Term
| characteristics of a normal cell |
|
Definition
a distinct recognizable appearance
the ability to perform a specific function when matureq
the production of substances that hold cells from the same type of tissue closely together
the ability to recognize other cells and identify the other cells tissue of origin
the ability to reproduce in a controlled manner to produce additional identical cells only as needed for growth and replacement
the ability to inhibit cell replication if there is inadequate space or insufficient nutrients
the ability to remain in their tissue of origin |
|
|
Term
| benign tumors are relatively harmless primarily because they do not |
|
Definition
| spread to other partgs of the body |
|
|
Term
| cells that reproduce abnormally and in an uncontrolled manner form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumors present problems if they _____ or ______ body organs |
|
Definition
| create pressure, obstruct |
|
|
Term
| the basis for diagnosis of cancer |
|
Definition
| presence of malignant cells |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of cancer cells |
|
Definition
change in appearance from normal cells of tissue of origin
inability to properly perform the function of the tissue of origin
cells not readily recognized by other cells
may have abnormal proteins on cell surface
may continue dividing when no need exists for additional cells
ability to migrate from one tissue or organ to another |
|
|
Term
| abnormal protein on cell surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term used to describe the movement of cancer cells into adjoining tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process by which cancer spreads to distant sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tumor cells found away from the original site of malignant cells are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common sites of metastases |
|
Definition
| liver, brain, bone, lungs |
|
|
Term
| environmental factors associated with the transformation of normal cells include, |
|
Definition
| chemical exposure, radiation exposure, increasing age, diet, hirmones and chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| malignant transformation occurs when cells are exposed to substances called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage DNA from genetic changes inherited from parents or from accumulated mutations in the DNA that cells are unable to repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomic site, stage and cell appearance and differentiation |
|
|
Term
| refers to how cells are different from their parent cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when it is difficult to recognize the original type of tissue from which tumor cells ccame they are described as |
|
Definition
| poorly differentiated cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the TNM system T is______ N is ________ M is_______- |
|
Definition
| tumor, regional lymph nodes, distant metastases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carcinogens such as _________ are found in the environment |
|
Definition
| cigarette smoke, asbestos and nitrites |
|
|
Term
| drugs that may act as carcinogens |
|
Definition
| diethylstilbestrol, androgenic steroids, high dose unopposed synthetic estrogens |
|
|
Term
| cancers that appear at a higher rate than expected in one family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the acronym for the warning signs of cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to detect it early |
|
Definition
| general measures to promote health, avoidance of known carcinogens, identification of high-risk individuals, cancer screening |
|
|
Term
| the recommended diet is _______ with at least _____ servings of ___- |
|
Definition
| low in fat, calories and preservatives, high in fiber, -5-, fruits and veggies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cigarette smoke, alcohol, intercourse with multiple partners, variety of chemicals and drugs, lifestyle behaviors such as excessive sun or ultraviolet radiation exposure |
|
|
Term
| alcohol consumption also increases the risk of cancers of the |
|
Definition
| mouth, head and neck, liver, breast, colon, rectum |
|
|
Term
| public education should emphasize |
|
Definition
the value of early detection and treatment,
the seven warning signs of cancer,
how to do self examination,
the importance of periodic examination done by a health care professional |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic procedures rely on |
|
Definition
| tissue examinations, imaging studies, endoscopic procedures, lab tests |
|
|
Term
| warning signs of cancer: CAUTION |
|
Definition
change in bowel or bladder habits,
a sore that does not heal,
unusual bleeding or discharge,
thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere,
indigestion or difficultiny swallowing,
obvious change in a wart or a mole
nagging cough or hoarseness |
|
|
Term
| methods of treating cancer include |
|
Definition
| surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, biotherapy, transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, hormone therapy |
|
|
Term
| surgery is performed in the majority of patients to |
|
Definition
| diagnose and stage cancer, relieve symptoms, maintain function, effect a cure or reconstruct affected structures |
|
|
Term
| surgery is most likely to be curative when tumors are |
|
Definition
| detected early, slow growing, confined to one area, do not invade vital body structures |
|
|
Term
| when surgery is extensive it is often referred to as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended treatment is based on |
|
Definition
| type of cancer, unique characteristics, location, staging and the extent of metastasis |
|
|
Term
| may be used when a patient has had surgery or radiotherapy and is free of signs of disease but has a high likelihood of recurrence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemotherapy is administered to reduce the size of the tumor before surgery or radiotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the unit of measure for radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radiation is used to treat cancer because _____ are more sensitive than ______ to radiation |
|
Definition
| malignant cells, normal cells |
|
|
Term
| the immediate effect of radiaion is ______ because of damage to the ______ |
|
Definition
| cell death, cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| the delayed effect of radiation is ______ which impairs the cells abiltiy to ______ |
|
Definition
| alteration of DNA, reproduce |
|
|
Term
| a tumor is considered _____ if the cancer cells can be killed by ______ at a dose that is tolerated by surrounding ____ |
