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Exam 2
A&P
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/14/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
An example of a muscle which is named for its shape is
Definition
a. pectoralis major
b. adductor longus
c. trapezius
d. vastus lateralis
Term
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Definition

 

Mostly cells packed closely together
Covers body surfaces inside and out and forms glands
Has free and basal surface
Specialized cell contacts
Avascular
Many cells are rapidly worn away
Term
Characterisitcs of Epithelium
Definition
Term

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Definition

Protection
Permitting or preventing passage of substances
Secretion
Absorption
Term
Simple Squameous Epithelial Tissue
Definition

Structure: single layer of cells with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface. Nuclei look like little bumps because the cells are so flat

Function: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion and some protection against friction

Location: lining of blood vessels and heart, lymphatic vessels and ducts, aveoli of lungs, kidney tubules, lining of body cavities, and inner surface of eardrum

Term
Types of Epithelium
Definition

Simple (single layer of cells)- shape can be squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Stratified (more than 1 layer of cells)- shape can be squamous (nonkeratinized (moist) and Keratinized), cuboidal (rare), and columnar (rare)

Pseudostratified- single layer of cells that all attach to basement membrane but not all reach free surface. shape is columnar.

Transitional- roughly cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamouslike when streached

Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition

Structure: Single layer, Cube shaped cells,Some have microvilli or cilia

Functions: Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; Secrtion by gland cells, Movement of particles embedded in mucus of ot bronchioles.

Examples: Kidney Tubules, Glands and their ducts, Brochioles of lungs, surface of ovaries, choroid plexuses of the brain

Term
 Muscles on the medial surface of the thigh are attached to the hip bone and the thigh bone. Contraction of these muscles would
Definition
 a.  move the thigh laterally
    b. move the thigh medially
    c. move the thigh anteriorally
    d. move the thigh posteriorly
Term
The muscles of the anterior forearm are primarily
Definition
  a. flexors
    b. extensors
    c. abductors
    d. adductors
Term
A muscle which is attached to the posterior aspect of the femur and the posterior aspect of the tibia could produce what movement
Definition
  a. bending of the hip
    b. bending of the knee
    c. curling of the toes
    d. bending of the ankle
Term
One muscle which is used to pucker the lips is the
Definition
 a. risorius
    b. orbicularis oris
    c. masseter
    d. temoralis
Term
Important functions of the skeletal system include
Definition
 a.  production of vitamin D
    b.  storage of calcium
    c.  secretion of parathyroid hormone
    d.  all of the above
Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition

Structure: Single layer of tall narrow cells; some have cilia or microvilli

Function: movement of particles out of bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; secretion of cells of the glands, stomach, and intestines; absorption by cells of intestines

Location: Glands of some ducts, bronchioles, auditory tubes, uterus, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of brain

Term
 Endochondral ossification is characterized by all the following except
Definition
  a.  bone is laid down on a cartilage model
    b.  bone formation ceases at approximately 2 years of age
    c.  woven bone is remodeled to produce mature bone
    d.  endochondral bone is derived form mesenchyme
Term
The flat bones of the skull develop from
Definition
  a.  hyaline cartilage
    b.  areolar tissue
    c.  compact bone
    d.  connective tissue membranes
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition

Structure: Multiple layers of vells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface' can be non keratinized (moist) or keratinized; in non keratinzed the surface cells retain a nucleus oand cytoplasm, in keratinized the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin. All cells are dead.

Function: protection against abrasion, barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body

Location: Keratinized- skin; Non (moist)- mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, urethra, cornea

Term
An x-ray reveals the presence of an epiphyseal line on a long bone.  You could conclude that this patient
Definition
 a.  has a severe fracture of the long bone
    b.  has chondrocytes in the long bone are actively dividing
    c.  has probably stopped growing (in height)
    d.  probably has a diet deficient in calcium
Term
The central canal of the Haversian system contains
Definition
  a.  primarily hydroxyapatite
    b.  lamellae
    c.  canaliculi
    d.  blood vessels
Term
Cancellous bone differs from compact bone in that
Definition
 a.  blood vessels invade in interior of cancellous bone only
    b.  cancellous bone is found only in long bones
    c.  only cancellous bone contains lamellae
    d.  a and b
Term
 The axial skeleton includes all the following bones except
Definition
 a.  ribs
    b.  clavicle
    c.  sphenoid
    d.  sternum
Term
2.  A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones 
   
