001) Type of nail enamel used to avoid staining of the nail plate:

A) Nail Whitener

B) Top Coat

C) Primer

D) Base Coat

002) Designed primarily for oily / acneac skin, this pinch and roll movement that keeps the sebum moving forward and out of the follicle:

A) Dr. Jacquenett

B) Dr. Murad Movement

C) Dr. 90210 Movement

D) Dr. Jacquet Movement

DR. JACQUET MOVEMENT 

This massage technique was developed by French dermatologist Dr. Jacquet (1860–1914). That is where its name comes from. This technique is basically the intensive influence onto tissues, which stabilizes the blood circulation process. The main difference of Jacquet massage technique is the character of its kneading movements. These are very intense and rhythmical light pinching, which is alternated with vibrations and stroking. With these movements, there is a deep influence exerted both on the skin's superficial layer, and on derma and subcutaneous fat, normalizing oil secretion. The massage is performed with a thumb and an index finger. The skin is grasped with the pulp of the fingers through all its depth, and then short and fast movements press it in all directions, passing all the surface in this manner. As the massage is performed very intensely, it is possibly painful.

003) Alopecia refers to: 

A) Bad Breath

B) Excessive Sweating

C) Under-active Sebaceous Gland

D) Hair Loss or Balding

ALOPECIA 

 Abnormal hair loss is called alopecia (al-oh-PEE-shah). The three most common types of abnormal hair loss are androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, and postpartum alopecia.

004) Hair loss that may occur from the wearing of braids, cornrows, and extensions:

A) Alopecia

B) Postpartum Alopecia

C) Alopecia Androgenica

D) Traction Alopecia

TRACTION ALOPECIA

 Traction alopecia (al-oh-PEE-shah).....This condition is particularly prevalent among African-American women and children. It begins with scalp irritation and excessive flakiness, and eventually leads to hair loss, particularly around the hairline. Wearing excessively tight braids (tight enough to pull the hair or impede circulation to the scalp) over a prolonged period of time can lead to permanent hair loss. Keep in mind that while braids are beautiful, they must be without excessive tension to avoid long-term follicle damage.

005) Type of hair loss mostly associated with men.

A) Postpartum Alopecia

B) Alopecia areata

C) Alopecia Senilis

D) Androgenic Alopecia

[image]

ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA

Androgenic alopecia (an-druh-JEN-ik _ al-oh-PEE-shah), also known as androgenetic alopecia (an-druh-je-NETik _ al-oh-PEE-shah), is hair loss that is characterized by miniaturization of terminal hair that is converted into vellus hair. It is usually the result of genetics, age, or hormonal changes that cause terminal hair to miniaturize Androgenic alopecia can begin as early as the teens and is frequently seen by the age of 40. By age 35, almost 40 percent of both men and women show some degree of hair loss. an·dro·gen (ndr-jn) n. A steroid hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone, that controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics. Also called androgenic hormone

006) Type of nail enamel used to avoid chipping of nail polish:

A) Nail Pearlizer

B) Top Coat

C) Keratolytic Agents

D) Base coat

007) Type of "base" shape best suited for a roller / Wet set:

A) Parallel

B) Round

C) Rectangular

D) Square

[image]

RECTANGULAR

The base is the panel of hair on which the roller is placed. The base should be the same length and width as the roller. The type of base  affects the volume.

008) A Sudoriferous Gland disorder, resulting in excessive sweat:

A) Hydrosis

B) BromHydrosis

C) Anhidrosis

D) Hyperhidrosis

HYPERHIDROSIS

Hyperhidrosis (hy-per-hy-DROH-sis) is excessive sweating, caused by heat or general body weakness. Requires medical referral.

EXCRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands. 

Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus _ GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _ KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit).The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain drugs. The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

009) A Sudoriferous gland disorder, resulting in foul smelling sweat: 

A) Hydrosis

B) BromHydrosis

C) Anhidrosis

D) Hyperhidrosis

BROMHYDROSIS

BromHydrosis (broh-mih-DROH-sis) is foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on the feet, that is caused by bacteria. Severe cases require medical referral.

EXCRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus _ GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _ KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit).The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain drugs. The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

011) A "whitish" half-moon area of the nail plate: 

A) Lanugo

B) Lunula

C) Matrix

D) Nail Pterygium

[image]

LUNULA

Visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin; it is the whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail. 

012) Name given the bone connecting all the bones in the cranium:

A) Sphenoid

B) Lacrimal

C) Occipital

D) Ethmoid

[image]

SPHENOID BONE

THE Sphenoid bone (/ˈsfiːnɔɪd/; from Greek sphenoeides, "wedgelike") is an unpaired cranial bone situated at the front middle of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together.

013) Facial bone/s not affected by a facial massage: 

A) Palatine, Turbinal, Nasal

 B) Ethmoid, Sphenoid

 C) Palatine, Turbinal, Vomer, Ethmoid, Sphenoid

 D) Palatine, Turbinal, Vomer, Lacrimal, Sphenoid

[image]

PALATINE-TURBINAL-VOMER-ETHMOID-SPHENOID

• Ethmoid bone (ETH-moyd BOHN). light sppongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities.

• Sphenoid bone (SFEEN-oyd BOHN). Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together.

The ethmoid and sphenoid bones are not affected when performing services or giving a massage.

014) The study of muscles is known as:

A) Myology

B) Histology

C) Osteology

D) Trichology

Myology

Myology (my-AHL-uh-jee) is the study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles. The human body has over 630 muscles, which are responsible for approximately 40 percent of the body’s weight. Muscles are fibrous tissues that have the ability to stretch and contract according to demands of the body’s movements. 

There are three types of muscle tissse.

 Striated muscles (STRy-ayt-ed MuS-uls), also known as skeletal muscles. Muscles that are attached to the bones and are voluntary or are consciously controlled. Striated muscles assist in maintaining the body’s posture and protect some internal organs 

•  Nonstriated muscles (nahn-STRy-ayt-ed MuS-uls), also known as smooth muscles. Muscles that are involuntary and function automtically, without conscious will. These muscles are found in the internal organs of the body, such as the digestive or respiratory systems 

•  Cardiac muscle. Involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in and other part of the body

A muscle has three parts:

•  Origin. The part of the muscle that does not move and is attached closest to the skeleton.

•  Belly. The middle part of the muscle.

•  Insertion. The part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton. 

015) The study of bones is known as:

A) Myology

B) Histology

C) Osteology

D) Trichology

OSTEOLOGY

Osteology (ahs-tee-AHl-oh-jee) is the study of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones. Os (AHS) means bone. It is used as a prefix in many medical terms, such as osteoarthritis, a joint disease. Except for the tissue that forms the major part of the teeth, bone is the hardest tissue in the body. The skeletal system forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints.

016) The study of hair is known as:

A) Myology

B) Histology

C) Osteology

D) Trichology

Trichology

The scientific study of hair and scalp its diseases and care is called trichology (trih-KAHL-uh-jee), which comes from the Greek words trichos (hair) and ology (the study of)

017) The study of structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye, often referred to as "microscopic anatomy" is know as: 

A) Myology

B) Histology

C) Osteology

D) Trichology

HISTOLOGY

Histology (his-TAHL-uh-jee), also known as microscopic anatomy (mi-kroh-SKAHp-ik _ ah-NAT-ah-mee), is the study of tiny structures found in living tissues.

018) Soft fine, downy un-pigmented hair; often referred to as "peach fuzz": 

A) Terminal

B) Barba

C) Lanugo

D) Vellus

VELLUS

Vellus hair (VEL-us HAYR), also known as lanugo hair (luh-NOO-goh _ HAYR), is short, fine, unpigmented, and downy hair that appears on the body. Vellus hair almost never has a medulla. It is commonly found on infants and can be present on children until puberty. On adults, vellus hair is usually found in places that are normally considered hairless (forehead, eyelids, and bald scalp), as well as nearly all other areas of the body, except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Women normally retain 55 percent more vellus hair than men. Vellus hair helps with the evaporation of perspiration.

019) Soft, Downy, pigmented hair is referred to as:

A) Terminal

B) Barba

C) Lanugo

D) Vellus

LANUGO

Lanugo (/la·nu·go/, from Latin lana “wool”) is very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented, downy hair on the body of a fetus or newborn baby. It is the first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles, and it usually appears on the fetus at about 5 months of gestation. It is normally shed before birth, around 7 or 8 months of gestation but is often present at birth and disappears on its own within a few days or weeks. Lanugo hair will invariably be shed by three to four months after birth. It is replaced by hair covering the same surfaces called vellus hair, but this hair is finer and more difficult to see. The more visible hair that continues into adulthood is called terminal hair. This forms in specific areas and is hormone dependant

020) The proper order of massage movement is:

A) Insertion to origin

B) Origin to insertion

C) Both A and B

D) None of thde above

INSERTION TO ORIGIN

 Insertion. The part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton,  pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the origin. 

A muscle has three parts:

  Origin. The part of the muscle that does not move and is attached closest to the skeleton.

  Belly. The middle part of the muscle.

insertion. The part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton.

021) Common chemical found in ATG permanent wave neutralizers:

A) Sodium Hypochlorite

B) Ammonium Thioglycolate

C) H202

D) Aniline Derivative

022) Refers to the growth of an unusual amount of hair on parts of the body normally bearing only downy hair, such as the faces of women and backs of men: 

A) Hirsuties

B) Hypertrichosis

C) Hirutism

D) All of the above

HIRSUTIES-HIRSUTISM-HYPERTRICHOSIS

Hirsuties is the growth in a woman of coarse terminal hair in a male distribution

Hirsutism is the excessive hairiness on women in those parts of the body where terminal hair does not normally occur or is minimal - for example, a beard or chest hair. It refers to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair) and it is therefore primarily of cosmetic and psychological concern. Hirsutism is a medical sign rather than a disease and may be a sign of a more serious medical condition, especially if it develops well after puberty. The amount and location of the hair is measured by a Ferriman-Gallwey score. 

Hypertrichosis (hi-pur-trih-KOH-sis), also known as hirsuties (hur-SOO-shee-eez), is a condition of abnormal  growth of hair. It is characterized by the growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally grow only vellus hair. Mustaches or light beards on women are examples of hypertrichosis.  Treatments for hypertrichosis include electrolysis, photoepilation, laser hair removal, shaving, tweezing, electronic tweezers, depilatories, epilators, threading, and sugaring

023) Bromhidrosis, Hyperhidrosis, Anhidrosis, and Milaria Rubra are classified as:

A) Disorder of the Sebaceous Gland

B) Disorder of the Ductless Glands

C) Disorder of the Pulmonary System

D) Disorder of the Sudoriferous Glands

DISORDERS OF THE SUDORIFERIOUS GLAND

BOMHIDROSIS (broh-mih-DROH-sis) is foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on the feet, that is caused by bacteria. Severe cases require medical referral.

Hyperhidrosis (hy-per-hy-DROH-sis) is excessive sweating, caused by heat or general body weakness. Requires medical referral.

Anhidrosis (an-hih-DROH-sis) is a deficiency in perspiration, often a result of fever or certain skin diseases. Requires medical referral.

Miliaria rubra (mil-ee-AIR-ee-ah ROOB-rah), also known as prickly heat, is an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin. It is caused by exposure to excessive heat and usually clears in a short time without treatment.

EXCRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit).

The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain drugs. The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

024) An acute, inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itchy skin; it is caused by exposer to excessive heat and usually clears in short time without treatment:

A) Milaria Rubra

B) Heat Rash

C) Prickly Heat

D) A,B,C are Correct

Milaria Rubra,Heat Rash,Prickly Heat

Miliaria rubra (mil-ee-AIR-ee-ah _ ROOB-rah), also known as prickly heat, is an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin. It is caused by exposure to excessive heat and usually clears in a short time without treatment.

025) Which is not classified as a disorder of the Sudoriferous gland: 

A) Milaria Rubra

B) Bromhydrosis

C) Milia

D) Hyperhydrosis

MILIA

Milia (MIL-ee-uh) are benign, keratin-filled cysts that appear just under the epidermis and have no visible opening. They resemble small sesame seeds and are almost always perfectly round. They are commonly associated with newborn babies but can appear on the skin of people of all ages. They are usually found around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead and they appear as small, whitish masses. Depending on the state, Milia can be treated in the salon or spa.

026) Process involving the Sudoriferous Glands where water (perspiration) is lost through the skin taking salt and other chemicals with it; along with blood, this process is involved in heat regulation: 

A) Secretion

B) Absorption

C) Excretion

D) Protection

EXCRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin. The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands. 

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus _ GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _ KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

 Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus _ GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

027) The process involving the Sebaceous Glands where oil is produced to lubricate the skin, thus keeping it soft & pliable can increase the flow of sebum:

A) Secretion

B) Absorption

C) Excretion

D) Protection

SECRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus _ GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance  that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus _ GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _ KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain the excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin. The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

028) Solidified oil impactions that have not been exposed to oxygen: 

A) Blackheads

B) Milia

C) Comedomes

D) Carbuncle

MILIA

Milia (MIL-ee-uh) are benign, keratin-filled cysts that appear just under the epidermis and have no visible opening. They resemble small sesame seeds and are almost always perfectly round. They are commonly associated with newborn babies but can appear on the skin of people of all ages. They are usually found around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead and they appear as small, whitish masses. Depending on the state, Milia can be treated in the salon or spa.

029) Solidified oil impactions that have been exposed to oxygen: 

A) Blackheads

B) Milia

C) Comedones

D) A and C

Blackheads

An open comedo, also known as a blackhead, is a hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum. Comedones appear most frequently on the face, especially in the T-zone, the center of the face. When the sebum of the comedo is exposed to the environment, it oxidizes and turns black. When the follicle is closed and not exposed to the environment, the sebum remains a white or cream color and is a closed comedo, also known as whitehead, and appears as a small bump just under the skin surface

030) The largest and strongest bone of the facial skeleton is known as the:

A) Maxillea

B) Mandible

C) Hyoid

D) Zygomatic

[image]

MANDIBLE

man•di•ble-the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face, serves for the reception of the lower teeth. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles

031) The lower jawbone is know as the:

A) Maxillae

B) Mandible

C) Hyoid

D) Zygomatic

[image]

MANDIBLE

man•di•ble-the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face, serves for the reception of the lower teeth. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles

032) The upper jawbone is know as:

A) Maxillae

B) Mandible

C) Hyoid

D) Zygomatic

[image] 

MAXILLAE

 Maxillae (mak-SIL-ee) (singular: maxilla, mak-SIL-uh). Bones of the upper jaw. There are two maxillae. 

