Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Digestion, Nutrition, Metabolism
Test 3
218
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/11/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the function of the digestive system?
Definition
To digest food by converting it to organic compounds that are easily absorbed into the blood stream.
Term
How is food digested?
Definition
By converting it into organic compounds that are easily absorbed into the blood stream.
Term
When food is digested, what is it being converted to?
Definition
Organic compounds that are easily absorbed into the blood stream
Term
What are the 3 organic compounds that are broken down to be absorbed into the blood stream?
Definition

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

Term
Which organic compound is broken down into simple sugars?
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
What do carbohydrates break down into during digestion?
Definition
Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Term
Which organic compound is broken down into fatty acids?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What do lipids breakdown into during digestion?
Definition
Fatty acids
Term
Which organic compound is broken down into amino acids?
Definition
Proteins
Term
What do proteins breakdown into during digestion?
Definition
Amino acids
Term
What are simple sugars also known as?
Definition
Monosaccharides
Term
What are the 4 components of digestion?
Definition

1. Mouth

2. Stomach

3. Small intestine

4. Large intestine

Term
What 3 things assist the mouth during digestion?
Definition

1. Tongue

2. Teeth

3. Saliva

Term
What is the primary function of the mouth during digestion?
Definition
Mechanical breakdown (mastication)
Term
What is the process of breaking down food with with the mouth also called?
Definition
Mastication
Term
What is the secondary function of the mouth during digestion?
Definition

To start carbohydrate digestion

 

-Amylase in saliva breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars

 

-Lipase from tongue starts lipid digestion

Term
What in the saliva breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars?
Definition
Amylase
Term
What from the tongue starts lipid digestion?
Definition
Lipase
Term
What is the primary function of the stomach during digestion?
Definition
Chemical breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins
Term
What is the secondary functions of the stomach during digestion?
Definition
To absorb substances such as H2O, vitamin B12, and alcohol
Term
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Definition

1. Duodenum

2. Jujenum

3. Ileum

Term
What is the primary function of the small intestine during digestion?
Definition
To absorb nutrients such as simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids
Term
What is the secondary function of the small intestine during digestion?
Definition
Chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Term
What are the 3 accessory organs of the small intestine?
Definition

1. Duodenum

2. Pancreas

3. Liver

Term
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?
Definition

1. Ascending colon

2. Transverse colon

3. Descending colon

Term
What is the primary function of the large intestine during digestion?
Definition
Dehydration, compacting, and excretion
Term
What is the secondary function of the large intestine during digestion?
Definition
To absorb vitamins such as bacterial flora
Term
What 3 things assist the intestinal regulation?
Definition

1. Nervous regulation

2. Residence Time

3. Canal movements

Term
What system does Nervous regulation belong to?
Definition
Autonomic nervous system
Term
What do sympathetic responses from Nervous regulation do to digestion?
Definition
Slows digestive activity down
Term
During what periods is a sympathetic response activated causing digestion to slow down?
Definition
Anger, fright, stress
Term
What does parasympathetic responses from Nervous regulation do to digestion?
Definition
Stimulates digestion
Term
During what periods is a parasympathetic response activated causing digestion to be stimulated?
Definition
Rest and relaxation
Term
What is Residence time?
Definition

The time it takes food to digest from ingestion to defecation.

 

Averages about 8 hours, but depends on food type.

Term
Which organic compounds have a faster Residence time?
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
Which organic compounds have a slower Residence time?
Definition
Lipids and proteins
Term
How long does Residence time take?
Definition
An average of 8 hours, but depends on food type
Term
What happens during Canal movement?
Definition
Food digests through one organ to the next
Term
What are the 2 types of Canal movements?
Definition