Definition
a.  temporal
    b.  ethmoid
    c.  zygomatic
    d.  occipital
Term
  The lambdoidal suture is located between the 
   
Definition
 a.  frontal and parietal bones
    b.  two parietal bones
    c.  temporal and occipital bones
    d.  parietal and occipital bones
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition

Structure: multiple layers of cubeshaped cells

Function: secretion, absorption, protection against infection

Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts

Term
 A person who has cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain) draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the 
   
Definition
a.  temporal bone
    b.  frontal bone
    c.  parietal bone
    d.  occipital bone
Term
Which of the following bony features is not associated with the skull 
   
Definition
a.  foramen magnum
    b.  stylomastoid foramen
    c.  obturator foramen
    d.  cribriform plate
Term
A vertebrae which contains a bifid spinous process and transverse foramen most likely is located in which area of the vetebral column 
   
Definition
 a.  cervical
    b.  thoracic
    c.  lumbar
    d.  sacral
Term
The upper limb is attached to the axial skeleton by 
   
Definition
a.  the humerus
    b.  the scapula
    c.  the clavicle
    d.  the ulna
Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition

Structure: multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cuboidal cells.

Function: Protection and secretion

Location: mammary gland ducts, layrnx (ciliated), male urethra

Term
When comparing the female pelvis to the male pelvis, which of the following statements is false 
   
Definition

 a.  the female pelvis is heavier
    b.  the ilium is more flared in the female pelvis
    c.  the pelvic inlet in the male in heart shaped
    d.  the subpubic angle is 90 degrees or greater in the female
    e.  the ischial spines are further apart in the female pelvis

 

Term
A person in a skiing accident has crushed the lateral side of the ankle.  The bone which has been injured is the 
   
Definition
 a.  calcaneus
    b.  tibia
    c.  fibula
    d.  femur
Term
 In anatomical position the _______ is lateral to the __________ 
   
Definition

 a.  radius
    b.  ulna

 

Term
The epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is a joint called a 
   
Definition
 a.  synchondrosis
    b.  syntosis
    c.  symphysis
    d.  syndesmosis
Term
Pseudostratified  Columnar Epithelium
Definition

Structure: single layer of cells; some are tall and thin and reach the free surface and others dont; nuclei are at different levels and appear stratified; almost always ciliated and associated with goblet cells that secret mucus onto the free surface

Function: Synthesize and secret mucus onto the free surface and ove mucus that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages

Location: lining of nasal cavity and sinuses, auditory tubes, harynx, trachea, bronchi

Term
The inability to produce the fluid that keeps most joints moist indicates a disorder of the 
   
Definition
a.  cruciate ligament
    b.  synovial membrane
    c.  articular cartilage
    d.  bursa
Term
The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a ______ joint 
   
Definition
 a.  saddle
    b.  hinge
    c.  pivot
    d.  ball and socket
Term
Standing on one's toes is an example of a movement called 
   
Definition
 a.  dorsiflexion
    b.  plantar flexion
    c.  extension
    d.  eversion
Term
A biaxial joint has movement 
  
Definition
  a.  in two directions or planes
    b.  in one direction only
    c.  in many directions or planes
    d.  as long as there is articular cartilage present
Term
Muscle myofibrils 
   
Definition
 a. are found in the sarcolemma
    b. extend from the sarcolemma to the t-tubule
    c. contain myosin and actin myofilaments
    d. hold muscle cells together
Term
The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the 
   
Definition
a. A band
    b. I band
    c. Z disk
    d. H zone
Term
Troponin 
   
Definition
 a. has two subunits
    b. is part of the myosin myofilament
    c. is a long flexible protein
    d. has a calcium binding site
Term
Based on the sliding theory of contraction we can state that 
   
Definition
a. myosin myofilaments slide past actin myofilaments
    b. both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten in order to slide past one another
    c. the sarcomere is shortened when filaments slide
    d. the I band remains the same length
Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition

Structure: appear cuboidal when organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when it is streched by fluid

Function: Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protects against the caustic effects of urine

Location: lining of bladder, ureters, uretha

Term
Synaptic vesicles of motor neurons contain 
  
Definition
  a. calcium
    b. ATP
    c. acetylcholine
    d. acetylcholinesterase
Term
Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate.  This would result in 
   