033) Another name for the Malar bone is:

A) Maxillae

B) Mandible

C) Hyoid

D) Zygomatic

[image]

ZYGOMATIC BONE

Zygomatic bones (zy-goh-MAT-ik BOHNS), also known as malar bones or cheekbones. Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks. There are two zygomatic bones.

zygomatic bone- (malar bone) In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone, malar bone) is a paired bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; three processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders

034) The cheekbone is also know as the:

A) Maxillae

B) Mandible

C) Hyoid

D) Zygomatic

[image]

ZYGOMATIC BONE

Zygomatic bones (zy-goh-MAT-ik BOHNS), also known as malar bones or cheekbones. Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks. There are two zygomatic bones.

zygomatic bone- (malar bone) In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone, malar bone) is a paired bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; three processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders

035) The voice box, or "Adam's apple" is referred to as:

A) Maxillae

B) Mandible

C) Hyoid

D) Zygomatic

[image]

HYOID

Hyoid bone (Hy-oyd _ BOHN). u-shaded bone at the base of the  tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles. The larynx (lar-inks), commonly called the "voice box," is a tube shaped structure comprised of a complex system of muscle, cartilage, and connective tissue. The larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone, which is significant in that it is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone. The framework of the larynx is composed of three unpaired and three paired cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the unpaired cartilages, and resembles a shield in shape. The most anterior portion of this cartilage is very prominent in some men, and is commonly referred to as an "Adam's apple."

036) A healthy nail plate is __________ in color: 

A) Pink

                           B) Whitish pink / pinkish white

C) White

D) Beige

Whitish pink/pink white

A normal, healthy nail is firm but flexible. The surface is shiny, smooth, and unspotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits. A healthy nail also is whitish and translucent in appearance, with the pinkish color of the nail bed showing through. In some races, the nail bed may have more yellow tones. The water content of the nail varies according to the relative humidity of the surrounding environment; in a humid environment, nails contain more water. A healthy nail may look dry and hard, but its water content is actually between 15 and 25 percent. The water content directly affects the nail’s flexibility. The lower the water content, the more rigid the nail becomes. Coating the plate with an oil-based nail conditioner or nail polish improves flexibility by reducing water loss. These products also prevent excessive water absorption.

037) On the pH scale, water or H2O is:

A) 7/acid

B) 7/base

    C) 7/Alkaline

   D) 7/neutral

[image] 

7/neutral

Although pH, the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen,

A pH scale is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance. It has a range of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is a neutral solution, a pH below 7 indicates an acidic solution, and a pH above 7 indicates an alkaline solution

038) How many more times Alkaline (Base) is a PH of 9 than that of 7:

A) 10

B) 20

C) 100

D) 1,000

[image] 

100

The term logarithm (LOG-ah-rhythm) means multiples of 10. Since the pH scale is a logarithmic scale, a change of one whole number represents a tenfold change in pH. This means, for example, that a pH of 8 is 10 times more alkaline than a pH of 7. A change of two whole numbers represents a change of 10 times 10, or a 100-fold change. So a pH of 9 is 100 times more alkaline than a pH of 7. Even a small change on the pH scale represents a large change in the pH.

039) Emulsions containing particles large enough to be seen are called:

A) Keloids

B) Coloids

C) Suspensions

D) Rhytads

Colloids

Emulsion* A blend of two liquid where one forms tiny droplets which are evenly dispersed in the other. It is not strictly a mixture, because the two liquids do not actually mix. The technical term for combinations of this kind is a colloid*. 

  An emulsion (ee-MUL-shun) is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier. An emulsifier (ee-MUL-suh-fy-ur) is an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend. Emulsions are considered to be a special type of suspension because they can separate, but the separation usually happens very slowly over a long period of time. An example of an emulsion is hand lotion.

040) Binders or gums are used to: 

A) Hold emulsions together

B) Hold solutions together

C) Hold suspentions together

D) All of the above

Hold Emulsions together

An emulsion (ee-MUL-shun) is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier. An emulsifier (ee-MUL-suh-fy-ur) is an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend. Emulsions are considered to be a special type of suspension because they can separate, but the separation usually happens very slowly over a long period of time. An example of an emulsion is hand lotion.

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide (a complex form of sugar). It is added to certain foods, such as salad dressings, to make them thicker. It is also added to cosmetics to keep the ingredients from separating. To make xanthan gum, workers deliberately add a kind of bacterium, Xanthomonas campestris, to glucose or sucrose. They let the mixture ferment for a while, and then add isopropyl alcohol to separate the polysaccharide from the mixture. They dry the polysaccharide, grind it into a powder, and then add it to a liquid. The xanthan gum is then ready to use Gum arabic's mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins gives it the properties of a glue and binder which is edible by humans. Other substances have replaced it in situations where their toxicity is not an issue, as the proportions of the various chemicals in gum arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable. Still, it remains an important ingredient in soft drink syrups, "hard" gummy candies such as gumdrops, marshmallows, M&M's chocolate candies, and edible glitter, a very popular, modern cake-decorating staple. For artists, it is the traditional binder used in watercolor paint, in photography for gum printing, and it is used as a binder in pyrotechnic compositions. Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics also use the gum as a binder, emulsifying agent and a suspending or viscosity increasing agent.[1] Gum arabic has been used in the past as a wine fining agent

What Is A Mixture? 

1. Mixtures- two or more things combine physically 

    in no specific proportions. They just mix. 

2. A mixture is not chemically combined. 

3. Mixtures can be separated by physical means such as filtration, distillation, and chromatography 

4. Mixtures can be divided into two groups 

         A. Homogenous mixtures 

         B. Heterogeneous mixtures 

1. Hydrogen is an element. 

2. Oxygen is an element. 

3. When hydrogen and oxygen bond they make the compound water.

4. When salt and water are combined, a mixture is created. 

    Compounds in mixtures retain their individual properties. 

What Is a Homogenous Mixture? 

1. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that is evenly distributed- THE SAME THROUGHOUT 

2. Homogeneous mixtures called solutions or colloids. 

   A. Solution = Solute + Solvent 

    I. Solute: substance being dissolved 

    II. Solvent: substance doing the dissolving 

3. The solvent is present in greater quantity 

4. The solute is present in the lesser quantity 

   A. Ex: Salt water ➜ Salt = solute Water = solvent 

Solutions - Homogeneous Mixture

1. A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another.

2. The size of the solute in a solution ion, atom or molecular, so solutions never settle –they always still mixed. 

3. Solutions never settle and solutions never show the Tyndal effect. 

Colloid – Homogeneous Mixture

1. In a colloid the particles are mixed together but not dissolved. 

2. The particles are microscopic size so they are kept permanently suspended. 

3. A colloid will not separate upon standing. 

4. The particles are constantly colliding, and this allows a colloid to scatter light – thus colloids often seem cloudy. 

Colloids and the Tyndal Effect 

The microscopic particles of a colloid reflect the light that passes through it so you see the “beam of light” 

–it’s called the Tyndal Effect 

Heterogeneous Mixture - Suspension 

1. Suspension – the solute is unevenly distributed, has to be shaken or stirred to get a uniformity in it. 

2. Examples 

A. Paint 

B. Chex Mix: You may find a different number of pretzels or Chex cereal in each handful; therefore, the mixture is unevenly distributed 

C. Italian Salad dressing 

D. Chocolate Milk 

041) How much blood is in the average, adult, human body:

A) 8-10 pints

B) 10-12 quarts

C) 6-8 quarts

D) 8-10 Quarts

042) Usually considered the most relaxing massage movement: 

A) Petrissage

B) Effleurage

C) Tapotement

D) Rofling

[image]

EFFLEURAGE

Effleurage (EF-loo-rahzh) is a light, continuous stroking movement applied in a slow, rhythmic manner with the fingers (digital effleurage) or the palms (palmar effleurage). No pressure is used. The palms work the large surfaces, and the cushions of the fingertips work the small surfaces, such as those around the eyes . Effleurage is frequently used on the forehead, face, scalp, back, shoulder, neck, chest, arms, and hands for its soothing and relaxing effects. Every massage should  begin and end with effleurage.When performing effleurage, hold your whole hand loosely, and keep your wrist and fingers flexible. Curve your fingers slightly to conform to the shape of the area being massaged, with just the cushions of the fingertips touching the skin. Do not use the ends of the fingertips. They are pointier than the cushions, and will cause the effleurage to be less smooth. Also, the free edges  of your fingernails may scratch the client’s skin.

043) Usually considered the most stimulating massage movement:

A) Petrissage

B) Effleurage

C) Tapotement

D) Vibration

[image]

TAPOTEMENT

Tapotement (tah-POH-te-ment), also known as percussion (pur-KUSH-un), consists of short quick tapping, slapping, and hacking movements. This form of massage is the most stimulating and should be applied with care and discretion. Tapotement movements tone the muscles and impart a healthy glow to the area being massaged. In facial massage, use only light digital tapping. Bring the fingertips own against the skin in rapid succession. Your fingers must be flexible enough  to create an even force over the area being massaged. In slapping movements, keeping your wrists flexible allows your palms to come in contact with the skin in light, firm, and rapid slapping movements. One hand follows the other. With each slapping stroke, lift the flesh slightly.

044) A "kneading" or "pinching" massage movement:

A) Petrissage

B) Effleurage

C) Tapotement

D) Rolfing

[image]

Pétrissage

(PEH-treh-sahj) is a kneading movement performed by lifting, squeezing, and pressing the tissue with a light, firm pressure. Pétrissage offers deeper stimulation to the muscles, nerves, and skin glands, and improves circulation. These kneading movements are usually limited to the back, shoulders, and arms. Although typically used on larger surface areas such as the arms and shoulders, digital kneading can also be used on the cheeks with light pinching movements. The pressure should be light but firm. When grasping and releasing the fleshy parts, the movements must be rhythmic and never jerky.

045) Light, stoking movement, often used at the beginning of a massage:

A) Petrissage

B) Effleurage

C) Tapotement

D) Rolfing

[image]

EFFLEURAGE

Effleurage (EF-loo-rahzh) is a light, continuous stroking movement applied in a slow, rhythmic manner with the fingers (digital effleurage) or the palms (palmar effleurage). No pressure is used. The palms work the large surfaces, and the cushions of the fingertips work the small surfaces, such as those around the eyes . Effleurage is frequently used on the forehead, face, scalp, back, shoulder, neck, chest, arms, and hands for its soothing and relaxing effects. Every massage should begin and end with effleurage. When performing effleurage, hold your whole hand loosely, and keep your wrist and fingers flexible. Curve your fingers slightly to conform to the shape of the area being massaged, with just the cushions of the fingertips touching the skin. Do not use the ends of the fingertips. They are pointier than the cushions, and will cause the effleurage to be less smooth. Also, the free edges of your fingernails may scratch the client’s skin.

046) Muscles that allow you to turn your palm inwards & downwards:

A) Supinators

B)  Pronators

C) Deltoids

D) Sternocleidomastoideus

 [image]

Pronator 

  Pronator (proh-NAy-tohr)pro·na·tor Muscle in the forearm that turns the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.

047) Muscles that rotates the radius outwards and turns the palm upwards:

A) Supinators

B) Pronators

C) Deltoids

D) Sternocleidomastoideus

[image]

SUPINATOR

 Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur). Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.

048) The Pronator and Supinator are located:

A) In the wrist

B) In the palm of the hand

C) In the forearm

D) In the elbow

[image]

IN THE FOREARM

049) Used after the decolorizing process to achieve pale/delicate colors:

 A) Semi-permanent hair-

B) Demi-permanent hair-colors

C) Toners

D) Monochromaric hair-colors

TONERS

Toners are used primarily on prelightened hair to achieve pale, delicate colors. They require a double-process application. The first process is the application of the lightener; the second process is the application of the toner. No-lift demipermanent haircolors are often used as toners.

050) Used on pre-lightened hair to achieve pale/delicate colors:

A) Semi-permanent hair-

B) Demi-permanent hair-colors

C) Toners

D) Monochromaric hair-colors

TONERS

Toners are used primarily on prelightened hair to achieve pale, delicate colors. They require a double-process application. The first process is the application of the lightener; the second process is the application of the toner. No-lift demipermanent haircolors are often used as toners.

051) Light / pastel colors applied to pre-lightened hair to deposit color and neutralize unwanted pigment remaining in the hair after pre-lightening:

A) Semi-permanent hair-

B) Demi-permanent hair-colors

C) Toners

D) Monochromaric hair-colors

TONERS

Toners are used primarily on prelightened hair to achieve pale, delicate colors. They require a double-process application. The first process is the application of the lightener; the second process is the application of the toner. No-lift demipermanent haircolors are often used as toners.

052) Which of the following does not require a P.D. (PREDISPOSITION TEST) Test: 

A) Analine Derivative

B) Toners

C) Temporary Colors / Certified colors

D) Demi-permanent Colors

Temporary Colors/Certified Colors

P.D. TEST PREDISPOSITION TEST also known as a patch test is given to a client 24 to 48 hours prior to any aniline derivative haircolor service. The patch test is given to determine whether or not your client has any allergies or sensitivity's to the color mixture that you will be using for the same hair-coloring service. It is recommended that the test be given either behind the ear or on the inside of your client's elbow. A negative skin test will show no sign's of inflammation and will indicate that the color may be safely applied to the client's hair. A positive result will show redness with a slight rash and itchiness. A client with these symptoms is allergic and should not receive the haircolor service that has been tested. Never use anilinederivative haircolor on your client's eyelashes or eyebrows, for this could cause serious problems or even blindness.

