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Bio 210-Chapter 8
Muscular System
142
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2012

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Term
What system is made up of muscles and tendons?
Definition
muscular
Term
Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings and heat production are functions of what system?
Definition
muscular
Term
Excitability, conductivity, extensibility, elasticity are universal characteristics of what system?
Definition
muscular
Term
What type of muscle tissue is attached to bones, striated, has many nuclei per cell and can be a foot long?
Definition
skeletal
Term
Skeletal muscle cells can regenerate a FEW muscle fibers with _____ cells, which are actually ______ cells.
Definition
satellite…stem
Term
After an injury and muscle cells are destroyed, most muscle cells or fibers do not regenerate but form scar tissue or fibrosis. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
What type of muscle tissue functions to move the skeleton, maintain posture, contract diaphragm, increase body heat and move blood and lymph in veins?
Definition
skeletal
Term
We have about 200 bones in our body and ____ muscles.
Definition
600
Term
A bundle of muscle cells is called a ______.
Definition
fascicle
Term
What type of muscle tissue is striated, has a single nucleus, has branched fibers, has intercalated discs, is under involuntary control and is located in the heart?
Definition
cardiac
Term
What type of muscle propels blood through blood vessels and pumps blood?
Definition
cardiac
Term
Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine increase or decrease heart rate?
Definition
increase
Term
What type of muscle tissue lines hollow organs, has no striations, has a single nucleus, has a spindle shape and is under involuntary control?
Definition
smooth
Term
The embryonic stem cell for skeletal muscle is called a myoblast. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
The skeletal muscle finer has many nuclei per cell because in embryonic development the myoblast fuse together. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Myoblast that remain unspecialized are called _____ cells.
Definition
satellite
Term
What is the cytoplasm called in muscle cells?
Definition
sarcoplasm
Term
Muscle cells need many mitochondria per cell because they use energy when they contract. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
How do muscle cells store energy?
Definition
glycogen
Term
How do muscle cells store oxygen?
Definition
myoglobin
Term
What is the plasma membrane called in a skeletal muscle cell?
Definition
sarcolemma
Term
What are the fingerlike invaginations of the sarcolemma?
Definition
transverse tubules (T tubules)
Term
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell?
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Term
What mineral is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
calcium
Term
What filament is located in the middle of the sarcomere, it is thicker and makes cross bridges that attach to the active sites?
Definition
myosin
Term
What filament is attached to the Z lines, it is thinner and has active sites?
Definition
actin
Term
Name two regulatory proteins.
Definition
troponin and tropomyosin
Term
Which regulatory protein covers the active site?
Definition
tropomyosin
Term
Which regulatory protein reacts with Calcium?
Definition
troponin
Term
What protein makes up the thick filament?
Definition
myosin
Term
What protein makes up the thin filament?
Definition
actin
Term
What protein makes up the elastic filament?
Definition
titin
Term
What is the unit of contraction of a skeletal muscle cell?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
What consists of actin, myosin, between Z lines?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
Does a myofibril has one sarcomere or it or many that lines up like box cars on a train?
Definition
many that are lined up like box cars in a train
Term
The skeletal muscle cell shortens because individual _____ shorten.
Definition
sarcomeres
Term
Is a skeletal muscle such as Biceps brachii an organ?
Definition
yes
Term
Why is a muscle an organ?
Definition
it is made up of different tissues (muscle cells, BV, nerves, CT)
Term
What is another name for muscle cell?
Definition
muscle fiber
Term
What is a bundle of muscle cells?
Definition
fascicle
Term
What does the word fascicle mean?
Definition
bundle of muscle fibers
Term
A bundle of fascicles makes up what?
Definition
whole muscle
Term
List the levels of organization of a skeletal muscle.
Definition
myofilaments à myofibrils à muscle fibers à fascicles à whole muscle
Term
What type of connective tissue surrounds the muscle fiber and allows room for BV and nerve fibers to reach the muscle cell?
Definition
endomysium
Term
What type of CT surrounds a fascicle?
Definition
perimysium
Term
What type of CT surrounds the entire muscle?
Definition
epimysium
Term
What is the CT called where the epimysium blends into the CT to separate adjacent muscles?
Definition
deep fascia
Term
What is the specific name of the fibrous CT there the epimysium called that Is located beneath the skin and binds the skin to the muscle?
Definition
superficial fascia
Term
Which fascia contains adipose tissue?
Definition
superficial fascia
Term
What is the cord-like CT that attaches the muscle to the periosteum to the bone?
Definition
tendon
Term
What type of muscle attachment is between intercostal muscles and ribs where the epimysium is continous with the perhiosteum?
