Term
| Functions of the circulatory system |
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Definition
Transport: O2, Co2, nutrients, wastes hormones, and stem cells
Protection: Limit spread of infection, clotting, inflammation
Regulation: Fluid balance, pH, temperature control |
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Term
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Definition
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Serum is identical to plasma except for the absence of which protein?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Nitrogenous wastes
C) Platelets
D) Glucose
E) Allbumin |
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Definition
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Term
| Three major plasma proteins |
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Definition
| Albumins, Globulins (antibodies), Fibrinogen |
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Term
| Which plasma protein contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure flow, and fluid balance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which plasma protein is not formed by the liver but produced by plasma cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whole blood is __ to __ times as viscous as water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma is __ times a viscous as water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which condition occurs when osmolarity is too low? |
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Definition
| Edema (swelling of tissues) |
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Term
| A condition caused by deficiency of plasma proteins and leads to extreme starvation, liver/kidney disease, and severe burns. |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition caused by severe protein deficiency and leads to swollen abdomen. |
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Definition
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Term
| In an adult, how many platelets, RBC, and WBC are produced everyday? |
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Definition
400 billion platelets
100-200 billion RBC
10 billion WBC |
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Term
| True or False? RBC do not use oxygen to transport oxygen through the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| True; Anaerobic fermentation |
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Term
| Which protein makes up 33% of the cytoplasm and delivers oxygen to tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the enzyme found in red blood cells that produces carbonic acid from co2 and water. (Hint: plays an important role in gas transport and pH balance). |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the structure of hemoglobin:
A) 4 globin chains and 1 heme group
B) 1 globin chain and 1 heme group
C) 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups
D) 2 globin chains and 2 heme groups |
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Definition
| C) 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups |
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Term
| An adult HB molecule contains of two ___ and two ___ chains. |
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Definition
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Term
| A fetal Hb molecule contains of two ___ and two ___ chains. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen. |
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Definition
RBC count
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin |
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Term
| What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of erythrocyte production (from least differentiated to most differentiated)? |
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Definition
Stem cell
Colony-forming unit
Erythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte |
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Term
| What factors stimulate the production of red blood cells? |
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Definition
Low levels of O2 (hypoxemia)
High altitude
Increase exercise
Emphysema (loss of lung tissue) |
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Term
| Explain a mechanism whereby hypoxemia can be corrected. |
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Definition
| Hypoxemia is detected by the kidneys and liver, resulting in the secretion of erythropoietin. |
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Term
| ___ is the rupture of red blood cells. |
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Definition
Hemolysis
hemo = blood, lysis = destruction |
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Term
| Iron is critical for the synthesis of ___, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the steps of hemostasis. |
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Definition
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood coagulation (clotting) |
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Term
| Describe the function of an antibody. |
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Definition
| To bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction. |
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Term
| Name the component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Organize the sequence of events that lead to disposal of the heme during RBC recycling: |
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Definition
1. Macrophages remove the iron
2. Macrophages convert the heme into biliverdin
3. A yellow-green pigment called bilirubin is formed. |
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Term
| List some risks associated with polycythemia. |
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Definition
1. High blood pressure
2. Increased blood volume
3. Increased blood viscosity |
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Term
| True or False? Erythrocytes live for about 120 days, thus they live longer than the other formed elements of the blood. |
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Definition
| False; some leukocytes live for many years. |
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Term
| Basophils release ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are the granulocytes that function to phagocytize bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the first response to a blood vessel injury. |
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Definition
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Term
| When collagen in the wall of a blood vessel is exposed as a result of injury, ___ grow long, spiny pseudopods, which adhere to the vessel and draw its walls back together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called ___ hemopoiesis |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not found in plasma?