053) To remove a yellow shade from the hair, use a/an _____________Toner:

A) Blue

B) Violet

C) Green

D) Orange

[image]

VIOLET

Complementary colors are Primary and secondary colors positioned directly opposite each other on the color wheel. Complementary colors include blue and orange, red and green, and yellow and violet. Complementary colors neutralize each other. When formulating haircolor, you will find that it is often your goal to emphasize or distract from skin tones or eye color. You may also want to neutralize or refine unwanted tones in the hair. Understanding complementary colors will help choose the correct tone to accomplish these goals. Here is an easy reference guide for color correction:

• When hair is green…use red to balance.

• When hair is red…use green to balance.

• When hair is blue…use orange to balance.

• When hair is orange…use blue to balance.

• When hair is yellow…use violet to balance.

• When hair is violet…use yellow to balance.

054) To remove an orange shade from the hair, use a/an _________Toner:

A) Blue

B) Violet

C) Green

D) Lavender

[image]

BLUE

Complementary colors are Primary and secondary colors positioned directly opposite each other on the color wheel. Complementary colors include blue and orange, red and green, and yellow and violet. Complementary colors neutralize each other. When formulating haircolor, you will find that it is often your goal to emphasize or distract from skin tones or eye color. You may also want to neutralize or refine unwanted tones in the hair. Understanding complementary colors will help choose the correct tone to accomplish these goals. Here is an easy reference guide for color correction:

• When hair is green…use red to balance.

• When hair is red…use green to balance.

• When hair is blue…use orange to balance.

• When hair is orange…use blue to balance.

• When hair is yellow…use violet to balance.

• When hair is violet…use yellow to balance.

055) If a client comes to a stylist with two inches of Canities regrowth, approximately how long has it been since her last hair-color service:

A) 1 month

B) 2 month

C) 3 month

D) 4 month

4 Months

CANTITIES: The technical term for gray hair

056) To accurately predict hair-color results, preform a/an ____________test:

A) Elasticity test

B) Strand test

C) Match test

D) Porosity test

STRAND TEST

Preliminary Strand Test …...Once you have created a color formula for your client, try it out first on a small strand of hair. This preliminary strand test determines how the hair will react to the color formula and how long the formula should be left on the hair. The strand test is performed after the client is prepared for the coloring service

057) Used to equalize the porosity of hair & deposits a base color in 1 application:

A) Toners

B) Drabbers

C) Intensifiers

D) Fillers

      FILLERS

Fillers are used to equalize porosity. Some fillers are ready to use as thee come from the manufacturer. Others are a mixture of haircolor  and conditioner that your instructor can help you prepare. There are two types of fillers: conditioner fillers and color fillers.

Conditioner fillers are used to recondition damaged, overly porous hair and equalize porosity so that the hair accepts the color evenly from strand to strand and from scalp to ends. They can be applied in a separate procedure or immediately prior to the color application.

Color fillers equalize porosity and deposit color in one application to provide a uniform contributing pigment on prelightened hair. Color fillers are used on over porous, prelightened hair to equalize porosity and provide a uniform contributing pigment that complements the desired finished color. Demipermanent haircolor products are commonly used as color fillers. Color fillers accomplish the following goals:

• Deposit color to faded ends and hair shaft.

• Help repair hair to hold a final color by replacing missing building blocks.

• prevent streaking and dull appearance.

• prevent off-color results.

• produce more uniform, natural-looking color. 

• Produce uniform color when coloring prelightened hair back to its natural color.

058) Used to fill in porous ends, avoids streaking and uneven color deposit:

A) Fillers

B) Toners

C) Intensifiers

D) Drabbers

      FILLERS

Fillers are used to equalize porosity. Some fillers are ready to use as thee come from the manufacturer. Others are a mixture of haircolor  and conditioner that your instructor can help you prepare. There are two types of fillers: conditioner fillers and color fillers.

Conditioner fillers are used to recondition damaged, overly porous hair and equalize porosity so that the hair accepts the color evenly from strand to strand and from scalp to ends. They can be applied in a separate procedure or immediately prior to the color application.

Color fillers equalize porosity and deposit color in one application to provide a uniform contributing pigment on prelightened hair. Color fillers are used on over porous, prelightened hair to equalize porosity and provide a uniform contributing pigment that complements the desired finished color. Demipermanent haircolor products are commonly used as color fillers. Color fillers accomplish the following goals:

• Deposit color to faded ends and hair shaft.

• Help repair hair to hold a final color by replacing missing building blocks.

• prevent streaking and dull appearance.

• prevent off-color results.

• produce more uniform, natural-looking color. 

• Produce uniform color when coloring prelightened hair back to its natural color.

059) Used in "tint-back" to prevent off color results and a dull appearance: 

A) Fillers

B) Toners

C) Intensifiers

D) Drabbers

      FILLERS

Fillers are used to equalize porosity. Some fillers are ready to use as thee come from the manufacturer. Others are a mixture of haircolor  and conditioner that your instructor can help you prepare. There are two types of fillers: conditioner fillers and color fillers.

Conditioner fillers are used to recondition damaged, overly porous hair and equalize porosity so that the hair accepts the color evenly from strand to strand and from scalp to ends. They can be applied in a separate procedure or immediately prior to the color application.

Color fillers equalize porosity and deposit color in one application to provide a uniform contributing pigment on prelightened hair. Color fillers are used on over porous, prelightened hair to equalize porosity and provide a uniform contributing pigment that complements the desired finished color. Demipermanent haircolor products are commonly used as color fillers. Color fillers accomplish the following goals:

• Deposit color to faded ends and hair shaft.

• Help repair hair to hold a final color by replacing missing building blocks.

• prevent streaking and dull appearance.

• prevent off-color results.

• produce more uniform, natural-looking color. 

• Produce uniform color when coloring prelightened hair back to its natural color.

060) When coloring predominantly gray hair, the resultant color will be:

A) The same shade as the shade applied

B) One shade lighter than shade applied

C) One shade darker than the shade applied

D) Usually slightly warmer than expected

[image]

ONE SHADE LIGHTER THAN THE SHADE APPLIED

Gray hair accepts the level of the color applied. However, level 8 or lighter colors may not give complete coverage because of the low concentration of dye found in these lighter colors. Formulations from level 7 and darker will provide better coverage, and can be used to create pastel and blond tones if desired. For those clients who are 80 to 100 percent gray, a haircolor within the blond range is generally more flattering than a darker shade. This lighter level of artificial color may be selected to give a warm or cool finished color, depending on the client’s skin tone, eye color, and personal preference. One factor to consider when coloring low percentages of gray or salt-and-pepper hair to a darker level is that color on color will always make a darker color. The addition of dark artificial pigment to the natural pigment percentage assumes that the gray hair is equally distributed throughout the entire head. If, for instance, the majority of gray hair is located in the front section of the head, that section would be considered to have more gray hair, with the back portion containing less gray hair. In that instance, you would have to determine what formulation would best suit the client. The gray hair around the face is what the client sees, so it may be wise to formulate based on the percentage of gray hair the client actually sees. The section of hair that surrounds the face is what influences the client’s self-image.

Milady 2012 pg 656-7 and table 21-5

061) A clients hair is 80% gray and wants it returned to it's original medium brown color; the stylist should choose a color shade: 

A) One shade lighter than original color

B) The same shade as original color

C) Two shades darker than original color

D) One shade darker than the shade applied

[image]

ONE SHADE DARKER THAN ORIGIONAL COLOR

   Gray hair accepts the level of the color applied. However, level 8 or lighter colors may not give complete coverage because of the low concentration of dye found in these lighter colors. Formulations from level 7 and darker will provide better coverage, and can be used to create pastel and blond tones if desired. For those clients who are 80 to 100 percent gray, a haircolor within the blond range is generally more flattering than a darker shade. This lighter level of artificial color may be selected to give a warm or cool finished color, depending on the client’s skin tone, eye color, and personal preference. One factor to consider when coloring low percentages of gray or salt-and-pepper hair to a darker level is that color on color will always make a darker color. The addition of dark artificial pigment to the natural pigment percentage assumes that the gray hair is equally distributed throughout the entire head. If, for instance, the majority of gray hair is located in the front section of the head, that section would be considered to have more gray hair, with the back portion containing less gray hair. In that instance, you would have to determine what formulation would best suit the client. The gray hair around the face is what the client sees, so it may be wise to formulate based on the percentage of gray hair the client actually sees. The section of hair that surrounds the face is what influences the client’s self-image.

Milady 2012 pg 656-7 and table 21-5

062) The chemical name for common household bleach:

A) Sodium Hydroxide

B) Sodium Bromate

C) Sodium Hypochlorite

D) Aniline Derivative

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

Household bleach, 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite (SOH-dee-um hy-puh-KLOR-ite), is an effective disinfectant and has been used extensively as a disinfectant in the salon. Using too much bleach can damage some metals and plastics, so be sure to read the label for safe use. Bleach can be corrosive to metals and plastics and can cause skin irritation and eye damage. To mix a bleach solution, always follow the manufacturer’s directions. Store the bleach solution away from heat and light. A fresh bleach solution should be mixed every twenty-four hours or when the solution has been contaminated. After mixing the bleach solution, date the container to ensure that the solution is not saved from one day to the next. Bleach can be irritating to the lungs, so be careful about inhaling the fumes. 

063) FDA Defines Cosmetics as:

A) Articles intended for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease

B) "Articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body...for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance"

C) Articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body...for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance or for cure, treatment or prevention of disease.

D) Articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body...for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or  preventing of disease.

"articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body...for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance" [FD&C Act, sec. 201(i)].

Among the products included in this definition are skin moisturizers, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, cleansing shampoos, permanent waves, hair colors, and deodorants, as well as any substance intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product

064) Agency mandating allergy tests prior to most hair-color services:

A) EPA

B) OSHA

C) FDA

D) A and B

065) The strongest level of decontamination is:

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

 C) Disinfection 

D) Sterlization

                           STERILIZATION         

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:            STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

SANITATION

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

Disinfection 

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment

STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly 

066) The level of decontamination required in the

salon / spa is:

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

 C) disinfection 

D) Sterlization

                           DISINFECTION        

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:            STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

SANITATION

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

Disinfection 

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment

STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly 

067) Which Federal agency requires efficacy labels and registration numbers:

A) EPA

B) FDA

C) CDC

D) OSHA 

The term efficacy means "ability to produce results" or "effectiveness." so the efficacy labels on disinfectant products is to inform the user about what the product is "effective in fighting against."

068) Which Federal agency regulates allergy tests:

A) EPA

B) FDA

C) CDC

D) OSHA

069) Which Federal Agency requires an MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and Universal Precautions:

A) EPA

B) FDA

C) CDC

D) OSHA

OSHA

Over 30 million American workers are exposed to hazardous chemicals in their workplaces. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) is intended to ensure that these workers and their employers are informed of the identities of these hazardous chemicals, associated health and safety hazards, and appropriate protective measures. The HCS covers some 650,000 hazardous chemical products found in over three million establishments.

070) Droplets of oil emulsified in water are referred to as: 

A) Water in oil emulsions

B) Oil in water suspensions

C) Oil in water emulsions

D) None of the above

[image]

oil in water emulsions

In an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, oil droplets are emulsified in water. The droplets of oil are surrounded by surfactant molecules with their lipophilic tails pointing in and their hydrophilic heads pointing out. Tiny oil droplets form the internal portion of each O/W emulsion because the oil is completely surrounded by water. Oil-in-water emulsions do not feel as greasy as water-in-oil emulsions because the oil is hidden and water forms the external portion of the emulsion.

071) Droplets of water emulsified in oil are referred to as:

A) Water in oil emulsions

B) Oil in water suspensions

C) Oil in water emulsions

D) None of the above

[image]

water in oil emulsions

In a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, water droplets are emulsified in oil. The droplets of water are surrounded by surfactants with their hydrophilic heads pointing in and their lipophilic tails pointing out. Tiny droplets of water form the internal portion of a W/O emulsion because the water is completely surrounded by oil. Water-in-oil emulsions feel greasier than oil-in-water emulsions because the water is hidden and oil forms the external portion of the emulsion. Styling creams, cold creams, and foot balms are examples

072) Showing no signs or symptoms of infection: 

A) Septic

B) Aseptic

C) Symptomatic

D) Asymtomatic

Asymptomatic

means that they show no symptoms or signs of infection. Bloodborne pathogens are more difficult to kill than germs that live outside the body.

073) Showing signs or symptoms of infection:

A) Septic

B) Aseptic

C) Symptomatic

D) Asymtomatic

symptomatic

Showing signs or symptoms of infection

074) Tools that are cleaned, disinfected, and stored in a sanitary manner are:

A) Septic

B) Aseptic

C) Symtomatic

D) Asymtomatic

075) Unclean tools, not disinfected, and stored in a sanitary manner, are:

A) Septic

B) Aseptic

C) Symtomatic

D) Asymtomatic

076) Conditions, results, or outcomes that can be seen (obvious) are said to be:

 A) Objectionable

B) Subjective

C) Non-quantifiable

D) Objective

077) Conditions, results, or outcomes that cannot be seen are said to be: 

 A) Objectionable

B) Subjective

C) Non-quantifiable

D) Objective

078) Tesla / High Frequency / Violet Ray Current is

contra-indicated for use on:

A) Acneac skin

B) Alopecia

C) Pregnant women

D) Thinning hair]

[image]

PREGNANT WOMAN

The Tesla high-frequency current

(TES-luh _ Hy-FREE-kwen-see _ KuR-ent), also known as violet ray, is a thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration that is commonly used for scalp and facial treatments. Tesla current does not produce muscle contractions, and the effects can be either stimulating or soothing, depending on the method of application. The electrodes are made from either glass or metal, and only one electrode is used to perform a service The benefits of the Tesla high-frequency current are:

• Stimulates blood circulation

            • Increases elimination and absorption

• Increases skin metabolism

• Improves germicidal action

• Relieves skin congestion

As you learn more about facials and treatments, you will become familiar with the term contraindication, a condition that requires avoiding certain treatments, procedures, or products to prevent undesirable side effects.

