Term
|
Definition
| two upper atria, two lower ventricals |
|
|
Term
| muscle layers of the heart |
|
Definition
| Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atriovetricular, semilunar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first heart sound (S1), referred to as lub, the ventricles contract during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the mitral and tricuspid valves close |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The second heart sound (S2), called dub,
ventricular relaxation or |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caused by the closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bundle of His is made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bundle of his is located where the atrial and ventricular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart innervated by _ fibers of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| found primarily in the SA and AV nodes and the atrial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation results in |
|
Definition
| increased heart rate, increased speed of conduction through the AV node, and more forceful contractions |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation results |
|
Definition
| in slowing of heart rate, slowing of conduction through the AV node, and decreased strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
| Contraction and relaxation of the heart make up one heartbeat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of blood (in liters) ejected per minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect stroke volume: |
|
Definition
| preload, contractility, and afterload |
|
|
Term
| Myocardial tissue routinely needs _ of the oxygen delivered to it by the coronary arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms related to cardiac disorders include |
|
Definition
| fatigue, edema, palpitations, dyspnea, and pain |
|
|
Term
| cholesterol intake should be limited to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| foods with trans-fatty acids should be limited to less than |
|
Definition
| 1% of total daily calories |
|
|
Term
| Sodium restriction of _ is recommended if the patient has fluid retention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal thickening, hardening, loss of elasticity of arterial walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Form of arteriosclerosis; inflammatory disease that begins with endothelial injury and progresses to the complicated lesion seen in advanced stages of the disease process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Unstable plaque |
|
|
Term
| Branches grow from existing arteries; provide increased blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of cause and risk factors of HF |
|
Definition
| disorders that increase workload of the heart, disordres that interfere with heart's pumping ability |
|
|
Term
| cardiac and circulatory adjustment that maintain or restore CO to or near normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right sided heart failure |
|
Definition
> R V pressure
> R atrial pressure
Fluid accumulates in systemic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
> L V End Diastolic pressure
> L atrial pressure
> pulmonary pressure
Pulmonary Edema (Excess fluid in tissues) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anxious, pale, tachycardic, lowering BP, crackles, wheezes dyspnea, cough, S3 and S4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased central venous pressure, JVD, abdominal engorgement, vomiting, dependent edema, fatigue, weight gain, decreased urinary output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac, glycosides, ace inhibitors, inotropic agents, beta-adrenergic blockers, diuretics, vasodilators, morphine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dysrhythmias, Pulmonary edema, Renal Failure, Cardiogenic Shock |
|
|
Term
| Disease of heart muscle that leads to HF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three types of Cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive |
|
|
Term
| dilation of the ventricle and severely impaired systolic function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LV hypertrophies and thickening of ventricular septum |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| the myocardium becomes rigid and noncompliant |
|
Definition
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| s&s of dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| gradual onset, dyspnea, fatigue, L sided failure, mitral regurgitation, S3 and S4 heart sounds |
|
|
Term
| s&s of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| Slow progression of symptoms, dyspnea, orthopnea, angina, fatigue, syncope, palpitations, ankle edema, and S4 |
|
|
Term
| s&s of restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| Exercise intolerance, dyspnea, fatigue, right sided failure, S3 and S4, mitral regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| positive inotropic drugs, nitrates and diuretics, ace inhibitors and vasodilators, anticoagulatns, heart transplant if meds fail |
|
|
Term
| positive inotropic drugs for dilated cardiomyopathy improve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrates and diuretics for dilated cardiomyopathy decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ace inhibitors and vasodilators for dilated cardiomyopath decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anticoagulants for dilated cardiomyopathy prevent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surgery cor hypertropic cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| myomectomy, ventriculomyomectomy, mitral valve replacement, implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
|
|
Term
| medications for hypertropic cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| antidysrhythmics, antibiotis, anticoagulatns, Ca++ blockers and beta blockers |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment for restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| similar to CHF, heart transplant may be considered |