Definition
 a. increased stimulation of the muscle
    b. more acetylcholinesterase production
    c. lack of calcium uptake by the muscle fiber
    d. inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nerve stimulation
Term
Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of muscle contraction 
   
Definition
a. muscle fiber shortens
    b. cross bridges form, move, and reform repeatedly
    c. the action potential is propagated from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic membrane
    d. all of the above
Term
Concerning fast-twitch fibers behavior we can affirm that  
   
Definition
 a. they contain myosin molecules that break down ATP more rapidly
    b. they have large deposits of myoglobin
    c. they are not well adapted to anaerobic metabolism
    d. they have a well developed blood supply
Term
In smooth muscle, most of the calcium needed for contraction 
   
Definition
a. is in the dense bodies
    b. diffuses into the cell from the extracellular space
    c. is attached to the intermediate filaments
    d. may be activated by a protein kinase
Term
A type of muscle that extends a joint
Definition
a. is in the dense bodies
    b. diffuses into the cell from the extracellular space
    c. is attached to the intermediate filaments
    d. may be activated by a protein kinase
Term
Functions and Types of Cell Connectors
Definition

 

Function: Bind cells together, Form permeability layer, Intercellular communication
Types:Desmosomes, Tight, Gap
Term
Types of Glands
Definition

Glands are Epithelial Tissue

Exocrine- glands with ducts. Secrete chemicals such as digestive enzymes into ducts

Endocrine- no ducts. Secrete chemicals such as hormones into blood.

Term
what cell organelle  would be the most important in secretory epithelial cells?
Definition
golgi apparatus
Term
Connective Tissue Functions
Definition

Enclose and separate organs

Connect tissues to one another as tendons and ligaments

Support and move as bones

Storage as fat

Cushion and insulate as fat

Transport as blood

Protect as cells of the immune system

Term

Specailized Cells of Connective Tissues

(suffixes)

Definition

Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix

Suffixes

   -blasts:  create the matrix- osteoblasts create bone

   -cytes:  maintain the matrix- osteocytes maintain bone

   -clasts:  break the matrix down for remodeling- osteoclasts breakdown bone

Term
Components of the Extracellular Matrix
Definition

-Protein fibers

 - Collagen which is most common protein in body

Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs

Elastic returns to its original shape after distension or compression

Ground substance

Shapeless background

Fluid - blood

Term
Classification of Connective Tissue
Definition

Embryonic connective tissue- Mesenchyme and Mucous

Adult connective tissue

1. Loose

2. Dense- regular collagenous, regular elastic, irregular collagenous, and irregular elastic

3. Connective tissues with special properties- adipose and reticular

4. Cartilage- Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic

5. Bone- cancellous and compact

6. Blood and hemopoietic tissue

Term
Loose Connective Tissue
Definition

Loose packing material of most organs and tissues

Attaches skin to underlying tissues

Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety of cells

Structure: cells(fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes) within a fine network of mostly collegen fibers; often merges with denser connective tissue. 

Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with with it is associated

Location: widly distributed throughout body. substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest, backing between glands, muscles, and nerves.

Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Definition

Has abundant collagen fibers

Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in same direction

Function: ability to withstand great pulling forces

Location:

   Tendons: Connect muscles to bones

   Ligaments: Connect bones to bones

Term
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
Definition

Structure: composed of collagen and elastin fibers

Function: stretch and recoil like rubber band

Location- between vertebrea and in vocal cords

Term
Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Definition

Structure: collagen fibers

Function: stretch in all directions

Location: dermis of skin

Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Definition
Scars
Term
Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue
Definition

Structure: bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastin fibers in multiple directions

Function- strength with stretching and recoil in several directions

Location- elastic arteries

 

Marfans Syndrome-caused by mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called fibrillin. Fibrillin helps connective tissue maintain its strength, and some fibers and undergo changes that weaken the tissue. the aorta may weaken, bulge, or tear

Term
Connective Tissue with Special Properties
Definition

Adipose tissue

Consists of adipocytes (fat cells)

Types Yellow (white)most abundant, white at birth and yellows with age

         •Brown found only in specific areas of body as axillae, mammary glands, neck and near kidneys

-Highly vascular

Reticular tissueForms framework of lymphatic tissueCharacterized by network of fibers and cells
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