079) How many bones are located in the Metacarpus: 

A) 5

B) 8

c) 14

D) 26

[image]

5 

met·a·car·pus (mt-kärps) n. pl. met·a·car·pi (-p) 1. The part of the human hand that includes the five bones between the fingers and the wrist

080) How many bones are in the carpus: 

A) 5

B) 8

C) 14

D) 26

[image] 

8 

car•pus (kär p s) n. pl. car•pi (-p ) 1. The group of eight bones forming the joint between the forearm and the hand. Also called wrist.

081) Metacarpus is also known as the: 

A) Palm of the hand

B) Wrist

C) Knuckles

D) Fingers

[image] 

Palm of the hand 

met·a·car·pus (mt-kärps) n. pl. met·a·car·pi (-p) 1. The part of the human hand that includes the five bones between the fingers and the wrist

082) The carpus is also known as the: 

A) Palm of the hand

B) Wrist

C) Knuckles

D) Fingers

[image] 

Wrist 

car·pus (kärps) n. pl. car·pi (-p) The group of eight bones forming the joint between the forearm and the hand. Also called wrist.

083) In The language of hair cutting, the term

"Fringe" refers to:

A) The Bang

B) The hair between the Occipital bone and the nape

C) The Apex

D) The portion above the Parietal Ridge

[image]

The Bangs

084) Which Federal Agency regulates cosmetics:

A) FDA

B) Environmental Protection Agency

C) Center for Disease Control

D) OSHA

085) What is the Quats mixing ratio and the suggested immersion time: 

A) 1:1,0000 and 5 minutes

B) 1:1,5000 and 10 minutes

C) 1:1,0000 and over the weekend

D) 1:1,0000 and 10 minutes

1:1000 and 10 minutes 

Quaternary ammonium compounds

(KWAT-ur-nayr-ree uh-MOH-neeum KAHM-powndz), also known as quats (KWATZ), are disinfectants that are very effective when used properly in the salon. The most advanced type of these formulations is called multiple quats. Multiple quats contain sophisticated blends of quats that work together to dramatically increase the effectiveness of these disinfectants. Quat solutions usually disinfect implements in ten minutes. These formulas may contain anti-rust ingredients, so leaving tools in the solution for prolonged periods can cause dulling or damage. They should be removed from the solution after the specified period, rinsed (if required), dried, and stored  in a clean, covered container.

086) What are the stages of hair growth from beginning to end?

A) Anagen, Catagen, Halogen

B) telagen, Catagen, Anagen

C) Catagen, Anagen, Telegen

D) Anagen, Catagen, Telagen

[image]

Anagen,Catagen, Telagen

Hair growth occurs in cycles. Each complete cycle has three phases that are repeated over and over again throughout life. The three phases are anagen, catagen, and telogen

 During the anagen phase (AN-uh-jen _ FAYZ), also known as growth phase, new hair is produced. New cells are actively manufactured in the hair follicle. During this phase, hair cells are produced faster than any other normal cell in the human body. The average growth of healthy scalp hair is about ½ (0.5) inch (1.25 centimeters) per month. The rate of growth varies on different parts of the body, between sexes, and with age. Scalp hair grows faster on women than on men. Scalp hair grows rapidly between the ages of 15 and 30, but slows down sharply after the age of 50. About 90 percent of scalp hair is growing in the Anagen phase at any time. The anagen phase generally lasts from three to five years, but in some cases, it can last as long as 10 years. The longer the anagen cycle is, the longer the hair is able to grow. This is why some people can only grow their hair down to their shoulders, while others can grow it down to the floor!

The catagen phase (KAT-uh-jen _ FAYZ) is the brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle. It signals the end of the anagen phase. During the catagen phase, the follicle canal shrinks and detaches from the dermal papilla. The hair bulb disappears and the shrunken root end forms a rounded club. Less than one percent of scalp hair is in the catagen phase at any time. The catagen phase is very short, lasting from one to two weeks.

  The telogen phase (TEL-uh-jen _ FAYZ), also known as resting phase, is the final phase in the hair cycle and lasts until the fully grown hair is shed. The hair is either shed during the telogen phase or remains in place until the next anagen phase, when the new hair growing in pushes it out. About 10 percent of scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any one time. The telogen phase lasts for approximately three to six months. As soon as the telogen phase ends, the hair returns to the anagen phase and begins the entire cycle again. On average, the entire growth cycle repeats itself once every four to five years

087) A scale to measure the skin type's ability to tolerate sun exposer: 

A) Wood's Scale

B) Logarithmic Scale

C) Fitzpatrick Scale

D) Richter Scale

FITZPATRICK SCALE

The Fitzpatrick Skin Type is a skin classification system first developed in 1975 by Thomas Fitzpatrick, MD, of Harvard Medical School. His skin classification system and its adaptations are familiar to dermatologists. In order to determine your Fitzpatrick Skin Type, our quiz measures two components (genetic disposition and reaction to sun exposure). Types range from the very fair (Type I) to the very dark (Type VI

088) What should you do if a blood spill occurs: 

A) Stop service

B) Continue service

C) Decide whose fault it is

D) Look for someone to blame

089) A black light that enables the practitioner using it to observe problems not visible to the naked eye, including dry patches, oily areas, pigmentation problems, and bacteria-among others:

A) Black Light

B) Wood's Lamp

C) HalogenLamp

D) Fitzpatrick Lamp

WOOD'S LAMP

The Woods Lamp exposes conditions that are not visible to the naked eye!

090) Pediculosis is the medical term for this problem: 

A) Sabies

B) Itch Mite

C) Lice

D) Ringworm

[image]

LICE

Pediculosis capitis (puh-dik-yuh-LOH-sis _ KAP-ih-tis) is the infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice. As these parasites feed on the scalp, it begins to itch. If the scalp is scratched, it can cause an infection. Head lice are transmitted from one person to another by contact with infested hats, combs, brushes, and other personal articles. You can distinguish head lice from dandruff flakes by looking closely at the scalp with a magnifying glass.

091) Tinea is the medical term for this problem:

A) Sabies

B) Itch Mite

C) Lice

D) Ringworm

RINGWORM

Tinea (TIN-ee-uh) is the technical term for ringworm. It is characterized by itching, scales, and, sometimes, painful circular lesions. Several patches may be present at one time. Tinea is caused by a fungal organism and not a parasite, as the old-fashioned term ringworm seems to suggest. All forms of tinea are contagious and can be easily transmitted from one person to another. Infected skin scales or hairs that contain the fungi are known to spread the disease. Bathtubs, swimming pools, and uncleaned personal articles are also sources of transmission. Practicing approved cleaning and disinfection procedures will help prevent the spread of this disease in the salon.

"Athletes Foot, Jock Itch and Ringworm". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2012-07-25. "Ringworm is a skin rash caused by a fungus; it is not caused by a worm. (Fungus is a plant-like structure.) Health care providers call ringworm "tinea." "Athlete's foot" (tinea pedis) and "jock itch" (tinea cruris) are types of ringworm."

092) Tinea Capitis is the medical term for this problem: 

A) Ringworm

B) Athlete's Feet

C) Ringworm of the feet

D) Ringworm or the head

[image]

RINGWORD OF THE HEAD

Tinea capitis is another type of fungal infection characterized by red papules, or spots, at the opening of the hair follicles The patches spread, and the hair becomes brittle. Hair often breaks off, leaving only a stump, or the hair may be shed from the enlarged open follicle.

093) Common disorder of the Sebaceous Glands resulting in extremely oily skin, often characterized by the excessive secretion of sebum, and may result in a red itchy rash with white flakes:

A) Rosacea

B) Sebacccous cyst

C) Psoriasis

D) Seborrhea/Seborrheic Dermatitus

SEBORRHEA/SEBORRHEIC DERMATITUS

Seborrheic dermatitis (seb-oh-REE-ick derm-ah-TIE-tus) is a skin condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous glands. It is often characterized by redness, dry or oily scaling, crusting, and/or itchiness  The red, flaky skin often appears in the eyebrows and beard, in the scalp and hairline, at the middle of the forehead, and along the sides of the nose. Mild flares of seborrheic dermatitis are sometimes treated with cortisone creams. Seborrheic dermatitis is a medical condition, but it can be helped in the salon with the application of non-fatty skin care products designed for sensitive skin. Severe cases should be referred to a dermatologist, who will often prescribe topical antifungal medications.

094) The study of the "functions" of the human body is known as: 

A) Anatomy

B) Histology

C) Physiology

D) Pathology

PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology (fiz-ih-OL-oh-jee) is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures. The ending -ology means study of.

Physiology (/ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/; Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation. Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.

095) The study of the "structures" of human body that can be seen with the naked eye is known as:

A) Anatomy

B) Histology

C) Physiology

D) Pathology

ANATOMY

Anatomy (ah-NAT-ah-mee) is the study of the human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; it is the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of living things including their systems, organs, and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, their locations and their relationships with other parts. Anatomy is quite distinct from physiology and biochemistry which deals with the functions of those parts. For example, an anatomist is concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and enervation of an organ such as the liver while a physiologist will be interested in the production of bile and the role of the liver in nutrition and regulating body functions

096) The study of structures of the human body, that can not be seen with the naked eye is known as: 

A) Anatomy

B) Histology

C) Physiology

D) Pathology

HISTOLOGY

Histology (his-TAHl-uh-jee), also known as microscopic anatomy (mi-kroh-SKAHp-ik ah-NAT-ah-mee), is the study of tiny structures found in living tissues. 

Histology (compound of the Greek words: ἱστός "tissue", and -λογία -logia) is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals.

097) Often referred to as "Microscopic Anatomy":

A) Anatomy

B) Histology

C) Physiology

D) Pathology

HISTOLOGY

Histology (his-TAHl-uh-jee), also known as microscopic anatomy (mi-kroh-SKAHp-ik ah-NAT-ah-mee), is the study of tiny structures found in living tissues. 

Histology (compound of the Greek words: ἱστός "tissue", and -λογία -logia) is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals.

098) Before tweezing the brows, apply a/an ___________to open the pores:

A) Mild Alkaline cleanser

B) Mild astringent

C) Mild Acid cleanser

D) None of the above

099) What is the purpose of applying a non-irritating antiseptic after tweezing: 

A) Kills Bacteria

B) Contracts the skin/pores

C) Helps prevent infection

D) B and C

100) Before tweezing the brows, you should apply: 

A) An acid product to open the pores

B) A mild alkaline product to close the pores

C) A Mild acid to close the pores

D) A Mild alkaline product to open the pores

101) Immediately after tweezing the brows, alcohol is often applied because: 

A) It is acid and will close the pores

B) It is alkaline and will close the pores

C) It is acid and will open the pores

D) It is alkaline and will open the pores

102) What stage of hair growth is know as the "Growth Active Stage" 

A) Anagen

B) Halogen

C) Catagen

D)Telagen

Anagen

Anagen,Catagen, Telagen

Hair growth occurs in cycles. Each complete cycle has three phases that are repeated over and over again throughout life. The three phases are anagen, catagen, and telogen

 During the anagen phase (AN-uh-jen _ FAYZ), also known as growth phase, new hair is produced. New cells are actively manufactured in the hair follicle. During this phase, hair cells are produced faster than any other normal cell in the human body. The average growth of healthy scalp hair is about ½ (0.5) inch (1.25 centimeters) per month. The rate of growth varies on different parts of the body, between sexes, and with age. Scalp hair grows faster on women than on men. Scalp hair grows rapidly between the ages of 15 and 30, but slows down sharply after the age of 50. About 90 percent of scalp hair is growing in the Anagen phase at any time. The anagen phase generally lasts from three to five years, but in some cases, it can last as long as 10 years. The longer the anagen cycle is, the longer the hair is able to grow. This is why some people can only grow their hair down to their shoulders, while others can grow it down to the floor!

The catagen phase (KAT-uh-jen _ FAYZ) is the brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle. It signals the end of the anagen phase. During the catagen phase, the follicle canal shrinks and detaches from the dermal papilla. The hair bulb disappears and the shrunken root end forms a rounded club. Less than one percent of scalp hair is in the catagen phase at any time. The catagen phase is very short, lasting from one to two weeks.

  The telogen phase (TEL-uh-jen _ FAYZ), also known as resting phase, is the final phase in the hair cycle and lasts until the fully grown hair is shed. The hair is either shed during the telogen phase or remains in place until the next anagen phase, when the new hair growing in pushes it out. About 10 percent of scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any one time. The telogen phase lasts for approximately three to six months. As soon as the telogen phase ends, the hair returns to the anagen phase and begins the entire cycle again. On average, the entire growth cycle repeats itself once every four to five years

103) If two or more products can not be mixed together they are said to be: 

A) Miscible

B) Immiscible

C) Amphoteric

D) Nitrazenes

 Immiscible

Immiscible (im-IS-uh-bul) liquids are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions. Water and oil are examples of immiscible liquids. These substances can be mixed together, but they will separate when left sitting still. When immiscible liquids are combined, they form suspensions

104) The stage of growth in which hair if falling out referred to as: 

A) Anagen/Growth

B) Catagen/Transitional

C) Telagen/Resting

D) All of the above

                                             ???

The hair is either shed during the telogen phase or remains in place until the next anagen phase, when the new hair 

The telogen phase (TEL-uh-jen FAYZ), also known as resting phase, is the final phase in the hair cycle and lasts until the fully grown hair is shed. The hair is either shed during the telogen phase or remains in place until the next anagen phase, when the new hair growing in pushes it out. About 10 percent of scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any one time. The telogen phase lasts for approximately three to six months. As soon as the telogen phase ends, the hair returns to the anagen phase and begins the entire cycle again. On average, the entire growth cycle repeats itself once every four to five years

 The catagen phase (KAT-uh-jen FAYZ) is the brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle. It signals the end of the anagen phase. During the catagen phase, the follicle canal shrinks and detaches from the dermal papilla. The hair bulb disappears and the shrunken root end forms a rounded club. Less than one percent of scalp hair is in the catagen phase at any time. The catagen phase is very short, lasting from one to two weeks.

