Term
The nervous system is organized into the: |
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Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
The CNS is made up of and the PNS is made up of |
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Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord; Everything else |
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Term
Why is rapid communication in the nervous system important? |
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Definition
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Term
The nervous system has ________ of intelligence and emotion. |
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Definition
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Term
come from sensory/stimulus receptors and inform CNS of the stimuli. What is their nickname? |
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Definition
Afferent Neurons; sensory |
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Term
Come from CNS to muscles and glands. What is their nickname? |
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Definition
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Term
The types of neurons that make up the peripheral nervous system: |
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Definition
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Term
neurons to skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle, exocrine and some endocrine glands |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Two parts to the autonomic Division of PNS: |
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Definition
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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Term
The branch of ANS that is primarily excitatory. What is the nickname. |
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Definition
Sympathetic; fright or flight |
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Term
The branch of the ANS that primarily relaxes; what is the nickname |
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Definition
Parasympathetic; rest and digest |
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Term
Most organs are innervated by both divisions of the PNS by |
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Definition
an antagonistic relationship to maintain homeostasis (push/pull) |
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Term
Flow in a typical neuron: |
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Definition
Dendrites to cell body to axon to terminal to adjacent tissue (neuron, muscle, gland) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
The terminal of a neuron is known as |
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Definition
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Term
"upstream" of a cell body |
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Definition
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Term
"upstream" of a cell body |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of a dendrite? |
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Definition
receive incoming signals and increase surface are of a neuron |
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Term
What is the purpoose of the increased surface area of a dendrite? |
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Definition
so it can communicate with multiple other neurons (possibly thousands!) |
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Term
A dendrite is composed of: |
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Definition
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Term
Contains the nucleus and other organelles associated with most cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
"Downstream" of the cell body |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of the axon? |
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Definition
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Term
How many axons do most neurons have? What is an exception? |
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Definition
A single axon; interneurons of the CNS |
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Term
How long is a typical axon? |
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Definition
micrometers to meters in length |
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Term
Axon leaves the cell body at the: |
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Definition
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Term
the action potential initiation zone |
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Definition
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Term
a bundle of axons; many running together from ____ |
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Definition
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Term
What holds together nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
Neurons are _______ because they |
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Definition
Vasularized; have same needs as other cell types |
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Term
At _____, the _______ signal results in the message being translated into a _______ signal, as a ________ signal |
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Definition
axon terminal, upstream, chemical, neruroendocrine (neurotransmitter) |
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Term
The cell body is the site of |
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Definition
energy generation and synthesis |
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Term
In addition to exceptionally rapid movement of electrical signals down axons, _____________________. |
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Definition
other materials are transported |
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Term
Axonal transport can be _________. |
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Definition
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Term
Slow axonal transport is: and it moves: |
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Definition
0.2-.25 mm/day; enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins |
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Term
Some neurons can be up to 1 m in length. They would use __________ when materials need to move fast. |
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Definition
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Term
Fast axonal transport moves ______ /day |
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Definition
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Term
Fast axonal transport: _____ "walk" down ________ using foot-like protein motors called ________ and ______. |
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Definition
Vesicles, microtubules, kinesins, ATP |
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Term
_________ "walk" up __________ (_________-toward cell body) using __________. |
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Definition
Vesicles, microtubule, retrograde movement, microtubule associated ATPase. |
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Term
Axons and dendrites fuse during development to create one long process |
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Definition
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Term
axon and dendrite w/ cell body dividing two poles |
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Definition
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Term
1 axon and many dendrites |
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Definition
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Term
The interneurons of the CNS are |
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Definition
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Term
Name the types of neurons as classified by structure |
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Definition
pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar |
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Term
Name the neurons as classified by function |
