Term
| the exocrine glands pass secretions through _______ that empty outside the _________ or into the ________ or opening of other organs |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones are responsible for important functions r/t |
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Definition
| reproduction, fluid and electrolyte balance, host defenses, responses to stress and injury, energy metabolism, and growth and development |
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Term
| the maintenance of physiologic stability despite the constant changes that occur in the environment |
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Definition
|
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Term
| a hormone is a substance composed of |
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Definition
| amines, peptides or steroids |
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Term
| regulation of endocrine activity is controlled by mechanisms called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| feedback mechanisms either ____________ hormone synthesis and secretions |
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Definition
|
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Term
| feedback mechanisms are triggered by _______ of specific substances |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| in negative feedback high levels of a substance ______ hormone synthesis and secretion whereas low levels ______ hormone sythesis and secretion |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in positive feedback, high levels of a substance _________ hormone synthesis and secretion whereas low levels ____ hormone synthesis and secretion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| three basic secretion patterns of hormones |
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Definition
| circadian or diurnal patter, pulsatile and cyclic patters, patterns that depend on levels of circulating substances |
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Term
| the pituitary gland is also called the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the _____________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the large lobe of the pituitary gland is the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the anterior lobe is also called the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the hormones of the pituitary |
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Definition
| growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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Term
| stimulates the growth and development of bones, muscles and organs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| GH stimulates the release of ______ , by the liver and other tissues |
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Definition
| insulin like growth factor 1 |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| growth hormone is also called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| controls the growth, development, and function of the cortex of the adrenal glands |
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Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone controls release of _______ necessary for secretion of _______ but does not control rate of aldosterone secretion |
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Definition
| glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens, aldosterone |
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|
Term
| controls the secretory activities of the thyroid gland |
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Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the development of the _________ in the ovaries and _______ in the woman, stimulates ________ in men |
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Definition
| egg, estrogen production, sperm production |
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Term
| luteinizing hormones controls __________ and ________ or egg release in the woman, controls _______ and testosterone production in men |
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Definition
| progesterone production, ovulation, testicular growth |
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|
Term
| stimulates breast milk production in women |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the smollar lobe of the pituitary is know as the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| posterior pituitary is sometimes referred to as the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| causes the reabsorption of water from the renal tubules of the kidney |
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Definition
|
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Term
| causes contractions of the uterus in labor and the release of breast milk |
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Definition
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Term
| the posterior pituitary produces |
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Definition
|
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Term
| a pair of small, highly vascularized, triangular-shaped organs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the adrenal gland itself is composed of the outer portion called the ____ and the inner portion called the ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the adrenal medulla contains |
|
Definition
| sympathetic ganglia and secretory cells |
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Term
| stimulation of the _______ causes the medulla to secrete two types of ______ |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system, catecholamine |
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Term
| the two types of catecholamines |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Term
| catecholamine effects vary depending on the _______ in the cell membrane |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the multiple adrenergic receptors |
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Definition
| alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 receptors |
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|
Term
| norepinephrine binds to _____ receptors |
|
Definition
| alpha-adrenergic receptors |
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|
Term
| epinephrine primarily effects _______ receptors |
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Definition
| beta-adrenergic receptors |
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Term
| the major function of catecholamines is |
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Definition
| adaptation to stress, and maintenance of homeostasis |
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Term
| the cortex is essential for maintenance of ________ physiologic activities |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the cells of the cortex have three zones |
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Definition
| zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis |
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Term
| the hormones synthesized and secreted by the cortex are known as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens or estrogens |
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Term
| the zona glomerulosa produces |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the most abundant mineralocorticoid is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mineralocorticoids play a key role in maintaining an adequate |
|
Definition
| extracellular fluid volume |
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|
Term
| renin is produced by the _________ cells of renal______ |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular cells, afferent arterioles |
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|
Term
| Renin release is stimulated by, |
|
Definition
| decrease in extracellular fluid volume |
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|
Term
| renin acts on plasma proteins to release _______ which is catalyzed in the _____ to ______ |
|
Definition
| angiotensis I, lung, angiotensin II |
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|
Term
| Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of ________, which results in ________ retention |
|
Definition
| aldosterone, sodium and water |