During the anagen phase (AN-uh-jen FAYZ), also known as growth phase, new hair is produced. New cells are actively manufactured in the hair follicle. During this phase, hair cells are produced faster than any other normal cell in the human body. The average growth of healthy scalp hair is about ½ (0.5) inch (1.25 centimeters) per month. The rate of growth varies on different parts of the body, between sexes, and with age. Scalp hair grows faster on women than on men. Scalp hair grows rapidly between the ages of 15 and 30, but slows down sharply after the age of 50.

 About 90 percent of scalp hair is growing in the anagen phase at any time. The anagen phase generally lasts from three to five years, but in some cases, it can last as long as 10 years. The longer the anagen cycle is, the longer the hair is able to grow. This is why some people can only grow their hair down to their shoulders, while others can grow it down to the floor

Milady 2012 pg. 227-228

105) Noticeable thin, white nail plates, much more flexible than normal: 

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Eggshell nails

[image]

EGGSHELL NAILS

hap•a•lo•nych•i•a (hap'ă-lō-nik'ē-ă), Thinning of nails resulting in bending and breaking of the free edge, with longitudinal fissures

106) Visible depressions across the width of the nail, often the result of illness:

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Eggshell nails

[image]

 BEAU'S LINES

Beau's line (bz) n. Transverse depressions on the fingernails occurring after trauma such as severe febrile disease, malnutrition, or coronary occlusion

107) Condition where the skin around the nail bed splits, usually caused by dry skin: 

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Eggshell nails

[image]

AGNAIL

ag•nail (gnl) n. 1. A hangnail. 2. A painful sore or swelling around a fingernail or toenail

108) Agnail is best treated with:

A) Pumice powder

B) Weekly manicures

 C) Hot oil manicures

D) Visit to a physician

[image]

HOT OIL MANICURES

AGNAIL..........ag•nail (gnl) n. 1. A hangnail. 2. A painful sore or swelling around a fingernail or toenail

109) White spots on the nail-usually the result of injury or trauma to the nail: 

A) Leucoderma

B) Beaus Lines  

C) Leuconychia

D) Psudomonas Aeroginosa

[image]

Leukonychia spots (loo-koh-NIK-ee-ah _ SPATS), also known as white spots, are whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by minor injury to the nail matrix. They are not a symptom of any vitamin or mineral deficiency. It is a myth that these result from calcium or zinc deficiency. They appear frequently in the nails but do not indicate disease. As the nail continues to grow, the white spots eventually disappear 

110) Yellow / green spots on the nail-the result of a bacterial infection. 

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Psudomonas Aeroginosa

[image]

PSUDOMONAS AEROGINOSA

In the past, discolorations of the nail plate (especially those between the plate and nail enhancements) were incorrectly referred to as molds. This term should not be used when referring to infections of the fingernails or toenails. The discoloration is usually a bacterial infection such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of several common bacteria that can cause a nail infection, or Staphylococcus aureus. These naturally occurring skin bacteria can grow rapidly to cause an infection if conditions are correct for growth

111) Part of the nail assembly rich with blood vessels & nerve endings: 

A) Nail Plate

B) Nail Bed

C) Nail body

D) Free edge

[image]

NAIL BED

The nail bed is the portion of living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge. Because it is richly supplied with blood vessels, the nail bed has a pinkish appearance from the lunula to the area just before the free edge of the nail. The nail bed contains many nerves, and is attached to the nail plate by a thin layer of tissue called the bed epithelium (BED _  ep-ih-THEE-lee-um). The bed epithelium helps guide the nail plate along the nail bed as it grows

112) Ringworm of the nail, usually indicated by either long yellow streaks within the nail plate itself, or whitish patches on the nail body:

A) Tinea

B) Tinea Pedis

C) Tinea Manus

D) Tinea Ungium

[image]

TINEA UNGIUM

Onychomycosis (also known as "dermatophytic onychomycosis," or "tinea unguium" means fungal infection of the nail. It is the most common disease of the nails and constitutes about a half of all nail abnormalities. This condition may affect toenails or fingernails, but toenail infections are particularly common. The prevalence of onychomycosis is about 6–8% in the adult population.

Onychomycosis (ahn-ih-koh-my-KOH-sis) is a fungal infection of the natural nail plate. A common form is whitish patches that can be scraped off the surface of the nail. Another common form of this infection shows long whitish or pale yellowish streaks within the nail plate. A third common form causes the free edge of the nail to crumble and may even affect the entire plate. These types of infection often invade the free edge of the nail and spread toward the matrix.

113) Congenital hypo-pigmentation, or absence of melanin pigment in the body; including the hair, skin, and eyes:

A) Vitiligo

B) Leukoderma

C) Lentigines

D) Albinism

ALBINISM

Albinism (AL-bi-niz-em) is congenital hypopigmentation, or absence of melanin pigment in the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes. Hair is silky white. The skin is pinkish white and will not tan. The eyes are pink, and the skin is sensitive to light and ages early.

114) A hereditary condition that causes hypo-pigmented spots and blotches on the skin that may be related to thyroid conditions: 

A) Vitiligo

B) Leukoderma

C) Lentigines

D) Albinism

[image]

115) Type of bacteria that lives on dead matter and does not produce disease:

A) Parasites/Pathogenic Bacteria

B) Saprophytes/non-pathogenic

C) Fungi

D) MRSA/Methicillin Resistant Staphyloccus Aureus

SAPROPHYTES / NONPATHOGENIC

sap·ro·phyte (spr-ft) n. An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium that grows on and derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter. 

Parasites: Parasites are organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism (referred to as a host), while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism. They must have a host to survive. Parasites can live on or inside of humans and animals. They also can be found in food, on plants and trees, and in water. Humans can acquire internal parasites by eating fish or meat that has not been properly cooked. External parasites that affect humans on or in the skin include ticks, fleas, and mites. Head lice are a type of parasite responsible for contagious diseases and conditions (Figure 5–9). One condition caused by an infestation of head lice is called pediculosis capitis (puh-dik-yuh-LOH-sis KAP-ih-tus). Scabies (SKAY-beez) is also a contagious skin disease and is caused by the itch mite, which burrows under the skin contagious diseases, such as ringworm

There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria that fall into two primary types: 

pathogenic and nonpathogenic.

nonpathogenic (non-path-uh-JEN-ik); in other words, they are harmless organisms that may perform useful functions. They are safe to come in contact with since they do not cause disease or harm. For example, nonpathogenic bacteria are used to make yogurt, cheese, and some medicines. In the human body, nonpathogenic bacteria help the body break down food and protect against infection. They also stimulate the immune system.

Pathogenic (path-uh-JEN-ik) bacteria are harmful microorganisms that can cause disease or infection in humans when they invade the body. Salons and schools must maintain strict standards for cleaning and disinfecting at all times to prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms.

116) Type of bacteria that lives on live matter and does produce disease: 

A) Parasites / Pathogenic Bacteria

B) Saprophytes / non-pathogenic

C) Fungi

D) MRSA/Methicillin Resistant Staphyloccus Aureus

PARASITES / PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Parasites: Parasites are organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism (referred to as a host), while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism. They must have a host to survive. Parasites can live on or inside of humans and animals. They also can be found in food, on plants and trees, and in water. Humans can acquire internal parasites by eating fish or meat that has not been properly cooked. External parasites that affect humans on or in the skin include ticks, fleas, and mites. Head lice are a type of parasite responsible for contagious diseases and conditions (Figure 5–9). One condition caused by an infestation of head lice is called pediculosis capitis (puh-dik-yuh-LOH-sis KAP-ih-tus). Scabies (SKAY-beez) is also a contagious skin disease and is caused by the itch mite, which burrows under the skin contagious diseases, such as ringworm

sap·ro·phyte (spr-ft) n. An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium that grows on and derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter. 

There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria that fall into two primary types: 

pathogenic and nonpathogenic.

Pathogenic (path-uh-JEN-ik) bacteria are harmful microorganisms that can cause disease or infection in humans when they invade the body. Salons and schools must maintain strict standards for cleaning and disinfecting at all times to prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms.

nonpathogenic (non-path-uh-JEN-ik); in other words, they are harmless organisms that may perform useful functions. They are safe to come in contact with since they do not cause disease or harm. For example, nonpathogenic bacteria are used to make yogurt, cheese, and some medicines. In the human body, nonpathogenic bacteria help the body break down food and protect against infection. They also stimulate the immune system.

117) A type of infectious staph bacteria highly resistant to conventional treatments such as antibiotics: 

A) Parasites/Pathogenic Bacteria

B) Saprophytes/non-pathogenic

C) Fungi

D) MRSA/Methicillin Resistant Staphyloccus Aureus

MRSA/METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCCUS AUREUS

(MRSA) 

(METH-eh-sill-en _ ree-ZIST-ent _ staf-uh-loh-KOK-us _ OR-ee-us) is  type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics  called beta-lactams. These antibiotics include methicillin and other more common antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. In the community, most MRSA infections are skin infections. Staph is responsible for food poisoning and a wide Range of diseases, including toxic shock syndrome. Some types of infectious staph bacteria are highly resistant to conventional treatments such as antibiotics. An example is the staph infection called methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (METH-eh-sill-en _ ree-ZIST-ent _ staf-uh-loh-KOK _ us OR-ee-us). Historically, MRSA occurred most frequently among persons with weakened immune systems or among people who had undergone medical procedures. Today, it has become more common in otherwise healthy people. Clients who appear completely healthy may bring this organism into the salon where it can infect others. Some people carry the bacteria and are not even aware of their infection, but the people they infect may show more obvious symptoms. MRSA initially appears as a skin infection, such as pimples, rashes, and boils that can be difficult to cure. Without proper treatment, the infection becomes systemic and can have devastating consequences that can result in death.

118) Pus forming bacteria that causes abscesses, pustules, and boils they grow like clusters of grapes: 

A) Streptococci

B) Staphylococci

C) Bacilli

D) Diplococci

[image]

STAPHYLOCICCI

 Staphylococci (staf-uh-loh-KOK-sy) are pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like bunches of grapes. They cause abscesses, pustules, and boils . Some types of staphylococci (or staph as many call it) may not cause infections in healthy humans.

119) Emulsions are held together by the addition of: 

A) Binders

B) Gums

C) Emulsifiers

D) all of the above

Binders, Gums, Emulsifiers

Emulsion* A blend of two liquid where one forms tiny droplets which are evenly dispersed in the other. It is not strictly a mixture, because the two liquids do not actually mix. The technical term for combinations of this kind is a colloid*. 

  An emulsion (ee-MUL-shun) is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier. An emulsifier (ee-MUL-suh-fy-ur) is an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend. Emulsions are considered to be a special type of suspension because they can separate, but the separation usually happens very slowly over a long period of time. An example of an emulsion is hand lotion.

What Is A Mixture? 

1. Mixtures- two or more things combine physically 

    in no specific proportions. They just mix. 

2. A mixture is not chemically combined. 

3. Mixtures can be separated by physical means such as filtration, distillation, and chromatography 

4. Mixtures can be divided into two groups 

         A. Homogenous mixtures 

         B. Heterogeneous mixtures 

1. Hydrogen is an element. 

2. Oxygen is an element. 

3. When hydrogen and oxygen bond they make the compound water.

4. When salt and water are combined, a mixture is created. 

    Compounds in mixtures retain their individual properties. 

What Is a Homogenous Mixture? 

1. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that is evenly distributed- THE SAME THROUGHOUT 

2. Homogeneous mixtures called solutions or colloids. 

   A. Solution = Solute + Solvent 

    I. Solute: substance being dissolved 

    II. Solvent: substance doing the dissolving 

3. The solvent is present in greater quantity 

4. The solute is present in the lesser quantity 

   A. Ex: Salt water ➜ Salt = solute Water = solvent 

Solutions - Homogeneous Mixture

1. A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another.

2. The size of the solute in a solution ion, atom or molecular, so solutions never settle –they always still mixed. 

3. Solutions never settle and solutions never show the Tyndal effect. 

Colloid – Homogeneous Mixture

1. In a colloid the particles are mixed together but not dissolved. 

2. The particles are microscopic size so they are kept permanently suspended. 

3. A colloid will not separate upon standing. 

4. The particles are constantly colliding, and this allows a colloid to scatter light – thus colloids often seem cloudy. 

Colloids and the Tyndal Effect 

The microscopic particles of a colloid reflect the light that passes through it so you see the “beam of light” 

–it’s called the Tyndal Effect 

Heterogeneous Mixture - Suspension 

1. Suspension – the solute is unevenly distributed, has to be shaken or stirred to get a uniformity in it. 

2. Examples 

A. Paint 

B. Chex Mix: You may find a different number of pretzels or Chex cereal in each handful; therefore, the mixture is unevenly distributed 

C. Italian Salad dressing 

D. Chocolate Milk 

Hold Emulsions together

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide (a complex form of sugar). It is added to certain foods, such as salad dressings, to make them thicker. It is also added to cosmetics to keep the ingredients from separating. To make xanthan gum, workers deliberately add a kind of bacterium, Xanthomonas campestris, to glucose or sucrose. They let the mixture ferment for a while, and then add isopropyl alcohol to separate the polysaccharide from the mixture. They dry the polysaccharide, grind it into a powder, then add it to a liquid. The xanthan gum is then ready to use Gum arabic's mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins gives it the properties of a glue and binder which is edible by humans. Other substances have replaced it in situations where their toxicity is not an issue, as the proportions of the various chemicals in gum arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable. Still, it remains an important ingredient in soft drink syrups, "hard" gummy candies such as gumdrops, marshmallows, M&M's chocolate candies, and edible glitter, a very popular, modern cake-decorating staple. For artists, it is the traditional binder used in watercolor paint, in photography for gum printing, and it is used as a binder in pyrotechnic compositions. Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics also use the gum as a binder, emulsifying agent and a suspending or viscosity increasing agent.[1] Gum arabic has been used in the past as a wine fining agent

120) What is the least common skin type: 

A) Normal

B) Dry

C) Oily

D) Combination

121) What is the MOST common skin type:

A) Normal

B) Dry

C) Oily

D) Combination

122) What is the color of the Tesla Current that should be used on Acneac skin: 

A) Green

B) Orange

C) Violet

D) Blue

VIOLET

The Tesla high-frequency current (TES-luh _ Hy-FREE-kwen-see _ KuR-ent) also known as violet ray, is a thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration that is commonly used for scalp and facial treatments. Tesla current does not produce muscle contractions, and the effects can be either stimulating or soothing, depending on the method of application. The electrodes are made from either glass or metal, and only one electrode is used to perform a service The benefits of the Tesla high-frequency current are:

• Stimulates blood circulation

 • increases elimination and absorption

• increases skin metabolism

• improves germicidal action

• Relieves skin congestion 

As you learn more about facials and treatments, you will become familiar with the term contraindication, a condition that requires avoiding certain treatments, procedures, or products to prevent undesirable side effects.