1. Peristaltic contractions

2. Sphincter muscles

Term
What is a Peristaltic contraction?
Definition
A wave-like contraction throughout the entire intestinal tract that propels digesting products through.
Term
What are wave-like contractions through the entire intestinal tract that propel digesting products through?
Definition
Peristaltic contractions
Term
What muscles open and close, regulating entry and exit between organs?
Definition
Sphincter muscles
Term
What do Sphincter muscles do?
Definition
Open and close, regulating entry and exit between organs
Term
What are the 5 Sphincter muscles?
Definition

1. Superior constrictor muscles

2. Esophageal sphincter

3. Pyloric sphincter

4. Illececal valve

5. Anal sphincter

Term
Where are the Superior constrictor muscles located and what do they assist in?
Definition

Between mouth and esophagus

 

Assist in swallowing

Term
Where is the Esophageal sphincter located?
Definition
Between the esophagus and stomach
Term
Where is the Pyloric sphincter located?
Definition
Between the stomach and small intestine
Term
Where is the Iloececal valve located?
Definition
Between the small intestine and large intestine
Term
Where is the Anal sphincter located?
Definition
At the end of the line
Term
Which sphincter muscle assists in swallowing and is located between the mouth and esophagus?
Definition
Superior constrictor muscles
Term
Which sphincter muscle is located between the esophagus and stomach?
Definition
Esophageal sphincter
Term
Which sphincter muscle is located between the stomach and small intestine?
Definition
Pyloric sphincter
Term
Which sphincter is located between the small intestine and large intestine?
Definition
Iloececal sphincter
Term
Which sphincter muscle is located at the end of the line?
Definition
Anal sphincter
Term
What are the sequences of a swallow?
Definition

1. Tongue forces food into phaynx

 

2. Epiglottis closes and seals off trachea and esophagus opens

 

3. Superior constrictor muscles contract, forcing food into the esophagus

 

4. Peristaltic contractions force food down the esophagus

Term
What are the 3 phases of Gastric secretion?
Definition

1. Cephalic phase

2. Gastric phase

3. Intestinal phase

Term
Which phase of Gastric secretion is triggered by taste, smell, sight, and thought?
Definition
Cephalic phase
Term
What triggers the Cephalic phase?
Definition
Taste, smell, sight, thoughts
Term
During the Cephalic phase, what stimulates low levels of Gastric secretions?
Definition
Parasympathetic 
Term
During the Cephalic phase, when the parasympathetic stimulates Gastric secretions, are the levels high or low?
Definition
Low
Term
Which phase of Gastric secretion is triggered by food entering the stomach?
Definition
Gastric phase
Term
What triggers the Gastric phase?
Definition
Food entering the stomach
Term
During the Gastric phase, what happens to stomach secretions?
Definition
There's a large increase in stomach secretions
Term
Which phase of Gastric secretion is triggered by good entering the small intestine?
Definition
Intestinal phase
Term
What triggers the Intestinal phase?
Definition
Food entering the small intestine
Term
During the Intestinal phase, what type of secretions are in both the stomach and intestine?
Definition
Gastric secretions
Term
During the Intestinal phase, where does Gastric secretion occur?
Definition
In the stomach and intestine
Term
Explain all 3 phases of Gastric secretion.
Definition

1. Cephalic phase -

Triggered by taste, smell, sight, thoughts

Parasympathetic stimulates low levels of Gastric secretions

 

2. Gastric phase - 

Triggered by food entering the stomach

Large increase in stomach secretion

 

3. Intestinal phase - 

Triggered by food entering small intestine

Gastric secretions occur in both stomach and intestine

Term
Where do Stomach secretions come from?
Definition
From individual cells in the stomach mucosa 
Term
What are the 4 main types of Stomach secretions?
Definition