|
|
Term
| complications of cardiomyopathies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of transplant rejection |
|
Definition
| Increased temp, infection, dyspnea, malaise, fatigue, dysrhythmia |
|
|
Term
| transplant rejection is monitored by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbial infections primarily affect valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infective endocarditis should be treated prophylactally before |
|
Definition
| dental or invasive procedures |
|
|
Term
| s&s of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| fevers, chills, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, low-high grade temp 99-102, chills and night sweats, chest/abodominal pain |
|
|
Term
| complications of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| heart failure and embolization |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of pericardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory process causes increase in the amount of pericardial fluid and inflammation of surrounding tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clear or cloudy fluid accumulates in pericardial space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scarring occurs in some types of pericarditis and causes loss _ thereby preventing adequate _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found primarily in the SA and AV nodes and the atrial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation results in |
|
Definition
| increased heart rate, increased speed of conduction through the AV node, and more forceful contractions |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation results |
|
Definition
| in slowing of heart rate, slowing of conduction through the AV node, and decreased strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
| Contraction and relaxation of the heart make up one heartbeat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of blood (in liters) ejected per minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect stroke volume: |
|
Definition
| preload, contractility, and afterload |
|
|
Term
| Myocardial tissue routinely needs _ of the oxygen delivered to it by the coronary arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms related to cardiac disorders include |
|
Definition
| fatigue, edema, palpitations, dyspnea, and pain |
|
|
Term
| cholesterol intake should be limited to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| foods with trans-fatty acids should be limited to less than |
|
Definition
| 1% of total daily calories |
|
|
Term
| Sodium restriction of _ is recommended if the patient has fluid retention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hallmark symptoms of pericarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sharp, stabbing, dull or burning pain most severe on inspiration, dyspnea, chills, fever, pericardial rub, possible effuseion |
|
|
Term
| pain r/t pericarditis may be relived by |
|
Definition
| sitting up or leaning forward |
|
|
Term
| complications of pericarditis |
|
Definition
| Pericardial effusion or accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, may lead to cardiac tamponade |
|
|
Term
| narrowing of valvular opening; limits the amount of blood ejected from one chamber to the next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inability of valve to close completely; allows blood to flow backward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in valvular disease the _ is most affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary cause of increasing incidence of non-rheumatic valvular disease |
|
Definition
| Longer life span and IV drug abuse: |
|
|
Term
| Blood flows back into the LA during diastole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| happens due to back flow of blood against incompetent valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LV hypertrophy is a compesatory effort to mainaint effective _ r/t mitral regurgitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to hear a mitral regurgitation listen at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may be heard as a result of mitral regurgitaion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of mitral regurgitation, decreases afterload and regurgitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reconstruction of leaflets and annulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One or both leaflets enlarges and protrudes in to LA during systole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of mitral valve prolapse |
|
Definition
| Family tendencies, heart infections, rheumatic fever, congenital anomalies |
|
|
Term
| sypmtoms of mitral valve prolapse |
|
Definition
| chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, syncope, dysrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of mitral valve prolapse are often controlled with |
|
Definition
| stress reducing techniques |
|
|
Term
| Valve cusps become fibrotic and calcify |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rheumatic fever, syphilis, aging, congenital malformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dyspnea on exertion, angina, syncope, systolic murmur |
|
|
Term
| late symptoms of aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
| fatigue, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| Fibrosis and thickening of aortic cusps continue until valves no longer able to maintain unidirectional flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of aortic regurgitation |
|
Definition
| reheumatic fever, IE, blunt chest trauma, calcification of valve, chronic HTN |
|
|
Term
| blood regurgitated back into LV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for aortic regurgitation murmur is _ and _, occurs during _ |
|
Definition
| highpitched, blowing, diastole |
|
|
Term
| murmur r/t aortic regurgitation is auscultated at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| late signs of aortic regurgitaitons |
|
Definition
| fatigue, dyspnea, ascites |
|
|
