Term
What are the classifications of hormones? |
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Definition
•Peptide/protein
•Most Frequently Encountered
•Steroid
•derived from cholesterol
•Amine
•derived from a single amino acid
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Term
The effects of hormones are controlled by? |
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Definition
–Blood levels of hormones
–Number of receptors within target cells
–Specificity of receptor for hormone
–Affinity of bond between receptor and hormone |
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Term
| What are the roles hormones serve in target cells? |
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Definition
–Alter membrane permeability or potential
–Stimulates protein synthesis
–Activates or deactivates enzymes
–Induces secretory activity
–Stimulates mitosis |
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Term
Which glands are both endocrine and exocrine? |
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Definition
Pineal
Testes
Ovaries
Pancreas |
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Term
What is the physiologic action of ADH and what stimulated its release? |
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Definition
Increases reabsporption of water in nephron
Stim by: Hypothalmic neurons in response to:
pain, drugs, Increase in osmolality in blood,
Decrease in blood volume or BP |
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Term
| What is the physiologic action of Oxytocin and what stimulates its release? |
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Definition
Stimulates uterine contractions, labor, breast milk
Stim. by: hypothalmic neurons in response to cervical/uterine stretching and suckling of infact at breast |
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Term
| What stimulates the release of Growth Hormone from the ant. pit. |
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Definition
Growth-Hormone Releasing Hormone
(GHRH)
Triggered by low GH levels in blood, hypoglycemia, inc a.a. in blood, dec f.a in blood, exercise, other stressors and estrogen |
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Term
How is the release of Growth Hormone inhibited? |
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Definition
Feedback inhibited by GHs and IGFs
Can be triggered by Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional depravation via increased GHIH and decreaed GHRH release |
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Term
| What is the physiological function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)? What stimulates its production? |
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Definition
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)
Stim by: TRH from hypothalamus
indirectly by pregnancy and cold temp |
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Term
What is the physiological function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)? What stimulates its release? |
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Definition
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgens (formation and secretion of cortisol)
Stim by: CRH by hypothalamus
Fever, Hypoglycemia, other stressors |
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Term
| What is the physiologic function of Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)? What stimulates its release? |
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Definition
FSH stimulates ovarian follical maturation and estrogen production in women, stimulates sperm production in males
Stim by: GnRH by hypothalmus |
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Term
What is the physiologic function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) ?
What stimulates its release? |
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Definition
LH triggers ovulation, ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone in woman and testosterone production in males
Stim by: GnRH |
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Term
What is the physiologic Function in Prolactin?
What stimulates its release? |
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Definition
Breast secretory tissue promates lactation
Stim by: decreased PIH, estrogens, Birth control, breast feeding, Dopamine-blocking drugs |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of hyperprolactemia? |
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Definition
In women of child bearing age- question pregnancy, irregular menstration, infertility, gallactorrhea, lactation
Post- menopausal and men- headaches |
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Term
What is the expected serum level in hyperprolactemia due to prolactinoma?
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Definition
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Term
| In Hyperprolactemia what should be ruled out before diagnosing prolactinoma? |
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Definition
- Drugs causing PRL release
- Drugs inhibting Dopamine release/activity
- Hypothyroidism
- Pregnancy
- Chest Wall Injuries
- Renal Failure
- PCOS
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Term
What is the main Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) ?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rare disorder
GH secreting pitiutary adenoma
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Term
| What serum levels would you expect to see in Acromegaly? |
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Definition
Increased IGF-1
GH > 1 ug/L (0.3ng/mL) |
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Term
What serum levels would you expect in Gigantism |
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Definition
Inc GH secretion
Dec IGF-1 |
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Term
| What is the hormone secreted by the parathyroid? Type of stimulus? What is its target organs? Main effect? |
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Definition
Parathyroid Hormone
Humoral Stimulus
Targets: Bone and Kidney
Effect: regulates circulating Ca++ and Phosphorus |
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Term
How is hypercalcemia controlled? |
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Definition
By the thyroid gland
- When >20% normal calcitonin gets released
- Antagonizes action of PTH
- Inhibits osteoclasts breakdown of bone
- Stim. Ca+ uptake and incorp into bone
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Term
| What type of stimulus controls thyroid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| How are thyroid hormones stimulated? |
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Definition
- Hypothalamus releases TRH(Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)
- TRH stimulates Anterior pituitary to release TSH (Thyrotropin---Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
- TSH stimulates Thyroid to release T3/T4
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Term
| What disorder would you find low free T4 and normal-high TSH? |
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Definition
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Term
What is Hashimotos thyroiditis |
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Definition
- Autoimmune condition, thyroid gland is destroyed
- Anti-thyroperoxidase is produced
- A primary hypothyroidism
- Inc TSH and Dec Free T4 seen
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Term
| How do you distinguish Secondary from tertiary hypothyroidism? (What test) |
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Definition
TRH stimulation test
In Tertiary it will cause TSH to increase and in secondary the levels would stay low |
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Term
| What are some causes of hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
- excessive thyroid hormone ingested
- leakage of stored TH from thryoid follicles
- Excessive production of TH
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Term
| What is Graves dis? What Lab values are seen? |
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Definition
Autoimmune Dis.
Antibodies activate TSH receptor to release T4
Familial, more women affected than men
LAB: High Free T4 and/or T3
TSH undetectable |
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Term
What disorders do you see Thryoid Ab's |
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Definition
Hashimotos Thyroiditis
Graves Dis
Subacute Thryroiditis
Thyroid Cancer |
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Term
What hormones control Testosterone production in the testes |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the main hormone control of teste function |
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Definition
- Hypothal produces GnRH in a pulselike fashion
- GnRH determines rate of LH/FSH production in pit.
- LH/FSH activates testosterone production in testes
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Term
What would you find in male hypergonadotropic hypogonadism |
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Definition
Low testosterone
Inc LH/FSH
Impaired sperm production
Osteoporosis
Loss of secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
What is required for hormone production in the ovaries? |
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Definition
| Requires Cholesterol and stimulation from LH and FSH |
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Term
| What is the role of estrogen/estradiol |
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Definition
promotes breast, uterine, vaginal development
Skin, CNS, Bone cells also affected |
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Term
| What is the role of progesterone |
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Definition
| prepares endometrium for implantation |
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Term
| When doe the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle begin? end? |
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Definition
Begins with onset of menses
Ends at surge in LH production (14 days later) |
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Term
What are the findings in female hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
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Definition
FSH/ LH deficient
Causes: weight loss, intensive exercise, pit. tumors
Effect: Secondary Amenorrhea |
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Term
What are the findings in hypergonaditrophic Hypogonadism |
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Definition
Ovarian Failure
Inc FSH with or with out LH increase
Naturally occurs in menopause |
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Term
How do you diagnose PCOS? |
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Definition
2 out of the 3 must be present
1. Irregular menstration
2. Excess Androgens
3. Polycystic Ovaries |
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