1. Pepsinogen

2. Hydrochloric acid

3. Mucous

4. Intrinsic factor

Term
From Stomach secretions, what secretes pepsinogen?
Definition
Chief cells
Term
From Stomach secretions, what do Chief cells secrete?
Definition
Pepsinogen
Term
From Stomach secretion, what secretes Hydrochloric acid?
Definition
Parietal cells
Term
From Stomach secretion, what do Parietal cells secrete?
Definition
Hydrochloric acid
Term
Which Stomach secretion continues Carbohydrate digestion?
Definition
Hydrochloric acid
Term
What type of digestion does Hydrochloric acid continue?
Definition
Carbohydrate digestion
Term
What forms when Hydrochloric acid and Pepsinogen combine?
Definition
Pepsin
Term
When Hydrochloric acid and Pepsinogen combine to form pepsin, what type of digestion starts?
Definition
Protein digestion
Term
From stomach secretion, what secretes mucous?
Definition
Goblet cells and mucous glands
Term
From Stomach secretion, what do Goblet cells and Mucous glands secrete?
Definition
Mucous
Term
What does Mucous secretion lubricate and what does it protect?
Definition

Lubricates chyme

and protects stomach lining from acid attack

Term
What does Mucous protect the stomach lining from?
Definition
Acid attack
Term
From Stomach secretion, what secretes the Intrinsic factor?
Definition
Parietal cells and Gastric glands
Term
From Stomach secretion, what do Parietal cells and Gastric glands secrete?
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
What does the Intrinsic factor aid in?
Definition
Absorption of Vitamin B12
Term
Which Stomach secretion aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12?
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
What is the small intestine made up of?
Definition

Duodenum

Jejunum and Ileum

Term
About how long is the Duodenum?
Definition
About 1 foot
Term
About how long is the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum?
Definition
About 20 feet
Term
About how much is the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum of the intestinal tract?
Definition
2/3
Term
What does the Duodenum do?
Definition
Continues chemical breakdown by utilizing Accessory organs
Term
What of the small intestine continues chemical breakdown by utilizing Accessory organs?
Definition
Duodenum 
Term
What are the Accessory organs that the Duodenum utilizes?
Definition
Pancreas and Liver
Term
What type of enzymes assist the pancreas in digestion?
Definition
Enzymes that digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Term
What are the enzymes called that digest carbohydrates, lipids, and protein in the pancreas?
Definition

1. Pancreatic Amylase

2. Pancreatic Lipase

3. Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase 

Term
Which enzyme in the pancreas digests carbohydrates?
Definition
Pancreatic Amylase
Term
What does the Pancreatic Amylase digest?
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
Which enzyme in the pancreas digests lipids?
Definition
Pancreatic Lipase
Term
What does the Pancreatic Lipase digest?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What enzymes in the pancreas digests proteins?
Definition
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase 
Term
What does Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypepidase digest?
Definition
Proteins
Term
What does the liver secrete into the Duodenum?
Definition
Bile
Term
What type of digestion does Bile aid in?
Definition
Lipid digestion
Term
What in the Duodenum (from the liver) aids in lipid digestion?
Definition
Bile
Term
What of the small intestine absorbs nutrients into the blood stream?
Definition
Jejunum and Ileum
Term
What does the Jejunum and Ileum do in the small intestine?
Definition
Absorb nutrients into the blood stream
Term
What is the secondary function of the Jejunum and Ileum?
Definition
Continue the last bit of chemical breakdown
Term
What are the enzymes that assist the Jejunum and Ileum in chemical breakdown?
Definition

1. Peptidases

2. Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase

3. Lipase

Term
Which enzyme in the Jejunum and Ileum break peptide bonds by separating amino acids?
Definition

Peptidases

Term
How do Peptidases aid the Jejunum and Ileum in chemical breakdown?
Definition
Break the peptide bonds by separating amino acids
Term
Which enzymes in the Jejunum and Ileum turn disaccharides into monosaccharides?
Definition
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase
Term
How do sucrase, maltase, and lactase aid the Jejunum and Ileum in chemical breakdown?
Definition
Turning disaccharides into monosaccharides
Term
Which enzyme in the Jejunum and Ileum turns fats to fatty acids?
Definition
Lipase
Term
How does Lipase aid the Jejunum and Ileum in chemical breakdown?
Definition
Turning fats into fatty acids
Term
What are the 6 terms for Absorption mechanisms?
Definition

