Term
| cartilage functions to reduce ______. |
|
Definition
| friction (joint surfaces) |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage provides a template for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cartilage provides an attachment for _____ to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of cartilage: ______ |
|
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Cartilage cushions _____ surfaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Cartilage provides structure for the _____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Cartilage forms a template from which _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Cartilage Cells produce a _____ that has no apparent structure with the LM. The cells are widely separated from one another by this ______. |
|
Definition
matrix
extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Cartilage cells occupy spaces in the ECM called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Cartilage Cells _____ with fixation while the matrix ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Cartilage can be covered by a ____ except at joint surfaces (similar to ______). |
|
Definition
perichondrium
connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Cells of Hyaline Cartilage: __________ |
|
Definition
Chondrogenic cells
Chondroblast
Chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Chondrogenic cells give rise to _______, and are _______-shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ makes most of the matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrocytes are derived from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain matrix but less active than the chondroblasts. |
|
|
Term
| Chondrogenic cells are located in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrogenic cells look like _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrogenic cells are derived from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrogenic cells become _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrocyte are derived from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrocyte does what when young? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrocyte lives in _____ often as a ____ of cells since it can divide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix is composed of mostly ______ & a few _____ fibers |
|
Definition
type II collagen
elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix has a high ___ content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix contains abundant ______ molecules, which are ______ noncovalently associated with hyaluronic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extracellular Matrix containts chondronectin, which is a glycoprotein attaching _____ to ______.
to collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix have no ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix have no blood supply, nutrients instead diffuse in from the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondrocytes metabolize glucose ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
GAGs are ____ charged and attract ___ which
attracts _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects collagen and chondrocyte |
|
|
Term
| Classification of cartilage matrix can be based on _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| territorial matrix stains ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| territorial matrix is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| territorial matrix is rich in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interterritorial matrix stains _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interterritorial matrix represents the ___ of the matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic Cartilage Found in: __________ |
|
Definition
auricle of the ear, walls of the auditory
canals, epiglottis, and larynx |
|
|
Term
Elastic Cartilage is more ____ than
hyaline cartilage but provides some rigidity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic Cartilage cells produce matrix that contains many ______ in addition to _______. |
|
Definition
elastic fibers
Type II collagen |
|
|
Term
| Elastic Cartilage appears ______ in its fresh state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic Cartilage like hyaline cartilage has a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage of the _____ makes them highly resistant to forces generated by impinging _____. |
|
Definition
intervertebral discs
vertebra |
|
|
Term
______ fibers within fibrocartilage are
primarily responsible for this strength. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage connects ____ to ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| tendons to hyaline cartilage and bone |
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage joins _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage has no apparent _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage forms ____ of knee. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage contains Type __ collagen fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage is an intermediate between ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage. |
|
|
Term
| In the formation of cartilage in embryonic and fetal development, first ______ cells round up and divide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mesenchymal cells (embryonic ______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the formation of cartilage in embryonic and fetal development, secondly _____ differentiate from the mesenchyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the formation of cartilage in embryonic and fetal development, thirdly the chondroblasts that differentiated from the mesenchyme will then _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the formation of cartilage in Growth of a "piece" of cartilage, interstitial growth occurs through the division of ________ from _______. |
|
Definition
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
within the cartilage |
|
|
Term
| In the formation of cartilage in Growth of a "piece" of cartilage, appositional growth occurs through division of _____ in the _____ and their differentiation into _____ that divide and produce cartilage beneath the _____. |
|
Definition
chondrogenic cells
perichondrium
chondroblasts
periosteum |
|
|
Term
| _____ growth of cartilage is from within. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ growth of cartilage is from the surface, laying down cartilage at the surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulation of cartilage cells is through ____ regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Stimulators of cartilage cells: _______ |
|
Definition
| IGF-1, thyroid hormone, and testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Inhibitors of cartilage cells: _______ |
|
Definition
| cortisone/cortisol and estradiol |
|
|
Term
| In the Degeneration of cartilage, cartilage Is replaced by _____ with heavy use/older patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Degeneration of cartilage, _____ and abnormal _____ organization occurs in old age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Degeneration of cartilage, Insufficient vitamin __ causes decreased ____ formation and disorganized _____ in a disease called scurvy) |
|
Definition
C
matrix
epiphyseal plates |
|
|
Term