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|
Term
| glucocorticoids are produced by the |
|
Definition
| zona reticularis and fasciculata |
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|
Term
| the most abundant and potent of the glucocorticoids is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| approximately 92% of circulating cortisol is bound to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| free cortisol binds with receptors in the _________ of target cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cortisol has a _______ on other physiologic processes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the functions of glucocorticoid functions include |
|
Definition
| control of carbs, lipid and fat metabolism, regulation of antiinflammatory and immune responses, and control of emotional states |
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|
Term
| androgens are produced in the |
|
Definition
| zona fasciculata and reticularis |
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|
Term
| the primary functions of androgens are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| other sex hormones include |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
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|
Term
| in women estrogens are supplied by the |
|
Definition
| ovaries and adrenal glands |
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|
Term
| in postmenopausal women the _______ is the primary source of _______ estrogen |
|
Definition
| adrenal, cortex, endogenous |
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|
Term
| the thyroid gland is located in the |
|
Definition
| lower portion of the anterior neck |
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|
Term
| the loves of the thyroid gland are connected in front of the trachea by a narrow bridge of tissue called the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the thyroid gland plays a major role in regulating the body's |
|
Definition
| rate of metabolism and growth and development |
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|
Term
| when the metabolic rate falls, the ______ simulates the _______ gland to secrete ______- |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, pituitary, TSH |
|
|
Term
| hormones produced by the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
| thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine, calcitonin |
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|
Term
| thyroid hormone is also called |
|
Definition
| thyroxin, tetraiodothyronine, T4 |
|
|
Term
| triiodothyronine is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both T4 and T3 increase the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin plays a role in regulating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thyrocalcitonin is secreted when serum calcium levels are _____ limiting the shift of calcium from the _______ into the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parathyroids function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parathyroids secrete only ___ hormone which is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parathormone plays a critical role in regulating _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH increase the absorption of calcium from the _______ transfers calcium from the bones to the ________, and signals the kidneys to _____ calcium |
|
Definition
| intestines, blood, conserve |
|
|
Term
| In general, calcium retention by the kidneys is balanced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In healthy older adults, endocrine functio usally remains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes in older adult when homeostasis is altered by illness |
|
Definition
| diminished, response to ADH, decline in GH and IGF-1, decline in cortisol secretion, hypothyroidism |
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|
Term
| Decline in GH and IGF-1 results in |
|
Definition
| reduced protein synthesis, decreased lean body and bone mass, and reduced immune function |
|
|
Term
| Decline in cortisol secretion is usually balanced by |
|
Definition
| decreased cortisol metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Decline in secretion of aldosterone and plasma renin activity decreases |
|
Definition
| the efficiency of sodium conservation and adaptation to position changes |
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|
Term
| Because hormones affect all body tissues, pt with endocrine disorder often report vague symptoms such as |
|
Definition
| fatigue, headach, or weight changes |
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|
Term
| An exploration for the patient's concerns may reveal more specific data such as changes in |
|
Definition
| energy level, weight, height, appearance, skin color, sleep patter, sexual function, urinary function |
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|
Term
| These symptoms my also be noted in present health assessment |
|
Definition
| GI disturbances, problems with vision, mental/emotional changes, musculoskeletal symptoms |
|
|
Term
| A history of _________ should be documented |
|
Definition
| DM, brain tumors, head trauma, CNS infection, vascular disorder, renal calculi, chronic renal failure, tuberculosis, hypothyroidism as well as disease of the pancreas, liver or bone |
|
|
Term
| in a functional assessment, determine whether the patient has had |
|
Definition
| sleep disturbances or changes in appetite |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a spasm of the facial muscl when the face is tapped over the facial nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carpopedal spasm that occurs when a BP cuff is inflated above the patients systolic BP and left in place for 2-3 min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These radiographic studies may be used to detect structural abnormalities |
|
Definition
| conventional radiographs, computed tomography, MRI |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic studies are used to detect anomalies of the |
|
Definition
| pituitary, adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid glands and the pancreas |
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|
Term
| Angiography may reveal the presence of _____ anomalies associated with ______ disorders |
|
Definition
| vascular, pituitary or adrenal |
|
|
Term
| radiopaque dye is injected into the arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ultrasound is useful in assessing |
|
Definition
| adrenal, thyroid and parathyroid conditions |
|
|
Term
| for a thyroid scan pt ingests _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid scan imagining aids in diagnosing cancer because the patterns of iodine concentration in |
|
Definition
| normal and malignant tissue are different |
|
|
Term
| radioimmunoassay and ELISA are tests that measure levels of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme linked immunosorbent assay |
|
|
Term
| Hormone reserve activity can also be measured using a number of ________ |
|
Definition
| suppression or stimulation tests |
|
|
Term
| The response of stimulation tests helps the physician to determine whether the _______ or the _______ regulatory mechanism is responsible for abnormal hormone levels |
|
Definition
| target gland, hypothalamic pituitary |
|
|
Term
| A GH suppression test may be done by measuring, ________ levels before and after a dose of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a GH suppression test the glucose will suppress GH levels through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In normal pt a GH suppression test will cause GH levels to fall less than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a 6 hour water deprivation test is done to determine the cause of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a 6 hour water deprivation test, _____ is administered and ______ are taken at intervals |
|
Definition
| ADH, urine and blood samples |
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|
Term
| the most useful tests of thyroid function are measurements of serum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thyroid gland uses ______ to manufacture hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of iodine taken up by the thyroid is measured to assess the activity level of the gland |
|
Definition
|
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