |
|
Definition
| integration and homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| _____ is produced in response to ______ and causes increase in __ and _. This increase causes a decrease in ___ and ___ because of ____. |
|
Definition
| TSH ; TRH; T3 and T4; TSH and TRH; negative feedback |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones readily cross the cell membrane and bind to ___________ receptors in nuclues to regulate __________. Give an example. Primary function is ______. |
|
Definition
| intracellular; gene expression; enzymes involved in glycolysis and atp production; metabolic |
|
|
Term
| T3 and T4 are released in response to ______. _____ is released when T3/T4 levels are low or when ___________. |
|
Definition
| TSH; TSH; body temperature drops |
|
|
Term
| As well as nuclear receptors, T3 and T4 bind receptors on surface of _____ to increase rate of ____________ _______ production. This has increased __________ and the rate of _______. |
|
Definition
| mitochondria, mitochondrial ATP, metabolic activity, 02 consumpti8n |
|
|
Term
| What is another effect of the increased metabolic rate? This results in... |
|
Definition
| increase the level of Na+/K+ ATPase synthesis and cellular by-product ; heat |
|
|
Term
| T4 is produced more or less than T3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T3 and T4 is essential in children for |
|
Definition
| normal skeletal, neural, and muscular development |
|
|
Term
| Which is the active form? T3 or T4. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T4 is converted to T3 at target cells . T4 is a _____. It is steroid-like (_______) and transports ______. |
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Definition
| prohormone; lipophilic; proteins |
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Term
| Hypothyroidism causes _ and _______. Hyperthyroidism causes _____. |
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Definition
| cretinism;myxedema; grave's disease |
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Term
| A condition noted by retarded neural and muscle development |
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Definition
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Term
| Characterized by low metabolism, inability to adjust to cold, lost off hair, loss of vigor and thickening of the skin |
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Definition
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Term
| Autoimmune condition in which antibodies mimic TSH and causes an increased production of T3 and T4; it is characterized by nervousness and increased heart and metabolic rate and fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two glucocoritcoids: |
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Definition
| adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol |
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Term
| glucocorticoid released from adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| ____aka hydrocrotisone and ______ are produced by cells of the adrenal cortex. Released in response to ACTH; these hormones have many effects. |
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Definition
| cortisol and corticosterone |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids are --------- hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Actions of glucocorticoid: These effects generally mediate a long-term response to stress. |
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Definition
| anti-inflamatory, accelerate rates of glucose synthesis adn glycogen formation; causes adipose tissue to release fatty acids; protein catabolism; |
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Term
| Anti-inflammoatory actions _________. Example. |
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Definition
| inhibit white blood cells (the immune system) local injection for tendonitis |
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Term
acceleration of glucose synthesis;
Causes adipose tissue to release fatty acids |
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Definition
| gluconeogenesis; glucose sparing effect |
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Term
| HPG axis and hormones produced at each level. |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus (GnRH) - Pituitary (FSH and LH) - Gonadal (testosterone and estrogen) |
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Term
| Pathologies: can't use lipid reserves; use glucose too fast; caused by. It can be __ or _____. It causes destruction of the _________. |
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Definition
| Addison's Disease, low cort, primary, secondary, adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Pituitary adenoma (high cort and high ACTH); glucose metabolism is suppressed at expense of lipid and protein; muscles break down; lip[ids break down and are deposited in face and around midsection while legs and arms thin - moon face |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropin hormone |
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Term
| Name the two gonadotropins. They are released in response to _______ and are secreted from the _______. The targets are _______. |
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Definition
| FSH and LH; GnRH; hypothalamus; male and female gonads |
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Term
| Ovaries promote _________ and _____ and ____ release |
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Definition
| follicle development; estradiol and progesterone |
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Term
| promote sperm development and maturation as well as ______ production and release |
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Definition
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Term
| PRH promotes ________ release and stimulates: with the help of _____. |
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Definition
| prolactin; mammary gland development and milk production and secretion; estrogen |
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Term
| What inhibits prolactin release? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two anterior pituitary hormones that acts directly: |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth hormone is a ___________. (body and growth) |
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Definition
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Term
| GH is released from _______ and stimulated by ______ and prohibited by _______. They are both secreted from: |
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Definition
| pituitary; GHRH; GHIH; hypothalamus |
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Term
| GH can have direct actions on: |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Cell division and grownth, stumulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis; causes lipid breakdown and release from adipose tissue - slows glucose usage |
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Term
| GH also promotes _____ production of hormones and acts on multiple tissues to cause growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Too much GH causes: and too little GH causes: |
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Definition
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Term
| GH at liver induces production of ____ also known as: and promotes growth functions at many cell types |
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Definition
| somatomedins ; IGFS -insulin like growth factor |
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Term
| Different hormones interact to get an enhanced response. |
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Definition
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Term
| multiple stimuli more than additive; total is greater than the sum of the parts - does not have to act on same target tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones involved in glucose release: Together they produce a : |
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Definition
| cortisol, glucagon, and epinepherine; synergistic effect |
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Term
| A condition in which a hormone requires the action of another hormone in order to exert its effects; give an example |
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Definition
| permissiveness;reproductive hormones require T3/T4 for the proper development of the reproductive system. It takes thyroid and reproductive hormones for proper development. |
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Term
| Pathologies of endocrine system can be primary or secondary. A primary level affects the: A secondary level effects the: |
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Definition
| target gland; hypothalamus, pituitary, target tissue |
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Term
| Protein/peptide and amide hormones are ____________. (aquaphilic=________) They interact with _____ at target tissues. (some steroid hormones do too) |
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Definition
| plasma soluable; lipophobic; tmembrane receptors. |
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Term
| surface receptors transduce signals across cell membrane and activate second messengers to cell endproduct: |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroid and some amine hormones are ________, can pass into cell, bind cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors, and interact with hormone response elements. Transcribe DNA message (___) for protein synthesis. Some interact with membrane-bound receptors for fast action via 2nd messenger mechanism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus and pituitary trophic hormone pathways coordinate _______ regulation via communication with downstream targets. THis is an example of a _____pathway. |
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Definition
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