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BIO 160- LECTURE EXAM 2
Chapters 10-12 & 21-24
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/03/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Name and define the 3 capabilities of skeletal muscle.
Definition

-excitable

 

-extensible

 

-elastic

 

(All contractile)

Term
`What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Definition

1. skeletal

 

2. smooth

 

3. cardiac

Term
What are the 3 landmarks of any skeletal muscle such as the biceps brachii? How can you identify each part?
Definition

-insertion

 

-belly

 

-origin

Term
To what 3 items may skeletal muscle attach?
Definition

1. tendons

 

2. periosteum

 

3. raphe (seam-like attachment)

Term
What are the 3 connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle? What items does each sheath surround?
Definition

1. Epimysium- dense irregular CT --skeletal muscle


2. Perimysium- dense irregular CT --each fascile


3. Endomysium- areolar CT-- each muscle fiber

Term
What is the "functional unit" of skeletal muscle?
Definition
sacromere
Term
Explain muscle fiber contraction. What happens to the sarcomere, the H band, the myofilaments, and the overall muscle?
Definition

1) z-lines move toward eachother

 

2) H-zone narrows

 

3) the sacromere narrows

 

4) filaments remain unchanged

 

5) the overall muscle shortens (contracts)

Term
Differentiate between slow, fast and intermediate muscle fibers. When is each used?
Definition

SLOW (back muscles)

• aerobic = myoglobin = red

• capillaries

• numerous mitochondria

• fatigue resistant 

• small diameter

• slow, prolonged contractions

 

FAST (arm, eye, hand -most muscles)

• anaerobic = less myoglobin = white

• less capillaries

• less mitochondria

• fatigues easily

• large diameter

• increased glycogen reserves = sweet

• powerful contractions

 

INTERMEDIATE (leg muscles used for walking)

• aerobic

• mod. fatigue resistant

• contractions = mod. powerful

• int. myoglobin = tan

• int. mitochondria

• int. diameter

• slow, prolonged contractions

 

 

Term
What is a motor unit?
Definition

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

 

*The smaller the unit, the greater the control

Term
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Definition

connection between the nervous system and the muscular system via synapses between efferent nerve fibers and muscle fiber

Term
Know the various organizational patterns of muscle fibers such as circular, parallel, etc.
Definition

CIRCULAR = orbicularis oris

 

CONVERGENT = pectoralis major

 

PARALLEL = rectus abdominis

 

PENNATE = extensor digitorum, rectus femoris, deltoid

Term
What are the 7 features used in naming muscles?
Definition

1) fiber direction

 

2) muscle size

 

3) muscle position

 

4) action

 

5) attachment

 

6) shape

 

7) # of origins

Term
What are the 5 primary components of the cardiovascular system? What is the role of each?
Definition

1) blood

 

2) heart

 

3) arteries

 

4) veins

 

5) capillaries

Term
Give the functions of the cardiovascular system.
Definition

1) transport 

 

2) protection

 

3) material exchange

 

4) regulatory (temp., fluid pressures, pH)

Term
What are the 2 major components of blood? What does each contain?
Definition

FORMED ELEMENTS (45%)

• red blood cells (erythrocytes)

• white blood cells (leukocytes)

• platelets (thrombocytes)

 

GROUND SUBSTANCE (55%)

• plasma (fluid)

• fibrinogin (during the clotting process)

Term
What are the general functions of blood?
Definition

1) transport of:  

    • dissolved gases (02, CO2)

    • nutrients, enzymes, hormones

    • metabolic waste (esp. N)

 

2) regulation of pH & interstitial fluid

 

3) protection:

    • clotting

    • defense vs. toxins & other foreign elements

 

4) thermoregulation

Term
Describe and give a function of each blood cell type [including RBCs & platelets].
Definition

RBC- "ghost cells"

• biconcave disc

• no nucleus

• 120 day (4 month) lifespan

• oxyhemoglobin

• carboxyhemoglobin

 

PLATELETS

• membrane-enclosed enzyme packets (not cells)

• cell fragments

• produced by megakaryocytes

• 8-10 day lifespan

• important in blood clotting

Term
How do platelets form? What is their function?
Definition
Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow. Their function is blood clotting.
Term
What are (NK) cells?
Definition
Natural Killers...
Term
What is a pericardium? What is its function? Differentiate between visceral and parietal pericardia.
Definition

A protective, lubricated sac surrounding the heart.