1. Simple sugars (glucose)

2. Amino acids

3. Fatty acids

4. Chylomicrons system

5. Water

6. Ions

Term
Which Absorption mechanism passes through membranes into the body by Facilitated diffusion?
Definition
Simple sugars 
Term
How do simple sugars pass through membranes into the body?
Definition
Facilitated diffusion
Term
Which Absorption mechanism passes through by Active Transport which requires cellular energy?
Definition
Amino acids
Term
How do Amino Acids pass through the body and what does it require?
Definition

Active Transport

requires cellular energy

Term
Which absorption mechanism diffuses directly into the blood steam?
Definition
Fatty acids
Term
Which Absorption mechanism is an alternate pathway for Fatty acids and Amino acids?
Definition
Chylomicron system
Term
For what 2 Absorption mechanisms is the Chylomicron system an alternate pathway for?
Definition
Fatty acids and Amino acids
Term
Describe the Chylomicron system (alternate pathway for Fatty acids and Amino acids.)
Definition

1. Amino acids and Fatty acids enter Interstitial Mucosa cells on the intestine wall

 

2. ER of cells convert Fatty acids to Lipids, and Amino acids to Proteins

 

3. Fats are then encapsulated by a protein coat call Chylomicron

 

4. Chylomicrons transport outside the mucosa cell and enter the Lymph system

 

5. Lymph transports them to the blood stream where they may be: Used by liver

     Converted to fat and stored

     Broken down by liver

Term
Which Absorption mechanism diffuses directly by Osmosis?
Definition
Water
Term
How does water diffuse?
Definition
By osmosis
Term
Which Absorption mechanism diffuses some while others also use Active Transport?
Definition
Ions
Term
Which ions use Active Transport to absorb?
Definition
Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+, NO3-, HCO3-, H+
Term
About how long is the large intestine?
Definition
4 1/2 feet
Term
What is the Primary function of the large intestine?
Definition

Secrete mucous (lubrication)

Absorb water and electrolyes

Excrete leftovers (defecation)

Term
What is the secondary function of the large intestine?
Definition
Absorb Vitamins K, B12, and Riboflavin 
Term
Which vitamin in the large intestine is produced by Bacterial flora?
Definition
Riboflavin
Term
What breaks down cellulose, synthesizes vitamins that are absorbed, and produce gases as a byproduct?
Definition
Bacterial flora
Term
What type of Bacterial flora breaks down cellulose and synthesizes vitamins that are absorbed?
Definition
Coliform and others
Term
What type of gas does Bacterial flora produce as a byproduct?
Definition
Mostly methane
Term
What is 75% water that comes from the large intestine?
Definition
Feces
Term
How much water is in Feces in the large intestine?
Definition
75%
Term
Why does Feces have a brown color?
Definition
Due to bile
Term
Where does the odor come from in Feces?
Definition
Bacterial gases
Term
What are the digestive and metabolic functions of the liver?
Definition

1. Synthesis and secretion of bile (lipid digestion)

 

2. Stores Glycogen and lipids for release into blood stream

 

3. Maintains levels of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids

 

4. Synthesis and interconversion between lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

 

5. Synthesis and regulation of blood cholesterol

 

6. Inactivates toxins such as alcohol and other drugs

 

7. Stores iron

 

8. Stores vitamin A, D, and B12

Term

What are other important functions of the liver?