| In the Degeneration of cartilage, Insufficient vitamin D causes reduced absorption of _______ and thereby the cartilage matrix of epiphyseal plate does not _____ properly in a disease called _______. |
|
Definition
calcium and phosphorus
mineralize
rickets |
|
|
Term
The Regeneration of cartilage is limited except when _____ where it can
occur in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Regeneration of cartilage,_____ is a surgical technique where small holes
are created on the ___ surface of a joint where the cartilage has been lost. This causes ____ and then _____ formation on the surface of worn joint surfaces. |
|
Definition
Micro fracture
bone
bleeding
fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| ____ of cartilage from other sites can also be used to regenerate cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix is mostly type ___ collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Provides physical support
2. Storage of calcium and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Striated Muscle – distinguished by ____-striations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visceral Striated Muscle is Morphologically identical to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visceral Striated Muscle is associated with ____ tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Striated Muscle: ______ |
|
Definition
Skeletal
Visceral Striated Muscle
Cardiac Muscle |
|
|
Term
| Does Smooth Muscle posses cross-striations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle is found in _____, _____, and also in the _____ of skin. |
|
Definition
| Viscera, vasculature, and also in the arrector pili of skin |
|
|
Term
| Muscle cell = muscle _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Skeletal Muscle Cell nucleus charachteristic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A syncytium is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e. cells with a single nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Multinucleate syncytium is ______ |
|
Definition
| a cell containing more than one nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle Cell has ____ located nuclei. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle Cell Cytoplasm is called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle Cell Plasma membrane is called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle Cell Dimensions: _____ |
|
Definition
Large
–diameter ~ 10-100 μm
–length ~ 2 mm – 1 m |
|
|
Term
| In Skeletal Muscle, Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called _____, surrounded by _______. |
|
Definition
fascicles
connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endomysium is the connective tissue surrounding ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ connective tissue surrounding individual fascicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endomysium with respect to vasculature and innervation? |
|
Definition
| Small blood vessels and fine neuronal processes. |
|
|
Term
| Perimysium with respect to vasculature and innervation? |
|
Definition
| Larger blood vessels and nerves than those contained within the Endomysium |
|
|
Term
| ______ is dense connective tissue that surrounds the muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epimysium with respect to vasculature and innervation? |
|
Definition
| Major blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers = _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest type of Skeletal Muscle Fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smallest type of Skeletal Muscle Fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers use _____ metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers contain: _____ |
|
Definition
| lots of myoglobin and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers generate _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are Resistant to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are Predominantly found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers = ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are ____ sized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers use _____ metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers contain: _______ |
|
Definition
| lots of myoglobin, mitochondria and glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are ____ to fatigue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers generate _____ contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIb of Skeletal Muscle Fibers = ______ |
|
Definition
| white fibers = fast twitch |
|
|
Term
| Type IIb of Skeletal Muscle Fibers have ____ sized fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ___ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I Skeletal Muscle Fibers stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing high levels of ______ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ___ skeletal Muscle Fibers stain weakly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IIb skeletal Muscle Fibers stain weakly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing low levels of ___ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the primary structural unit of a Muscle Fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myofibril is Composed of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myofibril exhibits ______ in longitudinal sections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ = functional unit of a Myofibril. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 Cellular Structures of Muscle Fiber: ____ |
|
Definition
| Myofibril & Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum is ________ of the Muscle Fiber. |
|
Definition
| Elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized _____ for skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located at the center of the I band? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the M line change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the H band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin Filament is composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick filament is composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ___ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ___ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain weakly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing high levels of ____ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ____ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing low levels of ____ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary structural unit of a Muscle Fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum is an _____ of a Muscle Fiber. |
|
Definition
| Elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Two Cellular Structures of a Muscle Fiber: _______ |
|
Definition
| Myofibril & Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| ____ are on the sides of the Z line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are on the sides of the M Line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The A-Band contains ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick Filament is composed of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thing Filament is composed of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick filament contains what bands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin filament contains what bands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A band is composed of _____ when shortened? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A band is composed of ______ when stretched? |