 

• VISCERAL = epicardium; areolar CT, mesothelium

 

• PARIETAL = lines the inner surface of the paricardium;                       areolar CT, mesothelium

 

Term
What are the 3 histological layers of the heart wall?
Definition

1) endocardium- areolar CT, endothelium

 

2) myocardium

 

3) epicardium

Term
What are intercalated discs? What is their function?
Definition

cross-bands that separate the opposing ends of cardiac muscle cells

 

FUNCTIONS

1) attaches adjacent fibers

 

2) strengthens muscle 

 

3) aids muscle contraction by speeding electrical impulses

Term
What is the function of the heart's fibrous skeleton?
Definition

• separates the atria & ventricles

 

• anchors heart valves

 

• serves as attachmentsites for heart muscle

 

• blocks contrary impulses by isolating tria & ventricles 

 

Term
Explain how heart valves work. What is their function?
Definition
permit the passage of blood in one direction
Term
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?
Definition

1) systole = contraction

 

2) diastole = relaxation

Term
Describe how nodal tissue controls heart action and what structural features are involved.
Definition
Term
Be able to trace the flow of blood through a human heart. (starting at the vena cavas). This will be an extra credit question on your next exam.
Definition
Term
What are the 5 sequential steps controlling heartbeat during the cardiac cycle?
Definition

1) SA node initiation

 

2) dispersal through internodal fibers = atrial contraction

 

3) AV node stimulation

 

4) dispersal through Bundle of His 

 

5) dispersal through Purkinje fibers = ventricular

    contraction

Term
What are the 3 circulatory patterns?
Definition

1) pulmonary circuit (short = lungs)

 

2) systemic circuit (long = body)

 

3) coronary circuit (heart only)

Term
What are the 3 "tunics" found in blood vessels?
Definition

1) Tunica Intima

 

2) Tunica Media

 

3) Tunica Externa

Term
How do arteries and veins differ?
Definition

1) blood direction

 

2) patency (open)

 

3) wall thickness & structure

 

4) internal pressure (much higher in arteries) 

 

5) size of lumen (larger in vein)

 

6) valves (veins)

Term
Contrast continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal capillaries. Where is each found?
Definition

1) Continuous

    •most common

    •skin

    •skeleton

    •CNS

    •muscle

 

2) Fenestrated (holes)

    •kidney

    •intestine

    •endocrine glands

    •eye

 

3) Sinusoidal

    •least common 

    •liver

    •spleen

    •bone marrow

    •rapid exchange

    •incomplete basement membrane

    •"swiss cheese"

Term
Describe a capillary bed.
Definition
an interweaving network of capillaries supplying an organ. The more metabolically active the cells, the more capillaries they will require to supply nutrients and carry away waste products.
Term
What is the function of venous valves?
Definition
closes to prevent backflow
Term
What specific vessels are involved in the pulmonary circulatory pattern?
Definition

Blood low in oxygen is pumped out of the right

ventricle into the pulmonary trunk.

 

-left pulmonary artery and a right pulmonary artery that go to the lungs.