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Definition
sensory, interneurons, efferent neurons |
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Term
The classification of neurons that is most useful to physiologists |
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Definition
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Term
Sensory (______) neurons: __________ to ________. Their function |
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Definition
Afferent, sensory recptors, cns; carry info (light, temperature, touch, smell, etc. |
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Term
_______(___): lie within the _____. _______allows complex interations and processing and allows the appropriate response. |
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Definition
interneurons; interconnecting neurons; CNS; branching |
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Term
Transmit signals from CNS to effector cells. Nickname is... |
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Definition
Efferent neurons; motor and autonomic neurons |
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Term
Glial cells are part of the _____. Name the six types of glial cells. |
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Definition
PNS; schwann, satellite, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes |
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Term
closely associate with and serve neuronal cells, thier nickname is.....and their function is..... |
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Definition
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Term
Name the glial cells that are part of the PNS...name the glial cells that are part of the CNS. |
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Definition
Schwann, satellite; ependymal, oligodendrocdytes, microglia, astrocytes |
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Term
support and insulate anxons by creating myelin |
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Definition
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Term
myeline is made up of ____ |
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Definition
mulitiple layers of phospholipid membrane |
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Term
specialized immune cells that when activated attack and remove foreign invaders and damaged cells (______) |
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Definition
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Term
similar in function to schwann cells in that they form myelin.....purpose of myelin. |
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Definition
oligodendrocytes; insulation and support |
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Term
epithelial cells that create a selectively permeable barrier between different sections or compartments of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
epithelial cells that create a selectively permeable barrier between different sections or compartments of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
What type of cells make up ependymal cells? What do that create? Where are they found? What are they a source of? |
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Definition
epithelial; selectively permeable barrier; brain; neural stem cells |
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Term
non-myelating Schwann cells that form supportive capsules around nerve cell bodies located in ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Where are satellite cells located? |
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Definition
nerve cell bodies in ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Highly branched cells that contact neurons and blood vessels, serve to transfer nutrients between the two; take up K+ that's released during a nervous impulse. Also, take-up neurotransmitters from extracellular fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
Astrocytes: (____) highly_____ cells that contact____ and ______, serve to transfer_______between the two. Take up ______ to replace the ____that's realeased during a ______. Also, take-up _______from _______. |
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Definition
star cell; branched; neurons; blood vessels; nutrients; K+; K+; nervous impulse; neurotransmitters; extracellular fluid |
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Term
Most numerous cell type in the brain and makes up approximately ______ of ______. |
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Definition
Astrocytes; 90%; CNS tissue |
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Term
It's hypothesized that ________ are a specific adaptation fresulting from the brain being protected from some materials in the blood stream. This is known as the : |
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Definition
astrocytes; blood brain barrier |
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Term
Brain capillaries are _________ as cappillaries found in other areas. ______ facilitate transport across______. |
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Definition
not as porous; astrocytes; bbb |
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Term
_____cells are found in ______ and _______. The ______ contains and the ______ and ______. contains_____, _____, _____,_____. |
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Definition
glial, PNS, CNS, PNS, satellite cells, schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
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Term
Satellite cells: Schwann cells secrete: and form: Oligodendrocytes form: Astrocytes: form: help form: secrte: and take up: microglia are modified: and act as: Ependymal cells create and are a source of: |
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Definition
support cell bodies; neurotrophic factors; myelin sheaths; myelin sheaths; support for CNS; BBB; neurotrophic factors, K+ neurotransmitters; immune cells; scavengers; barriers between compartments; neural stem cells |
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Term
The _______ is key in a nerve's ability to conduct signals at high speeds. |
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Definition
membrane potential difference |
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Term
Nerves vary in ______. Not all nerves are ______. Speed depends on _______ type. |
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Definition
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Term
Pain is _____ compared to musles positioning. |
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Definition
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Term
sensory receptor found in muscles important for positioning |
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Definition
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Term
Although nerve conduction is fast, they're still a ______ times slower than___________. |
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Definition
million; true electrical impulse |
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Term
Neurons have four major types of selective ion channels that play a role in ________ of signals. What are they? |
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Definition
propagation; Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- |
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Term
Upon stimulus, gated channels open and ions ____________ across the _________. |
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Definition
down thier concentration gradient; neural membrane |
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Term
While all of these ions have roles, ___ and ___are most important. |
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Definition
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Term
Upon stimulation (from upstream of the neuron), gated ____ channels ____ and __ moves_______ and becomes ______. |
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Definition
Na+, open, Na+, down electrochemical gradient, depolarized (very locally) |
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Term