123) Tesla Current is often referred to as: 

A) Actinic Ray

B) Blue Ray

C) Violet Ray

D) Cold Ray

Violet Ray 

The Tesla high-frequency current (TES-luh _ Hy-FREE-kwen-see _ kuR-ent) also known as violet ray, is a thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration that is commonly used for scalp and facial treatments. Tesla current does not produce muscle contractions, and the effects can be either stimulating or soothing, depending on the method of application. The electrodes are made from either glass or metal, and only one electrode is used to perform a service. The benefits of the Tesla high-frequency current are:

• Stimulates blood circulation

• increases elimination and absorption

• Increases skin metabolism

• improves germicidal action

• Relieves skin congestion  

As you learn more about facials and treatments, you will become familiar with the term contraindication, a condition that requires avoiding certain treatments, procedures, or products to prevent undesirable side effects.

124) The largest artery of the human body: 

A) Carotid

B) Jugular

C) Vagus

D) Aorta

AORTA

The largest artery in the body is the aorta (ay-ORT-h).

Arteries (AR-tuh-rees). Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles. 

125) In a process known as____________, the Sebaceous Glands produce Sebum/oil to lubricate the skin; thus keeping it soft and pliable: 

A) Secretion

B) Excretion

C) protection

D) Absortion

SECRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. these are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

126) In the process known as _____________, the Sudoriferous Glands produce H2O; the water loss through perspiration takes salt and other chemicals with it and helps regulate body temperature:

 A) Absorption

B) Secretion

C) Excretion

D) Protection

EXCRETION

The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin. The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _  KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

127) The term "Alopecia" refers to: 

A) Athletes Feet

B) Excessive sweating

C) Lice

D) Baldness/hair-loss

BALDNESS/HAIR-LOSS

ALOPECIA  Abnormal hair loss is called alopecia (al-oh-PEE-shah). The three most common types of abnormal hair loss are androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, and postpartum alopecia.

128) Alopecia resulting from constant tension on the hair (ex: extensions): 

A) Post-partum

B) Traction

C) Androgenic

D) Areata

TRACTION

Traction alopecia.....This condition is particularly prevalent among African-American women and children. It begins with scalp irritation and excessive flakiness, and eventually leads to hair loss, particularly around the hairline. Wearing excessively tight braids (tight enough to pull the hair or impede circulation to the scalp) over a prolonged period of time can lead to permanent hair loss. Keep in mind that while braids are beautiful, they must be without excessive tension to avoid long-term follicle damage.

129) This type of Alopecia often occures after the completion of a pregnancy:

A) Post-partum

B) Traction

C) Androgenic

D) Areata

POST-PARTUM

Postpartum alopecia (POHST-pahr-tum al-oh-PEE-shah) is temporary hair loss experienced at the end of a pregnancy. For some women, pregnancy seems to disrupt the normal growth cycle of hair. There is very little normal hair loss during pregnancy, but then there is sudden and excessive shedding from three to nine months after delivery. Although this is usually very traumatic to the new mother, the growth cycle generally returns to normal within one year after the baby is delivered

130) Genetic type of Alopecia most often occurring in men:

A) Post-partum

B) Traction

C) Androgenic

D) Senilis

ANDROGENIC

Androgenic alopecia (an-druh-JEN-ik _ al-oh-PEE-shah), also known as androgenetic alopecia (an-druh-je-NETik  _ al-oh-PEE-shah), is hair loss that is characterized by miniaturization of  terminal hair that is converted into vellus hair. It is usually the result of genetics, age, or hormonal changes that cause terminal hair to  miniaturize (In men, androgenic alopecia is known as male pattern baldness and usually progresses to the familiar horseshoe-shaped fringe of hair. In women it shows up as generalized thinning over the entire crown area. Androgenic alopecia affects millions of men and women in the United States.

131) Type of Alopecia with unknown causes, thought to be genetic, and usually resulting in total hair loss over the entire body: 

A) Androgenic

B) Senilis

C) Universalis

D) Totalis

UNIVERSALIS

Alopecia areata (al-oh-PEE-shah _air-ee-AH-tah) is an autoimmune disorder that causes the affected hair follicles to be mistakenly attacked by a person’s own immune system. White blood cells stop the hair growth during the anagen phase. It is a highly unpredictable skin disease that affects an estimated 5 million people in the United States alone. This hair disorder usually begins with one or more small, round, smooth bald patches on the scalp and can progress to total scalp hair loss, known as alopecia totalis (al-oh-PEE-shah _  toh-TAHL-us), or complete body hair loss, called alopecia universalis            (al-oh-PEE-shah _ yoo-nih-vur-SAA-lis). Alopecia areata occurs in males and females of all ages, races, and ethnic backgrounds and most often begins in childhood. The scalp usually shows no obvious signs of inflammation, skin disorder, or disease.

132) Body scrubs are contra-indicated for facial used because: 

A) They are too costly

B) Their abrasive base is to smooth

C) They are rough & abrasive

D) They are rough,abrasive, and the particles are too large

133) Cellular division is referred to as_________, the new cells are known as____________: 

A)  Mitosis, daughter cells

B) Asexual reproduction, Langershans Cells

C) Desquamation

D) Mitosis,Langershans Cells

MITOSIS, DAUGHTER CELLS

Cells have the ability to reproduce, thus providing new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones. Mitosis          (my-TOH-sis) is the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells. Two small structures near the nucleus called centrioles (SEN-tree-olz) move to each side during the mitosis process to help divide the cell. As long as conditions are favorable, the cell will grow and reproduce. Favorable conditions include an adequate supply of food, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures; and the ability to eliminate waste products. If conditions become unfavorable, the cell will become impaired or may die. Unfavorable conditions include toxins (poisons), disease, and injury

134) When waxing, in what direction should the wax be applied: 

A) In the direction of hair-growth

B) Opposite the direction of the hair growth

C) With hard wax it does not matter, with soft wax it should be applied in the direction of hair-growth

D) With soft wax it does not matter, with hard wax it should be applied in the direction of hair growth

IN THE DIRECTION OF HAIR GROWS

135) When waxing, the material removal strip should be applied: 

A) In the direction of hair-growth

B) Opposite the direction of the hair growth

C) With hard wax it does not matter, with soft wax it should be applied in the direction of hair-growth

D) With soft wax it does not matter, with hard wax it should be applied in the direction of hair growth

136) When waxing, in what direction should the material strips be removed: 

A) In the direction of hair-growth

B) Opposite the direction of the hair growth

C) With hard wax it does not matter, with soft wax it should be applied in the direction of hair-growth

D) With soft wax it does not matter, with hard wax it should be applied in the direction of hair growth

137) When tweezing, in what direction should the hair/s be removed: 

A) In the direction of hair-growth

B) Opposite the direction of the hair growth

C) Parrallel to the skin and in the direction of the hair growth

D) Perpendicular to the skin and in the direction of hair-growth

138) Any substance, although usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for the temporary removal of superfluous body hair by dissolving it at the surface level of the skin: 

A) Epilation

B) Depilation

C) Depilatory

D) All of the above

DEPILITORY

A depilatory is a substance, usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for the temporary removal of sudperfluous hair by dissolving it at the skin’s surface. It contains detergents to strip the sebum from the hair and adhesives to hold the chemicals to the hair shaft for the five to ten minutes necessary to remove the hair. During the application time, the hair expands and the disulfide bonds break. Finally, such chemicals as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, thioglycolic acid, or calcium thioglycolate destroy the disulfide bonds. These chemicals turn the hair into a soft, jelly-like mass that can be scraped from the skin. Although depilatories are not commonly used in salons, you should be familiar with them in the event that your clients have used them.

139) Anything used to remove the hair from the bottom of the hair follicle: 

A) Epilation

B) Depilation

C) Depilatory

D) Epilators

EPILATORS

An epilator removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle. Wax is a commonly used epilator, applied in either hot or cold form as recommended by the manufacturer. Both products are made primarily of resins and beeswax. Cold wax is somewhat thicker and does not require fabric strips for removal. Because waxing removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle, the hair takes longer to grow back. The time between waxings is generally four to six weeks.

140) Depilation is a process used to: 

A) Remove the hair from below the surface of the skin

B) Remove the hair from the surface of the skin

C) Remove the hair the bottom of the follicle

REMOVE THE HAIR FROM THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN 

A depilatory is a substance, usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for the temporary removal of sudperfluous hair by dissolving it at the skin’s surface. it contains detergents to strip the sebum from the hair and adhesives to hold the chemicals to the hair shaft for the five to ten minutes necessary to remove the hair. During the application time, the hair expands and the disulfide bonds break. Finally, such chemicals as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, thioglycolic acid, or calcium  thioglycolate destroy the disulfide bonds. These chemicals turn the hair into a soft, jelly-like mass that can be scraped from the skin. Although depilatories are not commonly used in salons, you should be familiar with them in the event that your clients have used them

141) Epilation is a process used to:  

A) Remove the hair from below the surface of the skin

B) Remove the hair from the surface of the skin

C) Remove the hair from the bottom of the follicle

D) Both A and C are correct

REMOVE THE HAIR FROM BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN

REMOVE THE HAIR FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE FOLLICLE

EPILATORS

An epilator removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle. Wax is a commonly used epilator, applied in either hot or cold form as recommended by the manufacturer. Both products are made primarily of resins and beeswax. Cold wax is somewhat thicker and does not require fabric strips for removal. Because waxing removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle, the hair takes longer to grow back. The time between waxings is generally four to six weeks.

142) Shaving is an example of: 

A) Epilation

B) Depilation

C) Epilator

D) None of the above

DEPILATION

dep·i·late (dp-lt) tr.v. dep·i·lat·ed, dep·i·lat·ing, dep·i·lates To remove hair from (the body).

143) Examples of epilation includes: 

A) Waxing

B) Tweezing

C) Sugaring

D) All of the above

Waxing -Tweezing- Sugaring

EPILATORS

An epilator removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle. Wax is a commonly used epilator, applied in either hot or cold form as recommended by the manufacturer. Both products are made primarily of resins and beeswax. Cold wax is somewhat thicker and does not require fabric strips for removal. Because waxing removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle, the hair takes longer to grow back. The time between waxings is generally four to six weeks.

Sugaring is another temporary hair removal method that involves the use of a thick, sugar-based paste and is especially appropriate for more sensitive skin types. Sugaring is becoming more popular and produces the same results as hot or cold wax. One advantage with sugaring is the hair can be removed even if it is only ⅛-inch long. Removing the residue from the skin is simple, as it dissolves with warm water

.

144) The process used to soften & emulsify greasy deposits (oil) and comedones in the hair follicle: 

A) Dr. Jacquet Movement

B) Desquamation

C) Desincrustation

D) Iontophotesis

[image]

Desincrustation

(des-inkrus-TAy-shun) is a form of anaphoresis and is a process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles. Desincrustation is frequently used to treat acne, Milia (small, white crust-like pimples), and comedones (blackheads and whiteheads).

145) The thin bones located at the front of the inner wall of the orbits: 

A) Zygomatic

B) Radious

C) Lacrimal

D) Ulna

[image]

LACRIMAL

The lacrimal bone, the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders.

146) As a general rule with extensions, stay _____________away from the sides, nape,part, and front hairline: 

A) 1/2 inch 

B) 1 inch 

C) 2.5 centimeters 

D) B and C

147) Colors comprised of primarily red are considered: 

A) Pure

B) Primary

C) Warm

D) Cool

[image]

WARM

Warm tones can look lighter than their actual level. These tones are golden, orange, red, and yellow. Some haircolors use words such as auburn, amber, copper, strawberry, and bronze, which may be a better way to discuss and describe haircolor with the client. Cool tones can look deeper than their actual level. These tones are blue, green, and violet. Some describe cool tones as smoke or ash to the client. Natural tones are warm tones and are described as sandy or tan. 

RED, BLUE, AND YELLOW

Primary colors are Pure or fundamental colors (red, yellow, and blue) that cannot be created by combining other colors. All colors are created from these three primaries. Colors with a predominance of blue are cool colors, where as colors with a predominance of red and/or yellow are warm colors Blue is the strongest of the primary colors and is the only cool primary color. In addition to coolness, blue can also bring depth or darkness to and color. Red is the medium primary color. Adding red to blue-based colors will make them appear lighter; adding red to yellow colors will cause them to appear darker. Yellow is the weakest of the primary colors. When you add yellow to other colors, the resulting color will look lighter and brighter. When all three primary colors are present in equal proportions, the resulting color is brown. It is helpful to think of hair color in terms of different combinations of primary colors. Natural brown, for example, has the primary colors in the following proportions: blue-B, red-RR, and yellow-yyy. Black and white can’t be made by mixing colors together. They get excluded from basic color theory. White can be used to lighten a color. Black can be used to deepen a color. 

148) A "U" shaped bone found in the throat: 

A) Lacrimal

B) Hyoid

C) Patella

D) Talus

[image]

Hyoid bone (Hy-oyd BOHN). u-shaded bone at the base of the  tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles. The larynx (lar-inks), commonly called the "voice box," is a tube shaped structure comprised of a complex system of muscle, cartilage, and connective tissue. The larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone, which is significant in that it is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone. The framework of the larynx is composed of three unpaired and three paired cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the unpaired cartilages, and resembles a shield in shape. The most anterior portion of this cartilage is very prominent in some men, and is commonly referred to as an "Adam's apple."