Definition

1. Synthesis of plasma proteins

2. Synthesis of clotting factors

3. Phagocytosis of damaged red blood cells

4. Stores about a pint of blood

5. Absorbs and breaks down circulating hormones

6. Absorbs and inactivates lipid soluble drugs

Term
What does the liver maintain?
Definition
Blood chemistry 
Term
Which organ can repair itself?
Definition
Liver
Term
What is a substance necessary to maintain life?
Definition
Nutrient
Term
What is a Nutrient?
Definition
A substance necessary to maintain life
Term
What is a nutrient that the body cannot produce called?
Definition
Essential nutrient
Term
What is an Essential nutrient?
Definition
A nutrient that the body cannot make on its own
Term
What are the 3 main macronutrients?
Definition

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

Term
Of macronutrients, which is made of simple and complex sugars also called starches?
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
What are the sources to obtain carbohydrates?
Definition
Grains and roots
Term
What essential components do carbohydrates need?
Definition
None
Term
Why does the body need to obtain carbohydrates?
Definition
Energy for respiration which is part of DNA and RNA structure
Term
How much carbohydrates should be consumed daily?
Definition
Should be the majority of caloric intake
Term
Of the macronutrients, which one is made up of fatty acid chains, glycerol, esters, etc...?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What are the sources to obtain lipids?
Definition

Animal fat (saturated fat)

Vegetable oil (unsaturated fat)

Term
Which type of fat is a solid carbon chain?
Definition
Animal fat (saturated fat)
Term
Which type of fat are hydrogens in a carbon chain?
Definition
Vegetable oil (unsaturated fat)
Term
What are the essential lipid units?
Definition
Lenoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid
Term
Where are the 3 essential lipid units found? (lenoleic acid, linilenic acid, and arachidonic acid)
Definition
In vegetable oils and soy
Term
Why does the body need to obtain lipids?
Definition

To make up cell membranes

To make up some hormones

To store energy

For cushioning and insulation

Term
How much lipid should you consume daily?
Definition

Small amounts of the essentials in vegetable oil

 

Less than 30% of calories

Term
How many calories of lipids should you consume daily?
Definition
Less than 30%
Term
Of the macronutrients, which one is made up of 20 different amino acids?
Definition
Proteins
Term
How many amino acids are in protein?
Definition
20
Term
What are the sources for protein?
Definition
Meat, fish, poultry, beans
Term
What are the essential components for protein?
Definition
Complete proteins (those that contain all 8 essential amino acids)
Term
How many amino acids are essential?
Definition
8
Term
What type of proteins have the 8 essential (complete) proteins?
Definition
Only animal proteins
Term
Why does the body need protein?
Definition
For enzymes, muscle tissue, blood proteins, hormones, and connective tissue
Term
What should be the daily consumption of proteins?
Definition

Approx. 75 gms/day

or

.4 gms/lbs body weight

Term
What term describes the amount of energy necessary to raise 1gm of water to 1 degree C?
Definition
Calorie
Term
What is a calorie?
Definition
The amount of energy necessary to raise 1 gm of water 1 degree C
Term
What is a nutritional calorie?
Definition
1,000 scientific calories
Term
How many calories do proteins and carbohydrates have per gm?
Definition
4.1 cal/gm
Term
How many calories do lipids have per gm?
Definition
9.5 cal/gm
Term
How much more energy do lipids have than proteins and carbohydrates?
Definition
2X
Term
What are vitamins and minerals utilized in small quantities?
Definition
Micronutrients
Term
What are the 3 types of micronutrients?
Definition

1. Vitamins

2. Minerals

3. Trace Elements

Term
What are organic compounds of which almost all are essential?
Definition
Vitamins
Term
What are the 2 types of vitamins?
Definition

1. Fat soluble

2. Water soluble

Term
Which type of vitamins are Fat soluble?
Definition
A, D, E, and K
Term
Which type of vitamins are water soluble?
Definition

All B vitamins

Niacin folic acid

Biotin

Term
What are inorganic compounds of which all are essential?
Definition
Minerals
Term
What are the 7 minerals?
Definition
Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
Term
What are the inorganic compounds of which are essential but we need less of?
Definition
Trace elements
Term
What are the 9 Trace elements?
Definition
Fe, Mn, Cu, I, Co, Zn, F, Se, Cr
Term
Where does Aerobic Respiration occur?
Definition
In plant and animals cells in the Mitochondria 
Term
What's another name for Aerobic Respiration?
Definition
Katabolism
Term
What is the process of Aerobic Respiration in the Mitochondria to produce ATP?
Definition
C6 H12 O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + 36 ATPS
Term
How many ATPs are formed from Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria)?
Definition
36
Term
What are the Raw materials in Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria)?
Definition
Glucose and oxygen
Term
What are the products of Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria)?
Definition
CO2  H2O  ATP energy
Term
What are the 3 different steps of Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria)?
Definition