A) Glycogen
B) Fibrinogen
C) Glucose
D) Urea
E) Albumin |
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Definition
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Term
| In which organs do most red blood cells die? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic non-protein moiety of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| The correction of hypoxemia is regulated by which mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| A deficiency of ___ can cause pernicious anemia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood type is determined by ___ and ___ on the surface of the cell. |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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Term
| An individual has type B+ blood. Therefore, the individual has ___ antigens and can produce ___ anti-bodies. |
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Definition
| B and D antigens; A antibodies |
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Term
| What are some causes of anemia? |
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Definition
| Inadequate erythropoisis or hemoglobin synthesis, iron-deficiency, kidney failure, bleeding, and RBC destruction |
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Term
| What is the least abundant formed element? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most abundant agranulocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC antigens are also called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies are also called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each antibody can attach to several foreign antigens on several different RBCs at the same time. This is called: |
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Definition
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Term
A transfusion reaction can cause death of the individual because:
A) Opportunistic infections may develop
B) The production of plasma proteins increases, altering kidney function
C) The binding sites for oxygen in hemoglobin is exposed
D) Free hemoglobin can block the kidney tubules and cause death from acute renal failure |
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Definition
| D) Free hemoglobin can block the kidney tubules and cause death from acute renal failure |
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Term
| White blood cells that increase in number during an allergic reaction or in response to a parasitic infections are the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The white blood cells that are important in producing antibodies are the: |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organ releases the majority of the plasma proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| During a viral infection you would expect to see increased numbers of: |
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Definition
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Term
Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood clotting are the:
A) Albumins
B) Fibrinogens
C) Lipoproteins
D) Metalloproteins
e) Immunoglobulins |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? An Rh- woman with an Rh+ fetus may not experience any problems during her first pregnancy. |
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Definition
| True! It is during the second pregnancy that the mother would have formed Anti-D antibodies that would attack the fetus. |
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Term
| True or False? Platelets secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis to repair blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Platelets phagocytize and destroy bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelets secrete ___ or clotting factors to promote clotting. |
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Definition
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Term
Platelets do not secrete which of the following?
a) procoagulants (clotting factors).
b) thrombopoietin.
c) growth factors.
d) vasoconstrictors.
e) chemicals that attract neutrophils. |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelets are formed from cells in the bone marrow called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelets release ___, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the platelet repellent that prevents the spontaneous formation of a clot? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A. |
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Definition
| False! When an antigen is present on the RBC, then the opposite antibody is present in the plasma. For instance, type A blood has anti-type-B antibodies. Type B blood has anti-type-A antibodies. Type AB blood has no antibodies in the plasma, and type O blood has both anti-type-A and anti-type-B antibodies in the plasma. |
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Term
| True or False? Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. |
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Definition
| False! When an Rh- mother is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus, then the mother forms antibodies that can travel through the placenta and cause a disease called hemolytic disease of the newborn. |
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Term
| Type A blood can safely donate RBCs to ___ and receive RBCs of type ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The main reason why an individual AB, Rh-negative cannot donate blood to an individual A, Rh+ is because: |
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Definition
| Anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate the RBCs of the donor. |
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Term
| A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type ___ and both children are most likely ___. |
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Definition
| A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors found in blood begin cascade (platelet degranulation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which white blood cells are developed from myeloblasts? |
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Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basonphils |
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Term
| True or False? Lymphocytes can live in the blood for decades. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Broken vessel exposes collagen
2. Platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessel and other platelets
3. Pseudopods contract
4. Platelets degraulate, releasing substances (Serotonin, ADP, Thromboxane) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
The term "formed elements" refers to:
A) The non-cellular components of blood
B) The cellular components of blood
C) The matrix of blood
D) Both non-cellular and cellular components of blood |
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Definition
| B) The cellular components of blood |
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Term
| Individuals heterozygous for sickle cell anemia have higher resistance against what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which condition is caused by a recessive allele that modifies the structure of Hb (makes HbS)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest of the formed elements is this white blood cell: |
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Definition
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Term
Vascular spasm is triggered by all but which of the following?
A) Pain receptor stimulation
B) Injury to smooth muscle of vessel
C) Serotonin released from platelets
D) Growth factors secreted by platelets |
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Definition
| D) Growth factors secreted by platelets |
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Term
Which cell stage in the formation of erythrocytes has lots its nucleus and yet retains a fine network of endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Reticulocyte
B) Erythroblast
C) Proerythroblast
D) Normoblast |
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Definition
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Term
Ferrous iron travels in the plasma bound to the protein:
A) Gastroferritin
B) Transferrin
C) Apoferritin
D) Ferrin |
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Definition
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Term
| Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many oxygen molecules bound to its heme group? |
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Definition
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Term
Anemia can be caused by all of the following except:
A) Nutritional deficiency of vitamin B12 or iron
B) Failure of gastric production of intrinsic factor
C) Kidney failure
D) Hypoxemia from smoking or air polution |
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Definition
| D) Hypoxemia from smoking or air pollution |
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Term
Hemolysis yields heme. After removal of iron, the remainder of the heme is first converted to:
A) Bilirubin
B) Hemoglobin
C) Biliverdin
D) Urobilinogen
E) Bilee |
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Definition
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Term
Antibody B is present in the blood plasma of individuals with which blood types?