149) Name given a skin sore or abrasion produced by scraping or scratching: 

A) Fissure

B) Excoriation

C) Cictrix

D) Ulcer

EXCORIATION

excoriation /ex·co·ri·a·tion/ (eks-ko″re-a´shun) any superficial loss of substance, as that produced on the skin by scratching.

150) This is the technical term for boil; it is an acute, localized, staphylococci bacterial infection, of the hair follicle, it is limited to specific area, causes constant pain, and produces pustule: 

A) Wheal

B) Favos Vulgaris

C) Carbuncle

D) Furuncle

[image]

FURUNCLE

 A furuncle (FYOO-rung-kul) is the technical term for a boil, an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain. It is limited to a specific area and produces a pustule perforated by a hair.

• A carbuncle (KAHR-bung-kul) is an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci. It is similar to a furuncle but is larger. A boil, also known as a furuncle is a skin abscess, a painful bump that forms under the skin - it is full of puss. A carbuncle is collection of boils that develop under the skin. When bacteria infect hair follicles they can swell up and turn into boils. Such abscesses respond to hot packs and lancing, rather than antibiotics, experts say. Antibiotics may be used if the infection spreads into a deeper layer of skin. A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.[1] Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles.[2] Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus

151) Similar to a ___________but larger, a________________is an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by the staphylococci bacteria: 

A) Vesicle,Wheal

B) Furuncle, Favosa Vulgaris

C) Furuncle, Caruncle

D) Caruncle, Furuncle

FURUNCLE,CARUNCLE

A furuncle (FYOO-rung-kul) is the technical term for a boil, an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain. It is limited to a specific area and produces a pustule perforated by a hair.

• A carbuncle (KAHR-bung-kul) is an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci. It is similar to a furuncle but is larger. A boil, also known as a furuncle is a skin abscess, a painful bump that forms under the skin - it is full of puss. A carbuncle is collection of boils that develop under the skin. When bacteria infect hair follicles they can swell up and turn into boils. Such abscesses respond to hot packs and lancing, rather than antibiotics, experts say. Antibiotics may be used if the infection spreads into a deeper layer of skin. A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.[1] Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles.[2] Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus

152) A protein that makes human skin thick and healthy: 

A) Fiboblast

B) Elastin

C) Collagen

D) Spiny Cells

COLLAGEN

Collagen (KAHL-uh-jen) is a fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength. This fiber makes up a large percentage of the dermis and provides structural support by holding together all the structures found in this layer. When collagen fibers are healthy, they allow the skin to stretch and contract as needed. If collagen fibers become weakened due to age, lack of moisture, environmental damage such as UV light or frequent changes in weight, the skin will begin to lose its tone and suppleness. Wrinkles and sagging are often the result of collagen fibers losing their strength

153) level of decontamination you should use on hands prior to meeting a client: 

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

C) Disinfection

D) Sterilization

SANITATION

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:

STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

SANITATION

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

Disinfection 

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment

STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons.

154) A contagious animal parasite often called the "itch Mite":   

A) Tinea

B) Pediculosis

C) Scabies

D) Langerhans Cells

SCABIES

Scabies (SKAY-beez) is also a contagious skin disease and is caused by the itch mite, which burrows under the skin. Contagious diseases and conditions caused by parasites should only be treated by a doctor. 

155) A highly contagious animal parasite often called lice: 

A) Sabies

B) Tine Prdis

C) Pediculosis

D) Langerhans Cells

[image]

156) A highly contagious animal parasite often called "Ringworm":

A) Scabies

B) Lice

C) Pediculosis

D) Tinea

TINEA

Tinea (TIN-ee-uh) is the technical term for ringworm. It is characterized by itching, scales, and, sometimes, painful circular lesions. Several patches may be present at one time. Tinea is caused by a fungal organism and not a parasite, as the old-fashioned term ringworm seems to suggest. All forms of tinea are contagious and can be easily transmitted from one person to another. Infected skin scales or hairs that contain the fungi are known to spread the disease. Bathtubs, swimming pools, and uncleaned personal articles are also sources of transmission. Practicing approved cleaning and disinfection procedures will help prevent the spread of this disease in the salon.

157) When Ringworm appears on the feet, it is refered to as:

A) Athletes feet

B) Tinea Capitis

C)  Tinea Pedis

D)A and C

[image]

TINEA PEDIS

Athletes feet

Tinea pedis (TIN-ee-uh PED-us) is the medical term for fungal infections of the feet. These infections can occur on the bottoms of the feet and often appear as a red itchy rash in the spaces between the toes, most often between the fourth and fifth toe. There is sometimes a small degree of scaling of the skin. Clients with this condition should be advised to wash their feet every day and dry them completely. This will make it difficult for the infection to live or grow. Advise clients to wear cotton socks and change them at least twice per day. They should also avoid wearing the same pair of shoes each day, since shoes can take up to twenty-four hours to completely dry. Over-the-counter antifungal powders can help keep feet dry and may help speed healing.

"Athletes Foot, Jock Itch and Ringworm". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2012-07-25. "Ringworm is a skin rash caused by a fungus; it is not caused by a worm. (Fungus is a plant-like structure.) Health care providers call ringworm "tinea." "Athlete's foot" (tinea pedis) and "jock itch" (tinea cruris) are types of ringworm."

158) The skin / tissue under the free edge of the nail: 

A) Perionychia 

B) Hyponychia / Hyponychium 

C) Epionychia / Epionychium 

D) Pteryhium

[image]

                                  HYPONYCHIA/HYPONYCHIUM

The hyponychium (hy-poh-NIK-eeum) is the slightly thickened layer of skin that lies between the fingertip and the free edge of the natural nail plate. It forms a protective barrier that prevents microorganisms from invading and infecting the nail bed.

159) Forward growth of the cuticle, the result of poor circulation / dehydration: 

A) Paronchia 

B) Hyponychia / Hyponychium 

A) Agnail 

D) Pterygium

[image]

PTERYGUIM

Nail Pteryguim (teh-RIJ-ee-um) is an abnormal condition that occurs when the skin is stretched by the nail plate. This disorder is usually caused by serious injury, such as burns, or an adverse skin reaction to chemical nail enhancement products. The terms cuticle and pterygium do not designate the same thing, and they should never be used interchangeably. Nail pterygium is abnormal and is caused by damage to the eponychium or hyponychium. Do not treat nail pterygium and never push the extension of skin back with an instrument. Doing so will cause more injury to the tissues and will make the condition worse. The gentle massage of conditioning oils or creams into the affected area may be beneficial. If this condition becomes irritated, painful, or shows signs of infection, recommend that the client see a physician for examination and proper treatment

160) Skin / tissue surrounding the nail on three sides: 

A) Perionychia / Perionychium

B) Hyponychis / Hypoponychium

C) Pterygium

D) Paronychia / Paronychium

[image]

PERIONYCHIA / PERIONYCHIUM

the epidermis forming the border around a fingernail or toenail

161) Infection of the skin / tissue surrounding the nail on three sides:

A)  Perionychia / Perionychium 

B) Hyponychis / Hypoponychium 

C) Pterygium 

D) Paronychia / Paronychium

[image]

Paronychia 

Paronychia (payr-uh-NIK-ee-uh) is a bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail . Redness, pus, and swelling are usually seen in the skin fold adjacent to the nail plate. Individuals who work with their hands in water, such as dishwashers and bartenders, or who must wash their hands continually, such as health-care workers and food processors, are more susceptible because their hands are often very dry or chapped from excessive exposure to water, detergents, and harsh soaps. This makes them much more likely to develop infections.

162) Refers to "nail-biting" or "bitten nails":

A) Onychoposis

B) Onychocryptosis

C) Onychophagy

D) Onychophosis

[image]

Onychophagy

(ahn-ih-koh-FAY-jee), also known as bitten nails, is the result of a habit of chewing the nail or the hardened, damaged skin surrounding the nail plate. Advise clients that frequent manicures and care of the hardened eponychium can often help them overcome this habit, at the same time improving the health and appearance of the hands. Sometimes, the application of nail enhancements can beautify deformed nails and discourage the client from biting the nails. However, the bitten, damaged skin should not be treated by a cosmetologist. If the skin is broken or infected, no services can be provided until the area is healed.

163) Often the result of cutting the corners of the nail too short, or the wearing of overly tight shoes-commonly referred to as ingrown nail:

A) Onychoposis

B) Onychocryptosis

C) Onychophagy

D) Onychophosis

[image]

ONYCHOCRYPTOSIS

Onychocryptosis (ahn-ih-koh-krip-TOH-sis), also known as ingrown nails, can affect either the fingers or toes  In this condition, the nail grows into the sides of the living tissue around thenail. The movements of walking can press the soft tissues up against the nail plate, contributing to the problem. If the tissue around the nail plate is not infected, or if the nail is not imbedded in the flesh, you can carefully trim the corner of the nail in a curved shape to relieve the pressure on the nail groove. However, if there is any redness, pain, swelling, or irritation, you may not provide any services. Cosmetologists are not allowed to service ingrown nails. Refer the client to a physician.

164) This is the lowest level of decontamination:

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

C) Disinfection

D) Sterilization

SANITATION

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:

STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

SANITATION

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

Disinfection 

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment

STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons.

165)  This is the highest level of decontamination:

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

C) Disinfection

D) Sterilization

Sterilization

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:

STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

STERILIZATION

 Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

Disinfection 

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment 

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons.

166) This is the level of decontamination required in medical settings:

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

C) Disinfection

D) Sterilization

Sterilization

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:

STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

STERILIZATION 

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

Disinfection 

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment 

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons.

167) This is the level of decontamination required in salons / spa: 

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

C) Disinfection

D) Sterilization

DISINFECTION

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:

STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

Disinfection  

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment 

STERILIZATION 

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons.

168) This is the level of decontamination required to destroy bacterial spores: 

A) Antiseptic

B) Sanitation

C) Disinfection

D) Sterilization

STERILIZATION

From the highest to lowest, the levels of Decontamination are:

STERLIZATION...DISINFECTION...SANITATION

STERILIZATION 

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons

also known as sanitizing; a chemical process of reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to a safe level

1. To eliminate contamination in. 

2. To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.

 Disinfection  

is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment 

Decontamination Method 1 has two steps: cleaning and disinfecting. Remember that when you clean, you must remove all visible dirt and debris from tools, implements, and equipment by washing with liquid soap and warm water and by using a clean and disinfected nail brush to scrub any grooved or hinged portions of the item. A surface is properly cleaned when the number of contaminants on the surface is greatly reduced. In turn, this reduces the risk of infection. The vast majority of contaminants and pathogens can be removed from the surfaces of tools and implements through proper cleaning. This is why cleaning is an important part of disinfecting tools and equipment. A surface must be properly cleaned before it can be properly disinfected. Using a disinfectant without cleaning first is like using mouthwash without brushing your teeth—it just does not work properly! Cleaned surfaces can still harbor small amounts of pathogens, but the presence of fewer pathogens means infections are less likely to be spread. Putting antiseptics on your skin or washing your hands with soap and water will drastically lower the number of pathogens on your hands. However, it does not clean them properly. The proper cleaning of the hands requires rubbing hands together and using liquid soap, warm running water, a nail brush, and a clean towel. Do not underestimate the importance of proper cleaning and hand washing. They are the most powerful and important ways to prevent the spread of infection.

There are three ways to clean your tools or implements:

• Washing with soap and warm water, then scrubbing them with  a clean and properly disinfected nail brush. 

• Using an ultrasonic unit.

• Using a cleaning solvent (e.g., on metal bits for electric files).

The second step of Decontamination Method 1 is disinfection. Remember that disinfection is the process that eliminates most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. This process is not effective against bacterial spores. In the salon setting, disinfection is extremely effective in controlling microorganisms on surfaces such as shears, nippers, and other multiuse tools and equipment. Remember that disinfectants are products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces. Disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails. All disinfectants clearly state on the label that you should avoid skin contact. This means avoid contact with your skin as well as the client’s. Do not put your fingers directly into any disinfecting solution.  If you mix a disinfectant in a container that is not labeled by the manufacturer, the container must be properly labeled with the contents and the date it was mixed. All concentrated disinfectants must be diluted exactly as instructed by the manufacturer on the container’s label. 

Decontamination Method 2 also has two steps: cleaning and sterilizing. The word sterilize is often used incorrectly. Sterilization is the Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons. Most people without medical training do not understand how to use an autoclave. For example, dirty implements cannot be properly sterilized without first being properly STERILIZATION

Sterilization is the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores. The most effective methods of sterilization use high-pressure steam equipment called autoclaves. Simply exposing instruments to steam is not enough. To be effective against disease-causing pathogens, the steam must be pressurized in an autoclave so that the steam penetrates the spore coats of the spore-forming bacteria. Dry heat forms of sterilization are less efficient and require longer times at higher temperatures. Dry heat sterilization is not recommended for use in salons.

169) This is the most pathogenic bacteria, it is Rod Shaped:

A) Cocci

B) Spirilla

C) Bacilli

D) Diplococci

[image]

BACILLI

Bacilli (bah-SIL-ee) are short rod-shaped bacteria. They are the most  common bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw) typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria

Bacilli  refers to a taxonomic class of bacteria. It includes two orders, Bacillales and Lactobacillales, which contain several well-known pathogens like Bacillus anthracis. (the cause of anthrax)

170) The type of pathogenic bacteria causing pneumonia:

A) Bacilli

B) Diplococci

C) Cocci

D) Spirilla

[image]

Diplococci

Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia.

Any of various encapsulated bacteria (as Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia) that usually occur in pairs and that were formerly grouped in a single taxon (genus Diplococcus) but are now all assigned to other general

A diplococcus (plural diplococci) is a round bacterium (a coccus) that typically occurs in the form of two joined cells. Examples are gram-negative Neisseria sp., and gram-positiveStreptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp..

