Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

EX: Dyspepsia- difficult or painful digestion, often referred to as indigestion

Within, in

EX: Endogastric- a term referring to something occurring within the stomach

Half

EX: Hemigastrectomy- surgical removal of half of the stomach

Excessive or above normal

EX: Hypergastrinemia- a condition involving excessive levels of gastrin in the blood, which can lead to overproduction of stomach acid 

Below normal, or deficient

EX: Hypoglycemia- a condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels 

Bad or poor

EX: Malabsorption- poor absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract

Beside, near, or abnormal

EX: Paracolitis- inflammation occurring near or adjacent to the colon

Around or surrounding

EX: Perigastric- pertaining to the area around the stomach (often used to describe inflammation, abscesses, or surgical observations in this region)

Under, below

EX: Sublingual- under the tongue

Across or through

EX: Transgastric- referring to procedures or conditions that occur through the stomach

Without, lack of

EX: Anuria- The absence of urine production

Through, complete

EX: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer function properly

Many, excessive

EX: Polyuria- excessive urine output

Night

EX: Nocturia- frequent urination at night

Few or scanty

EX: Oliguria- scanty urine output

Pertaining to

EX: Celiac- pertaining to the abdomen

Pertaining to

EX: Colorectal- pertaining to the colon and rectum

Hernia, protrusion

EX: Gastrocele- A hernia of the stomach

Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

EX: Paracentesis- a procedure involving the surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove excess fluid, commonly performed in cases of ascites

pertaining to

EX: Esophageal- pertaining to the esophagus

Excision 

EX: Appendectomy- surgical removal of the appendix

The record, radiographic image

EX: Cholangiogram- A radiographic image of the bile ducts obtained using contrast material

Process of recording

EX: Electrogastrography- the process of recording the electrical activity of the stomach to assess its motility and function

Condition of, diseased state, abnormal state

Ex: Dyspepsia – A condition of impaired digestion, often characterized by bloating, discomfort, and nausea.

Condition

Ex: Cholelithiasis – A condition involving the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, which can cause pain and blockages.

Pertaining to

Ex: Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver, as in hepatic function tests, which evaluate liver health.

Inflammation

Ex: Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by infections, medications, or alcohol use.

Specialist who studies and treats

Ex: Gastroenterologist – A specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the digestive system, including the stomach, intestines, and liver.

Study of

Ex: Hepatology – The study of the liver, including diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Softening

Example: Esophagomalacia – Softening of the esophageal walls, often caused by chronic acid reflux (GERD), prolonged inflammation, or structural weakness, which may lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or esophageal collapse.

Enlargement

Example: Hepatomegaly – Enlargement of the liver, which can occur in conditions like fatty liver disease or hepatitis.

Tumor

Example: Gastrinoma – A tumor that secretes gastrin, often associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, leading to excessive stomach acid production.

Abnormal condition

Example: Diverticulosis – A condition where small pouches form in the colon wall, which can become inflamed (diverticulitis).

Disease

Example: Gastropathy – A disease of the stomach, often referring to damage caused by chronic use of NSAIDs or alcohol.

Eating or swallowing

Example: Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing, which can result from conditions affecting the esophagus or nervous system.

Surgical repair

Example: Pyloroplasty – Surgical repair or widening of the pyloric sphincter to improve the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine

Prolapse, drooping

Example: Gastroptosis – Prolapse or downward displacement of the stomach, often caused by weakened abdominal muscles.

Suturing, repairing

Example: Herniorrhaphy – Surgical repair of a hernia, often performed to reinforce the abdominal wall.

Flow, discharge

Example: Diarrhea – Frequent, watery bowel movements, often caused by infections, medications, or food intolerances.

Instrument used for visualization

Example: Colonoscope – An instrument used to visualize the interior of the colon during a colonoscopy.

Process of viewing, visualization

Example: Endoscopy – The process of visualizing the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a camera.

Creation of an artificial opening

Example: Colostomy – A surgical procedure to create an opening from the colon to the abdominal surface for waste elimination.

Incision, cut into

Example: Laparotomy – A surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, often performed to diagnose or treat abdominal conditions.