|
Definition
| radiosensitive, radiation, normal tissue |
|
|
Term
| requires introduction of the radioactive substance into the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| given by way of a beam directed at the tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of radiation received by those who come in contact with the patient depends on |
|
Definition
| type of radiation and time of exposure, the distance front he radiation source, the amount of shielding between the caregiver and the source |
|
|
Term
| unless direct care is being given, nurses and caregivers should remain at least |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for their protection, visitors may be instruction to stay at least ____ from the patient and visit less than _______ each day while the patient is undergoing treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| before the first radiation treatment the patient goes through a treatment simulation to determine the |
|
Definition
| exact location to be treated |
|
|
Term
| involves the introduction of a radiation source into the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sources of radiation used for therapy |
|
Definition
| radioactive forms of iodine, phosphorus, radium, iridium, radon, cesium |
|
|
Term
| internal radiation may be either |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inserted in the body in a sealed container |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one example of sealed source radiation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cesium is contained in a sealed applicator that is inserted into the body cavities to treat cancer of the |
|
Definition
| prostate, mouth, tongue, vagina and cervix |
|
|
Term
| sealed source radiation may also be placed in _______ and implanted in _____ or may be enclosed in a mold and applied _____ |
|
Definition
threads, beads, needles, seeds
body tissues
externally |
|
|
Term
| with sealed source radiation the patient's body fluids a well as objects the patient touches are not ____ because the radiation source is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| safety precautions necessary to protect all visitors and nurses from exposure to radiation |
|
Definition
the pt is placed in a private room,
a sign is placed on the door ot the patient's room indicating radiation,
anyome who might enter the room for any reason is informed of the progper precautions
the amount of radiation exposure is reduced by limiting time spent in the room and by working as far as possible from the radiation source,
work must be organized efficiently to minimize exposure,
recognize that sealed sources cna be dislodged accidentally |
|
|
Term
| gloves must be worn with pt because fluids may be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal cells that are the most sensitive to radiation include |
|
Definition
| hair follicles, bone marrow, lining of the digestive and urinary tracts, ovaries, testes and lymph tissue |
|
|
Term
| depending on the area being irradiated the following side effects may occur with radiation |
|
Definition
| bone marrow supression, alopecia, anorexia, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, inflammation of the skin, esophagus, lungs, bladder |
|
|
Term
| regardless of the site treated, radiation therapy commonly causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| side effects of radiation are usually not evident until at least |
|
Definition
| 1 week after treatments are started |
|
|
Term
| in healthy people the bone marrow produces |
|
Definition
| red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
|
|
Term
| anemia results from a deficiency of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| without adequate WBCs the pt's ability to resist infection is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| without adequate platelets the pt is at risk for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bone marrow suppression is most common among patients whose treatment area involves a large area of ______ such as the _____ |
|
Definition
| hematopoiesis, pelvis and sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors that may cause the patient undergoing radiation therapy to experience anorexia |
|
Definition
| inflammation of the mouth and tongue, altered taste perception, nausea |
|
|
Term
| anorexia is especially problematic for patients undergoing treatment for cancer of the |
|
Definition
| esophagus, stomach, neck or oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| xerostomia is a special problem with radiation of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| destruction of bone caused by radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medication available that can help to protect the salivary glands as well as any mucus producing tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the use of chemical agents in the treatment of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical agents specifically used to treat cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of antineoplastic drugs now commonly used in chemotherapy include |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic agents, hormones, hormone antagonists, immunotherapy, biotherapy |
|
|
Term
| those that promote cell death by binding with specific targets on cancer cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of targeted anticancer drugs |
|
Definition
| kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| drugs that are effective only during a particular phase of cell development are said to be |
|
Definition
| cell cycle phase specific |
|
|
Term
| drugs that are effective during any phase of cell development are said to be |
|
Definition
| cell cycle phase nonspecific |
|
|
Term
| means that the drug is instilled in a body cavity such as the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a technique in which the drug is injected directly into an artery supplyng the tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemoembolization has been used in the treatment of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major systemic side effects of antineoplastic drugs are the same as those of radiation: |
|
Definition
| bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting and alopecia |
|
|
Term
| depending on the specific antineoplastic agent the patient is at risk for toxic effects to the |
|
Definition
| heart, lungs, nerve tissue, kidneys and bladder |
|
|
Term
| antineoplastic drugs simultaneously irritate the lining of the ________ and stimulate the ________ |
|
Definition
| digestive tract, vomiting center in the brain |
|
|
Term
| some antineoplastic agents have toxic effects in the heart that may lead to _____ others are neurotoxic with effects manifested most often by -___ |