What are the types of gated channels and the stimulation that affects them? Give an example. |
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Definition
Chemical: adjacent neuron (olfaction, vision) Mechanical: respond to physical forces (touch and hearing) Voltage: as depolarization moves down a neuron changes in polarity move across membrane and cause the gate to open |
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Term
All of the gated channels are important in neural function but _______are key players in ________. |
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Definition
voltage gated channels, signal propagation |
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Term
The _____that occurs in response to the _______ stimulus from influx of __ ions cause adjacent ____gated channels to _____ and this causes the neuronal signal to move _____ the neuron and ____ the signal. |
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Definition
depolarization, depolarization, na+, voltage, open, down, propagate |
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Term
membrane potential of a given ion if it were the only ion. Determined with: |
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Definition
Equilibrium potential of an ion; nernst equation |
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Term
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Definition
Eion=(61/z)log([ionout]/[ionin]) |
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Term
Resting membrane potential = and is dependent upon |
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Definition
total Eion, ion concentration in and outside of cell and membrane permeablity to a given ion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Depolarization that are largely restricted to the dendrite and maybe the cell body and upper part of the axon are known as |
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Definition
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Term
Graded potentials are restricted to |
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Definition
the dendrite and maybe the cell body and upper part of the axon |
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Term
If the stimulus is strong enough it will result in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
An action potential moves |
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Definition
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Term
size is directly related to the intensity of the stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
Graded potentials: so called because their _______ is ______ related to the _____ of the stimulus. |
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Definition
amplitude, directly,intensity |
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Term
A strong stimulus produces a _____ and a weak stimulus produces a _____ |
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Definition
strong graded potential, weak graded potential |
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Term
graded potentials_________as they move __dendrite or cell body. |
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Definition
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Term
graded potentials degrade as they move down _____ or _____. |
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Definition
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Term
Graded potentials spread from point of _______(_______) as they move ___. |
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Definition
original simulus, dendrite, down neuron |
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Term
Graded potentials-The ________decreases as it gets further from _________. The signal______. |
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Definition
degree of depolarization, origin, weakens |
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Term
The stronger the initial stimulus, the more likely it is to be strong enough at the ________ of the ________ to initiate a/an________. |
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Definition
trigger zone, axonal hillock, action potential |
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Term
A graded potential starts ______ at its initiation point, but ____ in strength as it travels through ______. At the _______ it is ______threshold and therefore does not initiate ______. |
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Definition
above threshold, decreases, cell body, trigger zone, below, action potential |
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Term
small graded potentials will ____ before they make it to the ______ but larger ones may proceed down the ______ and through the ______to the ______. |
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Definition
die out, axon, dendrite, cell body, axonal hillock |
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Term
If the degree of depolarization is large enough or above the _______ level of depolarization at the ______ in the ________ it will trigger an _______. |
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Definition
threshold, trigger zone, axonal hillock, action potential |
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Term
Graded potentials can be ______. Two waves come together and the height is increased. The degree of ______ is increased. This would be an _______. |
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Definition
summed, depolarization, excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Term
There can also be _______________ in which there is a subtraction of signal. IPSP's cause ________ thus making depolarization less likely. |
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Definition
inhibitory post-synaptic potential, hyperpolarization |
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Term
IPSP's make ______ less likely because they cause __________. |
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Definition
depolarization, hyperpolarization |
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Term
if the membrane potential difference becomes more negative it will take a ____ to reach _______. |
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Definition
greater stimuls, threshold |
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Term
Two types of neuromodulation: |
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Definition
postsynaptic inhibition and presynaptic inhibition |
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Term
A modulatory neuron synapses and one collateral of the neuron and selectively inhibits one targe. |
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Definition
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Term
all targets are inhibited equally |
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Definition
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Term
If the graded potential is strong enough, then depolarization at the ______ of the _______ is greate enough (above _______) then a ________ will be propagated. |
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Definition
trigger zone, axonal hillock, threshold, action potential |
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Term
Action potentials are: and they do not: |
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Definition
all or none events, do not lose strength like graded potentials |
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Term
An action potential from my CNS to my finger tip is __________. |
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Definition
equivalent the entire distance. |
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Term
Two types of signal to neuron. Which acts in long distances and which in short distances. |
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Definition
graded, action, action, graded |
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Term