|
Definition
| Only Thick filament, myosin |
|
|
Term
| Does H band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the A band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the I band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lies on both sides of the z line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lies on both sides of the m line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main protein components of the Thin Filaments: ________ |
|
Definition
| Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Masks the myosin binding site for Thin Filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulates tropomyosin for Thin Filaments |
|
|
Term
| Troponin is a complex of ______ proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TnC of Troponin function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TnT of Troponin function? |
|
Definition
| anchors troponin to tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| TnI of Troponin function? |
|
Definition
| binds actin, inhibits interaction between actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
| Titin is an elastic protein that anchors _______ & ______ and stabilizes them relative to ________. |
|
Definition
thick filaments to Z-line
thin filaments |
|
|
Term
| α-actinin and nebulin are proteins that anchor ______ to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tropomodulin is an ____ capping protein that regulates ______ length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myomesin and C protein bind ______, holding it in register at the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmin- intermediate filament attaching sarcomeres to each other at the Z-line and to the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dystrophin – probably links actin to laminin in the external lamina of the muscle cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is _____ |
|
Definition
| an elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum for skeletal muscle is a repeating network from one _______ junction to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is ____ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum per sarcomere in skeletal muscle, they are found where? |
|
Definition
2
1 for the A band and 1 for the I band |
|
|
Term
| In the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of skeletal muscle there are ______ at the ends of network that are Ca++ reservoirs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of skeletal muscle there are T tubules: part of the transverse tubular system (T system), which are _______ that allow for ______. |
|
Definition
invaginations of plasma membrane
regulation of Ca++ |
|
|
Term
| _____ is characteristic of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular Junction Regulates ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular Junction is a contact between _______ with ______. |
|
Definition
| axonal terminal branches with muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| In a Neuromuscular Junction the Axon terminus is covered by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular Junction composes a _____, which is a neuron plus its innervated muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Neurotransmitter used at a Neuromuscular Junction is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle Spindle are specialized _______ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle Spindles, a specialized type of skeletal fibers serve as a _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle Spindles, a specialized type of skeletal fibers serve as a Stretch receptor, by using _____, which sense stretching, providing _____ information to ____. |
|
Definition
Proprioreceptors
spatial
CNS |
|
|
Term
| Muscle Spindles are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spindle cells posses: ______ |
|
Definition
–Nuclear bag fiber
–Nuclear chain fiber |
|
|
Term
| With Skeletal Muscle Growth, Hypertrophy occurs only when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Skeletal Muscle Growth, there is an increase in ____ of the muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Skeletal Muscle Growth, there is an increase in size of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Skeletal Muscle Growth, there is an increase in the number of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Skeletal Muscle Growth, the increase in length comes from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle posses Intercalated Discs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Muscle has _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercalated Discs of Cardiac Muscle, are ___ fibers, which serve as specialized ______ |
|
Definition
cross
Specialized attachment sites between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| Intercalated Discs are arranged ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is cardiac muscle striated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercalated Discs of Cardiac Muscle serve as _______ junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac Muscle nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle nucleus Structure? |
|
Definition
Multinucleate syncytium: a cell containing more than one nucleus
Peripheral nuclei |
|
|
Term
| A Cardiac Muscle Fiber's Sarcoplasmic reticulum possess small ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Cardiac Muscle Fiber's Sarcoplasmic reticulum has T tubules at _____, _ per sarcomere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Cardiac Muscle Fiber's Sarcoplasmic reticulum triad or diad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers are specialized _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers are ____ than cardiac myofibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
Binucleate
Cardiac is Single Central Nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers consists of a few, disorganized ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers ____ regulate and coordinate ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers Generate _____ impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers Rapidly conduct _____ impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Smooth Muscle striated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle is found in: ______. |
|
Definition
| viscera, organs, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle are arranged into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle cells = _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongated, fusiform with tapered ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends. |
|
|
Term
| What is larger, skeletal or smooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
| Single, central nucleus with corkscrew or elongated and tapered morphology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle T system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Smooth Muscle, there is no T system, so how is calcium delivered? |
|
Definition
| Membrane invagination called caveolae perform Ca++ delivery |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle have a Gap junction (____) for communication and coordination |
|
Definition