Definition
direct (fleshy)
Term
What type of muscle attachment does the epimysoim form a strong fibrous tendon that merges with the periosteum of the bone?
Definition
indirect
Term
What is a broad sheet of dense CT that attaches muscle to bone or muscle to muscle as with Rectus abdominis and other abdominal muscles?
Definition
aponeuroses
Term
What is the less movable attachment of muscle to bone?
Definition
origin
Term
What is the more moveable attachment of muscle to bone?
Definition
insertion
Term
What is the name of the muscle that produces the desired action or produces most of the force? Give two names.
Definition
prime mover (agonist)
Term
What is the name of the muscle that produces an action that is opposite of the prime mover?
Definition
antagonist
Term
What is the name of the muscle that assists the prime mover by reducing unnecessary movements?
Definition
synergist
Term
What type of neuron innervates skeletal muscle cells?
Definition
somatic motor
Term
When the axon branches a few times or many times, what are the branches called?
Definition
axon terminals
Term
Each axon terminal forms a neuromuscular junction with how many muscle cells?
Definition
one
Term
Each muscle fiber is innervated by how many motor neurons?
Definition
one
Term
Each motor neuron can innervate how many muscle cells?
Definition
up to 200 (as many axon terminals as it has)
Term
What is a motor neuron and all the muscle cells or muscle fibers it stimulates?
Definition
motor unit
Term
Each axon branches into terminals. Each axon terminal forma a ______ ______ with a muscle fiber.
Definition
neuromuscular junction
Term
Each muscle cell is innervated by how many neurons?
Definition
one
Term
One motor neuron can innervates how many different muscle fibers?
Definition
up to 200 (as many axon terminals as it has)
Term
One motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates is a ______ _______.
Definition
motor unit
Term
What type of motor unit may control only 4-6 muscle cells, is precise, and can be located in eyes?
Definition
small
Term
What type of motor unit may control 1,000 muscle cells is less precise and can be located in rectus femoris?
Definition
large
Term
Muscle fibers in one motor unit are spread throughout the entire muscle. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
How do motor units reduce muscle fatigue?
Definition
they work in shifts (more than one unit per muscle)
Term
When a muscle fiber is stimulates to threshold, it contracts to its fullest. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
When a muscle fiber is not stimulated to threshold, it does not contract at all. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
What is when a muscle fiber is stimulates to threshold, it contracts to its fullest, and when a muscle fiber is not stimulated to threshold, it does not contract at all referring to?
Definition
all or none
Term
In order to pick up heavier objects, more motor units must be stimulated. What is this called?
Definition
recruitment
Term
What is it called when some motor units within a muscle are always active even when the entire muscle is not contracting?
Definition
muscle tone
Term
One motor neuron may be attached to more than one muscle fiber. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
One muscle fiber may be attached to more than one motor neuron. True or False?
Definition
False
Term
What is the junction between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber?
Definition
neuromuscular junction
Term
The area where the snaptic knob is nestled in a depression of folded sarcolemma is called what?
Definition
motor plate
Term
What is the name of the neurotransmitter released at the NMJ?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
What is the name of the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?
Definition
acetylcholinesterase
Term
What kind of channels open when ACh binds to its receptor on the muscle fiber?
Definition
sodium/potassium (Na/K)
Term
What ACh binds to its receptor on the muscle cell, what spreads along the sarcolemma? Give three names for this.
Definition
action potential (muscle impulse or depolarization/repolarization)
Term
What is an autoimmune disease that results in the loss of ACh receptors and causes muscle weakness?
Definition
Myasthenia Gravis
Term
What drug blocks ACh receptors, is used in surgery to stop muscle contractions, and found in poisoned arrows in South America?
Definition
Curare
Term
What bacteria produces a neurotoxin that inhibits glycine release, which results in over-stimulation of muscles?
Definition
Clostridium tetani
Term
What bacteria produces a toxin that prevents the release of ACh at the NMJ?
Definition
Clostridium botulism
Term
What is the nerve gas called that binds to acetylcholinesterase and prevents degradation of ACh and causes spastic paralysis?
Definition
cholinesterase inhibitor
Term
As the muscle impulse travels down the transverse tubules it triggers the release of what mineral?
Definition
calcium
Term
Calcium binds to what regulatory protein?
Definition
troponin
Term
What Calcium binds to its regulatory protein, what regulatory protein is moved off the active sites of actin?
Definition
tropomyosin
Term
What binds to actin’s active sites?
Definition
myosin heads
Term
Does actin, myosin or the sarcomere shorten?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
What happens to the muscle fiber when ACh is decomposed, ATP pumps Calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and tropomyosin blocks the active sites of actin?
Definition
relaxation
Term
What is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a muscle impulse?