Mechanism of Action Potential: ____gated ____ channels open and ____ move down thier concentration gradient across the cell membrane. Influx of _____. The is known as ______. Voltage gated __ channels open and ____ions begin to move down their concentration gradient ____ of ____ and the ____ channels ____. This is known as _______ or __________. Voltage gated _____ channels ______ and some Na+ leaks into cell down both concentration and electrical gradient and then comes back to ________. |
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Definition
Voltage, Na+, Na+, Na+, depolarization, K+, K+, efflux, K+, Na+, close, repolarization, hyperpolarization, K+, close, resting membrane potential |
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Term
The Na+ channels ____ spontaneously. The current model is a _______. ONe is for _____ and one is for _______. |
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Definition
close, two-gate channel, activation, inactivation. |
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Term
The _________ closes very shortly after the _______ gate opens. It remains open for short period of time . When it closes, the _____ gate ______ and the system is reset. |
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Definition
inactivation, activation, inactivation, opens |
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Term
The neuron is _________ to further stimulation, a subsequent action potential after an AP when a subsequent AP cannot occur. |
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Definition
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Term
Following the absolute refractory, the neuron is __________. The undershoot has left the membrane potential difference ________ making a relatively large ________ necessary for AP propagation. |
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Definition
relatively refractory, hyperpolarized, graded potential |
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Term
The _______ plays a critical role in an AP having only ___________ of AP propagation. The refractory periods also: |
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Definition
relatively refractory, one possible direction, set the rate at which the membrane can fire action potentials |
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Term
Ap's do not greatly change the relative _____________. |
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Definition
ion concentration gradients across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
The number of AP's in a single event is dependent upon: example: |
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Definition
intensity of stimulus; stronger graded potential |
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Term
stronger stimulus causes ________ AP's and ____________ |
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Definition
more; more release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
weak stimulus releases: strong stimulus releases: |
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Definition
little neurotransmitter; more neurotransmitter |
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Term
A graded potential above threshold reaches: Then, voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters ________. ______ flows into adjacent sections of the ______ by local current flow. Local current flow from the active region causes new sections of the membrane to _______. The ________ prevents backward ________. Loss of K+ from the cytoplasm ______ the membrane. |
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Definition
trigger zone, axon, positive, axon, depolarize. refractory period; conduction; repolarizes |
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Term
Movement of AP down_______. ______ proceeds from the _________ of _________ to synapse as the ________ causes adjacent voltage-gated Na+ channels to open in a sweeping fashion. |
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Definition
axon; conduction; trigger zone, axonal hillock; depolarization |
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Term
Action potentials cause a number of |
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Definition
sequential depolarizations |
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Term
The region of the neuron where local current flow is taking place; the region that's behind that; the region that's in front of that |
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Definition
active region, refractory region, inactive rgeion |
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Term
There are two factors that influence the speed of action potential progagation: |
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Definition
Axon diameter and myelination |
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Term
Axon diameter: larger axons conduct _________ __________ efficiently and therefore propagate the action potential ____________. |
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Definition
current, more, more quickly (less surface are:volume for drag to occur) |
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Term
minimizes movement of ions across axon membrane and maintains current flow |
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Definition
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Term
What cell types produce myelin? |
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Definition
schwann cells and oligodendrocytes |
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Term
In myelinated axons, volgate-gated Na+ channels are limited to ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
The depolarizing current generated when an action potential occurs at one node can conduct for a very long distance within the axon, because of: |
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Definition
overlying myelin insulation |
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Term
When the current spreads to the next node, ______ membrane in that region; in this way the action potential leaps from node-to-node a process called __________. |
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Definition
depolarizes; saltatory conduction |
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Term
Where are neurotransmitters produced? What kind of communication is it? |
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Definition
either in cell body or at axon terminal, single cell to single cell |
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Term
A substance other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron that conveys information to multiple adjacent neurons, either enhancing or damping their activities |
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Definition
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Term
Neuromodulators can also act as: |
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Definition
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Term
Examples of neuromodulators: |
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Definition
serotonin, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
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Term
Three types of neurocrines: |
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Definition
Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones |
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Term
a hormone produced by neuronal cells that usually has its effects upon distant target cells |
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Definition
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Term
Mechanism of Neurotransmitter release: When the AP reaches the __________ the depolarization triggers voltage-gated ________ channels to __________. ____ enters and binds with ___________. ________ of NT containing synaptic vesicles with the membrane. Release of neurotransmitter into the _________. NT diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to _______ in the post-synaptic cell. These channels open, ion influx across the membrane, post-synaptic cell membrane potential changes. |
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Definition
axon terminal, ca2+, open; ca2+; regulatory proteins; exocytosis ; synaptic cleft; chemically-gated channels |
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Term
Synaptic transmission ends when: |