|
Definition
| heart failure, numbness and tingling of extremities, paralytic ileus and loss of deep tendon reflexes |
|
|
Term
| agents that work by affecting biologic processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunotherapy, gene therapy and some targeted therapies |
|
|
Term
| hematopoietic growth factors are one type of biotherapy and include |
|
Definition
| colony stimulating factors |
|
|
Term
| with CSFs higher doses of _____ can be given for longer periods of time or at a more frequent schedule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| naturally occurring proteins in the body that act as chemical messengers to simulate immune responses |
|
Definition
| interleukins and interferons |
|
|
Term
| in antibody therapy large numbers of antibodies are made in a lab rather than by a person's own immune system, these are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monoclonal antibodies have their name because the antibody is |
|
Definition
| replicated from a single clone |
|
|
Term
| some monoclonal antibodies such as ipilmumab are used to _______ called check points allowing the _____ to recognize the ____ and boost the patient's immune response to the tumor cell |
|
Definition
| treat melanoma, help inhibit certain immune system pathways, immune system, cancer cell |
|
|
Term
| most common side effects of monoclonal antibodies |
|
Definition
| extreme fatigue, headach, muscle aches, chills and fever |
|
|
Term
| side effects of monoclonal antibodies are more common in _____ and people who are _____ |
|
Definition
| older people, dehydrated, anemic, malnourished |
|
|
Term
| ______ also increases the risk of side effects of monoclonal antibodies |
|
Definition
| previous cardiac, neurologic, gastrointestinal, hepatic, or renal disease |
|
|
Term
| in tcell therapy, _____ are engineered to recognize certain cell surface protein on _______, targeting them for destruction |
|
Definition
| t lymphocytes, tumor cells |
|
|
Term
| an example of T cell therapy is _______that target the tumor cells in patients with _____ |
|
Definition
| CD19 chimeric antigen receptor t cells, non hodgkin lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| cancer vaccines activate ____ to recongize specific cancer types targeting them for destruction by the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is most often used in the treatment of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can also be used to treat the destruction of ____ caused by too high doses of _____ |
|
Definition
| bone marrow, chemotherapy and radiotherapy |
|
|
Term
| a pt receives cells from a sibling or other relative it is an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used if the patient uses nontraditional therapy in place of traditional treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| encourage patients with pneumonitis to do ______ exercises to reduce the risk of ____ |
|
Definition
| coughing and deep breathing, pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| pt receiving potentially cardiotoxic drugs such as _____, may show signs of heart failure so monitor for signs of _______ |
|
Definition
| doxorubicin and BMRs, dyspnea, increasing pulse pressure and edema |
|
|
Term
| drugs associated with peripheral neuropathies |
|
Definition
| fluorouracil and vincristine |
|
|
Term
| drugs that can cause issues with balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemotherapies that can cause cystitis |
|
Definition
| cyclophosphamide (cytotoxan) |
|
|
Term
| to prevent cystitis encourage the pt to |
|
Definition
| increase fluid intake and empty bladder often |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| burning, painful urination, blood in urine |
|
|
Term
| radiation and chemotherapy can suppress the production of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for thrombocytopenia pt apply pressure for _____ to control oozing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs and symptoms of internal bleeding |
|
Definition
| increased pulse and respirations, restlessness, pallor, decreased urin output and falling blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| fresh flowers are not allowed in the room because they |
|
Definition
| harbor potentially harmful organisms |
|
|
Term
| the patient is advised to eat a _____ diet |
|
Definition
| high protein high calorie |
|
|
Term
| light exercise before meals may |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many pt find that ____ tastes bitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patients taking _____ may have severe ____ reaction if they consume foods containing ____ while on this drug |
|
Definition
| procarbazine, hypertensive, tyramine |
|
|
Term
| foods rich in tyramine are produced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| foods that have a higher tyramine level |
|
Definition
| spoiled, pickled, aged, smoked, fermented or marinated such as aged beef or cheeses and alcoholic beverages |
|
|
Term
| other foods that contain tyramine |
|
Definition
| avacados, bananas, beverages containing caffeine, eggplants, figs, pinapple, red plums, raspberries, yougurt, brazil nuts, coconuts, peanuts and liver |
|
|
Term
| newer antiemetic drugs that have greatly improved the management of n/v associated with chemotherapy and have fewer side effects |
|
Definition
| palonesetron, dolesetron, ondasetron, granisetron |
|
|
Term
| eating food at ____ lowers risk of n/v |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the patient can rinse the mouth with |
|
Definition
| 1tblsp of hydrogen peroxide in a glass of water, NS, 1/2 tsp of bicarb of soda in a glass of water |
|
|
Term
| lemon and glycerin swabs are no longer recommended because lemon juice ______ the oral tissues and glycerin provides a medium for ______ |
|
Definition
| dehydrates, bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
| the patient who has stomatitis should c |
|
Definition
| continue mouth care as prescrivedm eat soft foods, avoid foods that are acidic, salty or spicy, soft bristled toothbrus |
|
|
Term
| ____ makes a soothing mouthwash and should be used at least ____ a day |
|
Definition
| NS alone or with sodium bicarb, 4 |
|
|
Term
| common symptom in the patient with cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| typically hair begins to grow back soon after the completion of chemotherapy and _____ with the completion of radiotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some of the conditions requiring prompt recognition and action |
|
Definition
| hypercalcemia, SIADH, disseminated intravascular coagulation, superior vena cava syndrome and spinal cord compression |
|
|