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs cycle

3. Electron Transport

Term
Where does Glycolysis of Aerobic Respiration occur?
Definition
In the cell cytoplasm where O2 is NOT required
Term
In the process of Glycolysis, what is glucose broken down into?
Definition
2-3 carbon compounds
Term
In the process of Glycolysis, what does released hydrogen from with?
Definition
Coenzymes
Term
In the process of Glycolysis, how many ATPs are formed and what else is produced?
Definition

2 ATPs formed

H2O produced

Term
Describe the process of Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration.
Definition

Glucose is broken down into 2-3 carbon compounds

Released hydrogen forms with coenzymes

2 ATPs and H2O is produced

Term
Where does the Krebs cycle of Aerobic Respiration occur?
Definition
Inside the Mitochondria
Term
In the process of the Krebs cycle what does released hydrogen form with?
Definition
Coenzymes
Term
In the process of the Krebs cycle what is formed and released?
Definition
CO2
Term
In the process of the Krebs cycle, how many ATPs are produced?
Definition
2 ATPs
Term
Describe the process of the Krebs cycle in Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria).
Definition

Released hydrogen forms with coenzymes

CO2 forms and release

2 ATPs are produced

Term
Where does Electron Transport of Aerobic Respiration occur?
Definition
In the inner mitochondria membrane
Term
In the process of Electron transport, what do coenzymes release?
Definition
Hydrogen as ions
Term
In the process of Electron transport, what is the hydrogen ion energy used for?
Definition
To form 32 ATPs
Term
In the process of Electron transport, what does oxygen combined with hydrogen form?
Definition
H2O
Term
Describe the process of Electron transport in Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria).
Definition

Coenzymes release hydrogen for ions

Hydrogen ion energy is used to form 32 ATPs

Oxygen combines with Hydrogen to form H2O

Term
Out of the 3 steps for Aerobic Respiration, which occurs in the cell cytoplasm where no O2 is required?
Definition
Glycolysis 
Term
Out of the 3 steps for Aerobic Respiration, which occurs inside the mitochondria?
Definition
Krebs cycle
Term
Out of the 3 steps for Aerobic Respiration, which occurs in the inner mitochondria membrane?
Definition
Electron transport
Term
Describe each (3) steps to Aerobic Respiration.
Definition

1. Glycolysis - Occurs in the cell cytoplasm - noO2

-Glucose is broken down to 2-3 carbon compounds

-Released Hydrogen forms with coenzymes

-2 ATPs and H2O is produced

 

2. Krebs Cycle - Occurs inside Mitrochondria

-Released hydrogen forms with coenzymes

-CO2 forms and releases

-2 ATPs produced

 

3. Electron Transport - Occurs in inner Mitochondria Membrane

-Coenzymes release hydrogen for ions

-Hydrogen ion energy used to form 32 ATPs

-Oxygen combine w/ hydrogen to form H2O

 

Term
When does Low Oxygen Respiration Occur?
Definition
When cells oxygen supply is depleted
Term
In the process of Low Oxygen Respiration, what converts Pyrubic acid to lactic acid?
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
In the process of Low Oxygen Respiration, what does Glycolysis convert Pyrubic acid into?
Definition
Lactic acid
Term
In the process of Low Oxygen Respiration, what is converted into lactic acid by Glycolysis?
Definition
Pyrubic acid
Term
How many ATPs are produced in Low Oxygen Respiration?
Definition
2 ATPs
Term
What type of energy supply does Low Oxygen Respiration provide?
Definition
Limited, short-term energy supply
Supporting users have an ad free experience!