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Definition
concentration of NT in the synaptic cleft is lowered by actively transporting the transmitter back into the presynaptic cell (where it can be repackaged for later use) or enzymatically |
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Term
Recall that most NT's are small _____-based compiounds and as such they have a short______ in circulation due to _______. |
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Definition
protein, half-life, non-specific proteolytic enzymes |
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Term
More sodium in produces a : more K+ out or CL in produces a : |
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Definition
EPSP depolarization; IPSP hyperpolarization |
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Term
Often times we can have splitting of axon to affect multiple neurons downstream_________ or the opposite______. |
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Definition
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Term
a neuron can have many axonal contacts with different neurons or muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
A post-synaptic neuron can have as many as 10,000 pre-synaptic neuronal contacts |
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Definition
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Term
An example of convergence |
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Definition
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Term
What causes multiple sclerosis. What is the outcome of ms? |
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Definition
demyelination; severely compromised neural function |
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Term
what causes parkinson's disease? what is the outcome? How is it treated? |
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Definition
lack of dopamine (a critical brain neurotransmitter); severe shaking; l-dopa (dopamine precursor) |
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Term
Does neural repair occur? |
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Definition
the default wisdom is no, but new research is showing that this may be hopeful. |
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Term
Endocrine pathways are also known as: They usually involve which two hormones ? How many hormones must be included? |
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Definition
endocrine cascades; trophic- and releasing-hormones; two or more |
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Term
Complex endocrine pathways begin with the reasease of a ____ from the _______ to the ________. |
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Definition
neurotransmitter; hypothalamus; anterior pituitary |
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Term
Complex endocrine pathways can be _______ or _________ and often lead to: |
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Definition
stimulatory or inhibitory; negative feedback loops |
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Term
Endocrine cells release their hormones: |
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Definition
into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body |
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Term
Hypothalamic neurohormones are delivered by the _________ via a dedicated blood portal system known as the ___________to ________. |
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Definition
anterior pituitary, hypotalamo-hypophyseal portal system, anterior pituitary cells. |
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Term
The direct delivery assures that relatively minute amounts of hormone will not be diluted and the message lost as might happen if released into circulation. Lets a little bit do the job. Most of these neurohormones or releasing hormones are very small. (a few amino acids) There a number of these releasing factors that are the 1st step of the _______. |
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Definition
complex endocrine pathway. |
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Term
Major hypothalamic neurohormones: |
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Definition
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone Growth Hormone-inhibiting Hormone Prolactin-releasing Hormone Prolactin-inhibiting hormone |
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Term
Prolactin Inhibiting hormone is: |
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Definition
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Term
Each of the major hypothalamic neurohormones come from the ___ and go to specific target cells (_____ cells) within the _________. |
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Definition
hypothalamus, trophic, anterior pituitary |
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Term
Many hormones released from the ______ in response to the hypothaamic signal have another _____________ as their target. |
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Definition
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Term
Endocrine glands throughout the body are key to systems _________ and ________. |
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Definition
integration and homeostasis |
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Term
_____ is produced in response to ______ and causes increase in __ and _. This increase causes a decrease in ___ and ___ because of ____. |
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Definition
TSH ; TRH; T3 and T4; TSH and TRH; negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
Thyroid hormones readily cross the cell membrane and bind to ___________ receptors in nuclues to regulate __________. Give an example. Primary function is ______. |
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Definition
intracellular; gene expression; enzymes involved in glycolysis and atp production; metabolic |
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Term
T3 and T4 are released in response to ______. _____ is released when T3/T4 levels are low or when ___________. |
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Definition
TSH; TSH; body temperature drops |
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Term
As well as nuclear receptors, T3 and T4 bind receptors on surface of _____ to increase rate of ____________ _______ production. This has increased __________ and the rate of _______. |
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Definition
mitochondria, mitochondrial ATP, metabolic activity, 02 consumpti8n |
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Term
What is another effect of the increased metabolic rate? This results in... |
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Definition
increase the level of Na+/K+ ATPase synthesis and cellular by-product ; heat |
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Term
T4 is produced more or less than T3? |
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Definition
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Term
T3 and T4 is essential in children for |
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Definition
normal skeletal, neural, and muscular development |
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Term
Which is the active form? T3 or T4. |
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Definition
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Term
T4 is converted to T3 at target cells . T4 is a _____. It is steroid-like (_______) and transports ______. |
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Definition
prohormone; lipophilic; proteins |
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Term
Hypothyroidism causes _ and _______. Hyperthyroidism causes _____. |
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Definition
cretinism;myxedema; grave's disease |
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Term
A condition noted by retarded neural and muscle development |
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Definition
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|