| Gap junction (nexus) communication and coordination |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle contractions are _____ paced & _______ in length. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle contraction has a _____ energy expenditure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle has _____-like contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there sarcomeres in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cytoskeleton in Smooth Muscle is composed of _____ filaments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Thin Filaments of smooth muscle are composed of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the actin of the thin filaments of smooth muscle, _________ block myosin binding. |
|
Definition
| tropomyosin, caldesmon, calponin |
|
|
Term
| tropomyosin function in thin filaments of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| Masks the myosin binding site |
|
|
Term
| The Thick Filaments of Smooth Muscle are composed of _______ rather than _____ as in the sarcomeres of skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
| Side-polar myosin II filaments rather than bipolar myosin fialments |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle posses _____ which Anchor thin filaments, analogous to the Z-line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dense Bodies of smooth muscle Anchor thin filaments and connect to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense Bodies of the smooth muscle are analogous to the _____ of skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK, a Cytoskeleton protein of smooth muscle, does what? |
|
Definition
| initiates contraction by activating myosin II |
|
|
Term
| Calmodulin, a Cytoskeleton protein of smooth muscle, binds ____ & ____ to regulate contraction. |
|
Definition
| Ca++ and MLCK (Myosin Light Chain Kinase) |
|
|
Term
| Does smooth muscle possess a sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do smooth muscle possess Gap junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gap junction or nexus is a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types.[1][2][3] It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells.[4][5] |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal Muscle is regenerated following an injury by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Satellite Cells are found between sarcolemma of _____ & _____> |
|
Definition
| muscle fibers and external lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane of a muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
| Satellite Cells are _____ sized and hard to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Satellite Cells are ____ precursor cells and are normally quiescent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With regeneration of Cardiac Muscle, are there stem cells? |
|
Definition
| No stem cells or precursor cells |
|
|
Term
| What happens to dead cardiac muscle cells? |
|
Definition
| Dead cardiac cells are replaced with fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| With Smooth Muscle regeneration, Mature cells can ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle progenitor cells include: ______ |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, vascular pericytes |
|
|
Term
| Nervous System (NS) is Organized into Two Divisions: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of: _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve Tissue Contains Two Distinct Types of Cells, ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons process and transmit information via _______ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons are the ____ cells of the NS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glia are the _____ cells of the NS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ neurons in humans do not divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell body of a neuron is aka _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell body of a neuron ________ information. |
|
Definition
| Receives and integrates information. |
|
|
Term
| The cell body is the _____ center of the cell, especially for ____ synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell body of a neuron has a _____ PM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many axons per neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Axon is specialized to _____ information to target cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of the axon: ________ |
|
Definition
axolemma
axon hillock
initial segment
collaterals (branches)
terminals (synaptic terminals) |
|
|
Term
| Axons of some neurons are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the triangluar shaped part of the axon where RER is present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelin sheaths are ______, wrapped tightly around the axon, multiple times. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelin is predominantly _____, which gives a ____ appearance to fresh cut nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White Matter myelinated or unmyelinated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the PNS, myelin is produced by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many axons can a Schwann cell wrap? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the CNS, myelin is produced by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many axons can oligodendrocytes wrap? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The space that occurs between each length of myelin wrapping is called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of myelin is to ____ axons, thus providing faster conduction such that the action potential “jumps” from node to node, in a process called _____. |
|
Definition
insulate
saltatory conduction |
|
|
Term
| Each glial cell can produce myelin for only ________ of an axon. |
|
Definition
| a portion of the length of the axon. |
|
|
Term
| In myelinated axons, the action potential “jumps” from _______, greatly increasing transmission speed. |
|
Definition
| one node to the next (“Node of Ranvier”) |
|
|
Term
| The axons of some neurons have no myelin sheaths, but can still associate with a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unmyelinated nerves “sit” in an indented pocket of a ______, but there is no _______. |
|
Definition
Schwann cell
wrapping of glial cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| _____ nerves are not easily observed with light microscopy, because _____ |
|
Definition
Unmyelinated
their diameter is close to the resolution limits of LM. |
|
|
Term
| heavily myelinated nerve fibers are ____ velocity fibers and some examples include: _____. |
|
Definition
High Velocity
acute pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception, somatic efferent fibers |
|
|
Term
| less heavily myelinated nerve fibers are ____ velocity fibers and some examples include: ______ |
|
Definition
Moderate-velocity fibers:
visceral afferents, preganglionic autonomics |
|
|
Term
| unmyelinated nerve fibers are ____ velocity fibers and some examples include: ______ |
|
Definition
Slow-velocity fibers
postganglionic autonomics, chronic pain |
|
|
Term
| The nucleus of a neuron is ____ sized and stains _____. |
|
Definition
| Nucleus-large, pale-staining |
|
|
Term
| The ______ of a neuron is prominent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of neurons are RER found in ______. |
|
Definition
| Nissl bodies-RER found in the cell body and dendrites |
|
|
Term