Definition
threshold
Term
What is a quick contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber caused by a threshold stimulus?
Definition
twitch
Term
What is the delay between the onset of a stimulus and the onset of a twitch?
Definition
latent period
Term
What is happening during the latent period?
Definition
excitation
Term
Is the muscle fiber contracting during the latent period?
Definition
no
Term
What is the phase called when the sarcomere shortens and begins to move the load?
Definition
contraction
Term
What is the phase called with ACh is degraded and Calcium is pumped back into the SR?
Definition
relaxation
Term
What is the “stiffness of death”?
Definition
Rigor Mortis
Term
During Rigor Mortis, why can’t the myosin crossbridges detach from the active sites?
Definition
no more ATP left to detach them
Term
What type of muscle contraction has no change in tension but a change in length?
Definition
isotonic
Term
What are two forms of isotonic contraction?
Definition
eccentric and concentric
Term
What type of isotonic contraction moves the load and the muscle shortens?
Definition
concentric
Term
What type of isotonic contraction moves the load the muscle lengthens and acts as a brake?
Definition
eccentric
Term
What type of muscle contraction does not move the load and the muscle stays the same length?
Definition
isometric
Term
What type of energy is needed for muscle contraction?
Definition
ATP
Term
What are two types of immediate energy for the muscle cell?
Definition
ATP and Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Term
What is a high energy molecule stored in the muscle cell that gives up a phosphate to ADP to create ATP?
Definition
CP
Term
Together the CP and ATP are known as the __________ system.
Definition
Phosphagen
Term
What are two names for short-term energy for the muscle cell?
Definition
Glycogen-lactic acid system or anaerobic respiration
Term
Where does glycolysis take place? Is O2 required?
Definition
cytoplasm…no
Term
In glycolysis, glucose produces pyruvic acid and ___ ATP.
Definition
two
Term
If no O2 is present in the cell, the pyruvic acid is converted into ________ acid.
Definition
lactic
Term
In the glycogen-lactic acid system we get quick energy for a sprint, but what are the shortcomings? Give two.
Definition
buildup of lactic acid causing muscle fatigue and use a lot of glucose for a little ATP
Term
What is the inability of a muscle to contract?
Definition
muscle fatigue
Term
What is the long-term energy for the cell? Is O2 needed?
Definition
aerobic respiration…yes
Term
Give six reasons for muscle fatigue.
Definition
insufficient ATP production, insufficient oxygen delivered to cells, depletion of myoglobin, depletion of glycogen, depletion of creatine phosphate, buildup of lactic acid
Term
Why do we “pant” after exercise?
Definition
to repay the oxygen debt
Term
What is the O2 that must be taken into the body to restore the muscle cells and liver to its resting state?
Definition
oxygen debt
Term
What are slow-twitch, slow oxidative, or Type I fibers called?
Definition
red fibers
Term
What type of muscle fibers has many mitochrondria, myoglobin, capillaries, adapted to aerobic cellular respiration, resistant to muscle fatigue and found in postural muscles?
Definition
red fibers
Term
What are fast-twitch, fast glycolytic, or Type II fibers called?
Definition
white fibers
Term
What type of muscle fibers has few mitochrondria, myoglobin and capillaries, is adapted to anaerobic respiration, fatigues easily, found in muscles for eye movement?
Definition
white fibers
Term
What type of muscle lines the walls of the respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive and cardiovascular systems?
Definition
smooth
Term
What type of muscle is capable of mitosis, especially in the uterus?
Definition
smooth
Term
Name two types of smooth muscle.
Definition
multiunit and single unit (visceral)
Term
What type of smooth muscle has nerve fibers that synapse with individual myocytes to form motor units similar to skeletal muscle cells?
Definition
multiunit
Term
What is the most common type of smooth muscle? Give two names.
Definition
single unit (visceral)
Term
What type of smooth muscle forms larger networks or sheets of cells connected by gap junctions?
Definition
single unit
Term
What type of smooth muscle produces a wave of synchronized contractions called peristalsis?
Definition
single unit
Term
Cardiocytes are found in what type of muscle tissue?
Definition
cardiac
Term
Each cardiocyte is linked to several cardiocytes by _________.
Definition
gap junctions
Term
What type of muscle tissue is auto-rhythmic and can contract with outside nervous stimulation?
Definition
cardiac
Term
What are the specialized cardiac muscle cells that are self-exciting?
Definition
pacemaker
Term
What is the tearing of muscle fibers or tears in the CT or tendon called?
Definition
muscle strain
Term
What is the enlargement of muscle fibers due to extensive exercise?
Definition
muscular hypertrophy
Term
What is the decrease in muscle size and strength due to lack of use?
Definition
muscular atrophy
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