Term
Characterized by low metabolism, inability to adjust to cold, lost off hair, loss of vigor and thickening of the skin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Autoimmune condition in which antibodies mimic TSH and causes an increased production of T3 and T4; it is characterized by nervousness and increased heart and metabolic rate and fatigue |
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Definition
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|
Term
Name two glucocoritcoids: |
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Definition
adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol |
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Term
glucocorticoid released from adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
____aka hydrocrotisone and ______ are produced by cells of the adrenal cortex. Released in response to ACTH; these hormones have many effects. |
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Definition
cortisol and corticosterone |
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Term
Glucocorticoids are --------- hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
Actions of glucocorticoid: These effects generally mediate a long-term response to stress. |
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Definition
anti-inflamatory, accelerate rates of glucose synthesis adn glycogen formation; causes adipose tissue to release fatty acids; protein catabolism; |
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Term
Anti-inflammoatory actions _________. Example. |
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Definition
inhibit white blood cells (the immune system) local injection for tendonitis |
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Term
acceleration of glucose synthesis; Causes adipose tissue to release fatty acids |
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Definition
gluconeogenesis; glucose sparing effect |
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Term
HPG axis and hormones produced at each level. |
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Definition
Hypothalamus (GnRH) - Pituitary (FSH and LH) - Gonadal (testosterone and estrogen) |
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Term
Pathologies: can't use lipid reserves; use glucose too fast; caused by. It can be __ or _____. It causes destruction of the _________. |
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Definition
Addison's Disease, low cort, primary, secondary, adrenal cortex |
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Term
Pituitary adenoma (high cort and high ACTH); glucose metabolism is suppressed at expense of lipid and protein; muscles break down; lip[ids break down and are deposited in face and around midsection while legs and arms thin - moon face |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Adrenocorticotropin hormone |
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Term
Name the two gonadotropins. They are released in response to _______ and are secreted from the _______. The targets are _______. |
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Definition
FSH and LH; GnRH; hypothalamus; male and female gonads |
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Term
Ovaries promote _________ and _____ and ____ release |
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Definition
follicle development; estradiol and progesterone |
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Term
promote sperm development and maturation as well as ______ production and release |
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Definition
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Term
PRH promotes ________ release and stimulates: with the help of _____. |
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Definition
prolactin; mammary gland development and milk production and secretion; estrogen |
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Term
What inhibits prolactin release? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the two anterior pituitary hormones that acts directly: |
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Definition
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Term
Growth hormone is a ___________. (body and growth) |
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Definition
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Term
GH is released from _______ and stimulated by ______ and prohibited by _______. They are both secreted from: |
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Definition
pituitary; GHRH; GHIH; hypothalamus |
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Term
GH can have direct actions on: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cell division and grownth, stumulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis; causes lipid breakdown and release from adipose tissue - slows glucose usage |
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Term
GH also promotes _____ production of hormones and acts on multiple tissues to cause growth. |
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Definition
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Term
Too much GH causes: and too little GH causes: |
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Definition
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Term
GH at liver induces production of ____ also known as: and promotes growth functions at many cell types |
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Definition
somatomedins ; IGFS -insulin like growth factor |
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Term
Different hormones interact to get an enhanced response. |
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Definition
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Term
multiple stimuli more than additive; total is greater than the sum of the parts - does not have to act on same target tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
Hormones involved in glucose release: Together they produce a : |
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Definition
cortisol, glucagon, and epinepherine; synergistic effect |
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Term
A condition in which a hormone requires the action of another hormone in order to exert its effects; give an example |
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Definition
permissiveness;reproductive hormones require T3/T4 for the proper development of the reproductive system. It takes thyroid and reproductive hormones for proper development. |
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Term
Pathologies of endocrine system can be primary or secondary. A primary level affects the: A secondary level effects the: |
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Definition
target gland; hypothalamus, pituitary, target tissue |
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Term
Protein/peptide and amide hormones are ____________. (aquaphilic=________) They interact with _____ at target tissues. (some steroid hormones do too) |
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Definition
plasma soluable; lipophobic; tmembrane receptors. |
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Term
surface receptors transduce signals across cell membrane and activate second messengers to cell endproduct: |
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Definition
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Term
Steroid and some amine hormones are ________, can pass into cell, bind cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors, and interact with hormone response elements. Transcribe DNA message (___) for protein synthesis. Some interact with membrane-bound receptors for fast action via 2nd messenger mechanism. |
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Definition
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Term
Hypothalamus and pituitary trophic hormone pathways coordinate _______ regulation via communication with downstream targets. THis is an example of a _____pathway. |
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Definition
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