A) Types A and O
B) Type B
C) Types B and A
D) Types B and O |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
A) Lymphoytes: dark purple cytoplasmic granules
B) Eosinophils: red cytoplasmic granules
C) Neutrophils: nucleus divided into two or five lobes
D) Monocytes: large blood cells with round or kidney-shaped nucleus |
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Definition
| A) Lymphocytes: dark purple cytoplasmic granules |
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Term
What percent of the WBCs are monocytes in a healthy individual?
A) 25-33%
B) Less than 1%
C) 65%
D) 3-8% |
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Definition
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Term
Most strokes and heart attacks are due to abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. This process is called:
A) Embolus
B) Thrombosis
C) Cirrhosis
D) Thrombus |
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Definition
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Term
If all the molecules of hemoglobin contained in RBCs were free in the plasma,
a) it would considerably increase blood oxygen carrying capacity.
b) it would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues supplied by small capillaries.
c) it would facilitate oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries.
d) it would significantly increase blood osmolarity.
e) it would drastically increase osmotic colloid pressure. |
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Definition
| d) it would significantly increase blood osmolarity |
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Term
All these can lead to polycythemia except
a) cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow.
b) iron deficiency.
c) dehydration.
d) emphysema.
e) excessive aerobic exercise. |
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Definition
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Term
Most of the procoagulants that are required for clotting are synthesized by:
a) The liver.
b) The kidneys.
c) Megakaryocytes.
d) Platelets.
e) The spleen |
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Definition
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Term
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the:
a) Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
b) Release of heparin from the liver.
c) Activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen.
d) Release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.
e) Sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. |
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Definition
| d) Release of tissue factor by damaged epithelium |
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Term
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the:
a) Release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.
b) Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
c) Release of heparin from the liver.
d) Sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.
e) Activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen. |
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Definition
| e) Activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen |
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Term
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the:
a) Sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.
b) Activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen.
c) Activating of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin.
d) Activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
e) Release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium |
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Definition
| c) Activating of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin |
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Term
A hematocrit provides information on:
a) Plasma composition.
b) Clotting factors.
c) Packed cell volume.
d) Blood type.
e) The types of leukocytes |
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Definition
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Term
In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the:
a) Spleen.
b) Liver.
c) Red bone marrow.
d) Yellow bone marrow.
e) Thymus. |
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Definition
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Term
| List ways that the body uses iron. |
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Definition
1. The muscles use Fe2+ to make myoglobin.
2. The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis.
3. Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria. |
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Term
| List some functions of proteins in plasma. |
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Definition
1. Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones.
2. Body defense.
3. Clotting. |
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Term
How many leukocytes are found in a normal sample of blood?
A) 15,000-20,000 WBCs/microliter
B) 25,000-30,000 WBCs/microliter
C) 5,000-10,000 WBCs/microliter
D) 1,000-4,000 WBCs/microliter |
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Definition
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Term
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein. List its functions (choose 3):
A) pH buffering of plasma
B) Maintenance of osmolarity
C) Immune defense
D) Primary source of energy
E) Solute transport |
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Definition
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Term
| What could cause hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
1. Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria
2. Snake and spider venom
3. Penicilin allergy |
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Term
| What could cause aplastic anemia? |
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Definition
| Iron or vitamin B deficiency |
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Term
| An excess of red blood cells is called ___. |
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Definition
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|
Term
List some consequences of anemia (Choose 3):
A) Hypoxia
B) Decreased blood viscosity
C) Decreased blood pH
D) Decreased blood osmolarity |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the role of plasma cells:
A) Produce all plasma proteins
B) Transport nutrients
C) Phagocytize parasites
D) Produce gamma globulins |
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Definition
| D) Produce gamma globulins |
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Term
| Blood agglutinates when anti-A and anti-B antiserum are added to a slide. What blood type does this person have? |
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Definition
AB
Since type-AB blood has both A and B antigens, it will be agglutinated by the anti-A and the anti-B antibodies in the serum. |
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