 

-pulmonary arteries divide into smaller arteries, then arterioles

Term
What part of the body do the common hepatic arteries supply?
Definition
intestine -> liver -> heart
Term
What part of the body do the common carotids supply?
Definition
head & neck
Term
What part of the body does the brachial artery supply?
Definition
upper arm
Term
What part of the body do the opthalmic arteries supply?
Definition
eyes
Term
What part of the body does the femoral artery supply?
Definition
thigh, groin, abdominal wall
Term
What part of the body do the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply?
Definition
duodenum, intestines, pancreas
Term
What part of the body do the renal arteries supply?
Definition
kidneys
Term
What part of the body do the common iliac arteries supply?
Definition
lower limbs
Term
What is the role of receptors located within the carotid sinus?
Definition
monitors blood pressure
Term
What is the special function of the cerebral arterial circle?
Definition
supplies blood to the brain
Term
Describe the circulatory changes that occur at birth involving the following: (pg 719 o umbilical arteries o ductus venosus o foramen ovale o ductus arteriosus
Definition

1) placenta & umbilical cord = removed

 

2) umbilical arteries = umbilical ligaments

 

3) umbilical vein = round ligament of liver

 

4) ductus venosus = ligamentum venosum

 

5) foramen ovale = fossa ovalis

 

6) ductus arteriosus = ligamentum arteriosum

Term
Define vasa vasorum.
Definition
small blood vessels that supply or drain the walls of larger arteries & veins and connect with a branch of the same neighboring vessel
Term
Define systole.
Definition
contraction of the heart
Term
Define diastole.
Definition
relaxation phase of the heart
Term
Define vasoconstriction.
Definition
the narrowing of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls
Term
Define vasodilation.
Definition
the dilation of blood vessels; when the interior walls of blood vessels relax allowing blood to flow easier
Term
What is a portal system? What is the significance of the hepatic portal system?
Definition

is a venous network

that drains the GI tract and shunts the blood to the liver for absorption and processing of transported materials.

Following nutrient absorption, the blood exits the liver through hepatic veins that merge with the inferior vena cava.

Term
What 5 items make up the lymphatic system?
Definition

1) lymph vessels

 

2) lymphoid tissue

 

3) lymph organs

 

4) fluid lymph (chyle)

 

5) lymphatic cells

Term
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition

1) prevention of edema

 

2) transport of dietary lipids

 

3) protection via lymphocytes

    •pathogen removal 

    •immune response

Term
Compare the structure of blood capillaries and lymph capillaries.
Definition

Lymph capillaries

- slightly larger diameter

- more irregular lumen

- more permeable

- close-ended

 

Blood capillaries

- thin walls permit exchange of oxygen & nutirents

- absorbs CO2 & waste

Term
Explain how lymph valves function.
Definition
valves work on the principle of pressure differential
Term
What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain? What part does the thoracic duct drain?
Definition

-into the junction of the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular vein

 

-into the junction of the left subclavian

vein and left internal jugular vein

Term
Know the basic structure of lymph nodes (as discussed in class) and their distribution
Definition

-oval shaped structure

 

-found in clusters under the armpit, head, neck, groin, breast, axilla 

Term
Where is the thymus gland located and what is its role?
Definition

located in the middle of the chest, behind sternum

 

• contain stem cells that produe T lymphocytes

• involutes (gone) after puberty

• post puberty T-lymphocytes are formed only by mitosis

Term
Where is the spleen located and what is its function?
Definition

located behind stomach

 

1) recycles aged RBCs & platelets (stores iron)

 

2) serves as blood filter & resevoir

 

3) houses lymphocytes 

 

4) immune response to antigens in the blood

Term
Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?
Definition
aortic semiulnar valve
Term
Which heart chambers pump deoxygenated blood?
Definition
Right atrium & right ventricle
Term
The epicardium is another name for what?
Definition
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Term
What is the blood flow throughout the heart?
Definition

systemic veins - superior & inferior vena cava - right atrium - right atrioventricular valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semiulnar valve - pulmonary trunk & arteries - GAS EXHANGE IN LUNGS

- pulmonary veins - left atrium - left atrioventricular valve - left ventricle - aortic semiulnar valve - aorta - systemic arteries


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