 Its name comes from diplo, meaning double, and coccus, meaning berry

171) Spiral shaped pathogenic bacteria, causes syphilis:

A) Staphlococci

B) Streptocicci

C) Bacilli

D) Spirilla

[image]

SPIRILLA

Spirilla (spy-RIL-ah) are spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria. They are subdivided into subgroups, such as treponema papillida, which causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease  (STD), and borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease 

Spirillum in microbiology refers to a bacterium with a cell body that twists like a spiral. It is the third distinct bacterial cell shape type besides coccus and bacillus cells Syphilis, rat bite fever, and Sodoku are just three diseases that Spirilla bacteria can cause. Usually, the diseases that this bacterium causes are considerably serious

172) Pathogenic bacteria with a round shape: 

A) Cocci

B) Diplococci

C) Streptococci

D) Staphlococci

[image]

COCCI

 Cocci (KOK-sy) are round-shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups

Coccus (plural cocci or coccuses) can be used to describe any bacterium that has a spherical shape. It is one of the three distinct types of bacteria shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirillum (spiral-shaped) cells. Coccus is an English loanword of aNeolatin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun kokkos (κόκκος) meaning "berry"

173) Watts measure electrical current usasge per:

A) Second

B) Minute

C) Cycle

D) None of the above

PER SECOND

A watt (WAHT), abbreviated W, is a unit that measures how much electric energy is being used in one second. A 40-watt light bulb uses 40 watts of energy per second.

174) The most common skin cancer is referred to as:

A) Basal Cell Carcinoma

B) Squamous Cell Carcinoma

C) Malignant Melanoma

D) Erthema Carcinoma

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing form of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two major groups: Nonmelanoma and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer.

175) The least dangerous skin cancer is referred to as:

A) Basal Cell Carcinoma

B) Squamous Cell Carinoma

C) Malignant Melanoma

D) Erthema Carcinoma

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing form of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two major groups: Nonmelanoma and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer.

176) The most dangerous and least common skin cancer is referred to as:

A) Basal Cell Carinoma

B) Squamous Cell Carinoma

C) Malignant Melanoma

D) Erthema Carinoma

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer. Malignant means that the cells are positive for cancer. Therefore, malignant melanoma means your cells are positive for cancer.

177) Type of pin curl that will create minimum / least volume in a set:

A) Half Stem

B) On Base

C) No Stem

D) Full Stem

[image]

Full Stem 

 The full-stem curl allows for the greatest mobility. The curl is placed completely off the base. The base may be a square, triangular, half-moon, or rectangular section, depending on the area of the head in which the full-stem curls are used. It gives as much freedom as the length of the stem will permit. If it is exaggerated, the hair near the scalp will be flat and almost straight. It is used to give the hair a strong, definite direction

178) Type of bacteria that may appear alone (singular) or in pairs: 

A) Bacilla

B) Diplococci

C) Cocci

D) Sprilla

[image]

COCCI

 Cocci (KOK-sy) are round-shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups

Coccus (plural cocci or coccuses) can be used to describe any bacterium that has a spherical shape. It is one of the three distinct types of bacteria shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirillum (spiral-shaped) cells. Coccus is an English loanword of aNeolatin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun kokkos (κόκκος) meaning "berry"

179) The process used to soften and emulsify greasy (oil) and comedones (blackheads) in the hair follicle/s:

A) Extractions

B) Disquamation

C) Gommage

D) Disincrustation

[image]

Desincrustation

(des-inkrus-TAy-shun) is a form of anaphoresis and is a process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles. Desincrustation is frequently used to treat acne, milia (small, white cRust-like pimples), and comedones (blackheads and whiteheads

180) The tecnical term for dandruff is:

A) Pityriasis

B) Pityriasis Capitis Simplex

C) Pityriasis Steatoids

D) Pityriasis versicolor

PITYRIASIS

Pityriasis (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus) is the technical term for dandruff, which is characterized by the excessive production and accumulation of skin cells. Instead of the normal, one-at-a-time shedding of tiny individual skin cells, dandruff is the shedding of an accumulation of large visible clumps of skin cells. Although the cause of dandruff has been debated for over 150 years, current research confirms that dandruff is the result of a fungus called malassezia (mal-uh-SEEZ-ee-uh). Malassezia is a naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin but causes the symptoms of dandruff when it grows out of control. Some individuals are also more susceptible to malassezia’s irritating effects. Factors such as stress, age, hormones, and poor hygiene can cause the fungus to multiply and dandruff symptoms to worsen.

 Pityriasis capitis simplex (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus _  KAP-ih-tis _  SIM-pleks) is the technical term for classic dandruff that is characterized by scalp irritation, large flakes, and an itchy scalp. The scales may attach to the scalp in masses, scatter loosely in the hair, or fall to the shoulders. Regular use of antidandruff shampoos, conditioners, and topical  lotions are the best treatment.

 Pityriasis steatoides (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus _ stee-uh-TOY-deez) is a more severe case of dandruff characterized by an accumulation of greasy or waxy scales, mixed with sebum, that stick to the scalp in crusts. 

181) Greasy / Waxy dandruff is known as:

A) Pityriasis

B) Pityriasis Capitis Simplex

C) Pityriasis Steatoidsis

D) Pityriasis Versicolor

Pityriasis Steatoidsis

Pityriasis steatoides (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus _ stee-uh-TOY-deez) is a more severe case of dandruff characterized by an accumulation of greasy or waxy scales, mixed with sebum, that stick to the scalp in crusts. 

Pityriasis (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus) is the technical term for dandruff, which is characterized by the excessive production and accumulation of skin cells. Instead of the normal, one-at-a-time shedding of tiny individual skin cells, dandruff is the shedding of an accumulation of large visible clumps of skin cells. Although the cause of dandruff has been debated for over 150 years, current research confirms that dandruff is the result of a fungus called malassezia (mal-uh-SEEZ-ee-uh). Malassezia is a naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin but causes the symptoms of dandruff when it grows out of control. Some individuals are also more susceptible to malassezia’s irritating effects. Factors such as stress, age, hormones, and poor hygiene can cause the fungus to multiply and dandruff symptoms to worsen.

 Pityriasis capitis simplex                                                            (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus _  KAP-ih-tis _  SIM-pleks) is the technical term for classic dandruff that is characterized by scalp irritation, large flakes, and an itchy scalp. The scales may attach to the scalp in masses, scatter loosely in the hair, or fall to the shoulders. Regular use of antidandruff shampoos, conditioners, and topical  lotions are the best treatment.

182) Dry / Flaky dandruff is known as:

A) Pityriasis

B) Pityriasis Capitis Simplex

C) Pityriasis Steatoidsis

D) Pityriasis Versicolor

Pityriasis capitis simplex 

 (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus _ KAP-ih-tis _  SIM-pleks) is the technical term for classic dandruff that is characterized by scalp irritation, large flakes, and an itchy scalp. The scales may attach to the scalp in masses, scatter loosely in the hair, or fall to the shoulders. Regular use of antidandruff shampoos, conditioners, and topical lotions are the best treatment. 

Pityriasis (pit-ih-RY-uh-sus) is the technical term for dandruff, which is characterized by the excessive production and accumulation of skin cells. Instead of the normal, one-at-a-time shedding of tiny individual skin cells, dandruff is the shedding of an accumulation of large visible clumps of skin cells. Although the cause of dandruff has been debated for over 150 years, current research confirms that dandruff is the result of a fungus called malassezia (mal-uh-SEEZ-ee-uh). Malassezia is a naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin but causes the symptoms of dandruff when it grows out of control. Some individuals are also more susceptible to malassezia’s irritating effects. Factors such as stress, age, hormones, and poor hygiene can cause the fungus to multiply and dandruff symptoms to worsen. 

  Pityriasis steatoides 

(pit-ih-RY-uh-sus stee-uh-TOY-deez) is a more severe case of dandruff characterized by an accumulation of greasy or waxy scales, mixed with sebum, that stick to the scalp in crusts. 

183) Prior to perming / chemically relaxing the hair, perform a/an:

A) Elasticity Test

B) Match Test

C) Strand Test

D) Porosity test

Elasticity test and porosity test

Perform an analysis of the hair and scalp. Perform tests for  porosity and elasticity. Remember, this procedure requires that the hair and scalp be completely dry.

184) To help predict the outcome of a hair-color, prior to coloring a client's hair, the stylist should perform this test:

A) P.D. Test

B) Match Test

C) Strand Test

D) Porosity Test

185) To test the hair's ability to absorb moisture (including waving lotion, relaxer, hair color, and all other liquids), preform a /an _______________ Test: 

A) Elasticity Test

B) Match Test

C) Strand Test

D) Porosity Test

POROSITY TEST

Hair porosity is the ability of the hair to absorb moisture. The degree of porosity is directly related to the condition of the cuticle layer. Healthy hair with a compact cuticle layer is naturally resistant to being penetrated by moisture and is referred to as hydrophobic (hy-druh-FOHB-ik). Porous hair has a raised cuticle layer that easily absorbs moisture and is called hydrophilic (hy-druh-FIL-ik).Hair with low porosity is considered resistant. Chemical services performed on hair with low porosity require a more alkaline solution than those on hair with high porosity. Alkaline solutions raise the cuticle and permit uniform saturation and processing on resistant hair.

Hair with average porosity is considered to be normal hair. Chemical services performed on this type of hair will usually process as expected, according to the texture.

186) Test used to determine client's possible allergic reation to hair color:

A) P.D. Test

B) Match Test

C) Strand Test

D) Porosity Test

P.D TEST

When working with haircolor, you must determine whether your clients have and allergies or sensitivities to the mixture. To identify an allergy in a client, the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires that a patch test be given twenty-four to forty-eight hours prior to each application of an aniline haircolor. A patch test, also known as predisposition test, is a test for identifying a possible allergy in a client. The color used for the match test must be the same as the color that will be used for the haircolor service

187) Another term for "Alkaline" on the 

PH Scale is: 

A) Base

B) Acid

C) Alkali

D) A and C

BASE AND ALKALI

A pH scale is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance. It has a range of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is a neutral solution, a pH below 7 indicates an acidic solution, and a pH above 7 indicates an alkaline solution 

All alkalis (AL-kuh-lyz), also known as bases, owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion. Alkalis are compounds that react with acids to form salts. Alkalis have a pH above 7.0. They feel slippery and soapy on the skin. Alkalis soften and swell hair, skin, the cuticle on the nail plate, and calloused skin.

Sodium hydroxide, commonly known as lye, is a very strong alkali used in chemical hair relaxers, callous softeners, and drain cleaners. These products must be used according to manufacturer’s instructions, and it is very important that you do not let the products touch or sit on the skin as they may cause injury to or a burning sensation on the skin. Sodium hydroxide products may be especially dangerous if they get into the eyes, so always wear safety glasses to avoid eye contact.

All acids owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion. Acids have a pH below 7.0. Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) (al-FAH HY-drok-see AS-udz), derived from plants (mostly fruit), are examples of acids often used in salons to exfoliate the skin and to help adjust the pH of a lotion or cream. Acids contract and harden hair. One such acid is thioglycolic acid (thy-oh-GLY-kuh-lik AS-ud), a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

188) One row of Pin-Curls going clockwise and an adjacent row of Pin-Curls going counter clockwise:

A) Ridge Curls

B) Cascade Curls

C) Double Curls

D) Skip Waves

[image]

SKIP WAVES

  Skip waves are two rows of ridge curls, usually on the side of the head. Skip waves create a strong wave pattern with well-defined lines between the waves. This technique represents a combination of finger waving and pin curls 

189) A row of Pin-Curls going in one direction next to a row of Pin-Curls going opposite direction:

A) Ridge Curls

B) Cascade Curls

C) Double Curls

D) Skip Waves

[image]

SKIP WAVES

Skip waves are two rows of ridge curls, usually on the side of the head. Skip waves create a strong wave pattern with well-defined lines between the waves. This technique represents a combination of finger waving and pin curls 

190) This tecnique represents a combination of finger-waves and Pin-curls:

A) Skip Waves

B) Ridge Curls

C) Cascade Waves

D) C-Shaping

[image]

RIDGE CURL

Ridge curls are pin curls placed immediately behind or below a ridge to form a wave 

191) Two rows of Ridge curls on the side of the head: 

A) Ridge Curls

B) Cascade Curls

C) Doulble Curls

D) Skip Waves

[image]

SKIP WAVES

 Skip waves are two rows of ridge curls, usually on the side of the head. Skip waves create a strong wave pattern with well-defined lines between the waves. This technique represents a combination of finger waving and pin curls 

192) Often referred to as the "foundation of hair styling"

A) Skip Waves

B) Ridge Curls

C) Wet Set

D) Finger Waves 

FINGER WAVES

193) Type if Pin-Curl base used to avoid splits, especially at the hairline: 

A) Triangle

B) Square

C) Rectangular

D) Cresent

[image]

TRIANGLE BASE

Triangular base pin curls are recommended along the front or facial hairline to prevent breaks or splits in the finished hairstyle. The triangular base allows a portion of the hair from each curl to overlap the next, and this style can be combed into a wave without splits

194) Another name for the "Stem" of the Pin-Curl is the:

A) Indention

B) Arc

C) Circle

D) Both B and C

ARC 

The Arc / stem is the section of the pin curl between the base and first arc (turn) of the circle that gives the curl its direction and movement, the hair between the scalp and the first turn of the roller

195) Which part of the Pin-Curl is found between the base and the first turn:

A) indentation

B) Arc / Stem

C) Circle

D) Both B and C

[image]

ARC / STEM

The stem is the section of the pin curl between the base and first arc (turn) of the circle that gives the curl its direction and movement, the hair between the scalp and the first turn of the roller.

196) Pin-Curls are not recomemended for this type of hair: 

A) Curly

B) Straight

C) Overly Curly

D) Wavy

OVERLY CURLY

197) Which of the following is NOT "part" of a Pin-Curl: 

A) Stem

B) Base

C) indentation

D) Circle

INDENTATION