| The SER of the neuron's function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cytoskeleton of a neuron is composed of: _______ |
|
Definition
Neurotubules = microtubules
Neurofilaments = Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indigestible material in lysosomes in the neurons |
|
|
Term
| Multipolar neuron has _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudounipolar is found mostly in the ___, especially within _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Pseudounipolar neurons one ____ fuses with the axon to form a “___”-junction just to the side of the cell body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bipolar neurons are fewest in number, have ____ dendrite and ____ axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bipolar neurons are Located in the ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ & packaging must occur in the cell body |
|
Definition
| protein synthesis and packaging |
|
|
Term
| Neurons build an extensive _____ network to transport all necessary material to the synapse (and back). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ serve as the “superhighway” for trafficking of materials, while _____ serve as “local” tracks for neurons. |
|
Definition
Microtubules
microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| ______ motors deliver materials distally (_____GRADE), while _____ motors deliver materials back to the cell body (_____GRADE) for Axonal Transport. |
|
Definition
Kinesin
ANTERO
dynein
RETRO |
|
|
Term
| Kinesin transports towards the ____ end for axonal transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dynein transports towards the ____ end for axonal transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synapses are Specialized sites for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are released from ____ nerve terminals by _____ upon arrival of the ______. |
|
Definition
presynaptic
exocytosis
action potential |
|
|
Term
| Transmitters interact with receptors on postsynaptic cells to alter _____ properties of target cells – to ____ or _____. |
|
Definition
membrane
excite or inhibit |
|
|
Term
| Motor end plate (aka _______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Synapses are particularly amenable to
______. |
|
Definition
| pharmacological intervention (drugs) |
|
|
Term
| Axosomatic Synapses, occur where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| axodendritic Synapses, occur where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synapses as observed by either ____ or ____ techniques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synapses have a ____ shape in TEM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glial Cells are the _____ Cells of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are there more of, Glial Cells or Neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is smaller, Glial Cells or Neurons? |
|
Definition
| Glial Cells, but they make up most of the bulk |
|
|
Term
| Do Glial Cells propagate action potentials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glial Cells are involved in _____ formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glial Cells serve in ____ support. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glial Cells aid in _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glial Cells perform many supportive functions, particularly in the _NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature glia retain ability to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most NS tumors are _____ in origin, such as malignant astrocytomas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glia in the PNS, _____ provide myelin sheaths around nerve fibers (axons). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One Schwann cell makes _____ of myelin around part of an axon, thus many Schwann cells and myelin segments will occur along a myelinated axon in the PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ play an important role in PNS regeneration after injury by providing ______ & ______ for regrowing axons. |
|
Definition
Schwann cells
scaffolding and growth factors |
|
|
Term
| In dorsal root ganglia (DRG), _____ cells completely surround the DRG neuron cell body, preventing ____ from being made. |
|
Definition
satellite (glial)
synapses |
|
|
Term
| DRG are found in the _NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In autonomic ganglia, the glial cells ______. |
|
Definition
| surround the neuron cell body incompletely |
|
|
Term
| In autonomic ganglia, the glial cells surround the neuron cell body incompletely, this allows _________. |
|
Definition
| presynaptic autonomic nerves to synapse on post-synaptic autonomic neurons. |
|
|
Term
| Glia in the CNS: ________ |
|
Definition
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependyma
Microglia |
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes are glia in the CNS that are ___-shaped with many _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes possess intermediate filaments composed of _______, which is used as a diagnostic marker for these cells. |
|
Definition
| glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) |
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes are involved in the regulation of the ______ that exist between ____ cells, which forms the basis of the ______. |
|
Definition
tight junctions
brain endothelial
blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| Oligodendrocytes are glial cells with ____ processes, provide ____ in CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One Oligodendrocytes provides myelin segments to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ependyma are CNS glial cells that line _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized ependyma, which is an Glial cell in the CNS, (______) make ______. |
|
Definition
choroid plexus
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| Microglia are not true nervous system _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microglia, a glial cell in the CNS, are resident _____ derived from hematopoietic system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microglia, a glial cell in the CNS, Function in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nerves are bundles of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nerve coverings: _______. |
|
Definition
| Epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nerves can contain processes that are _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nerves can contain _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
| both somatic and autonomic |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nerves have a “_____” appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ganglia are collections of _____ in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main types of Ganglia: _______. |
|
Definition
Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG)
Autonomic Ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) are _____ ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autonomic Ganglia are _____ ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DRG contain ______ neurons that transmit sensory information from ______ structures to the _____. |
|
Definition
pseudounipolar
somatic and visceral
CNS |
|
|
Term
| A _____ surrounds the entire DRG. |
|
Definition
| connective tissue capsule |
|
|
Term
| Large and small round, pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies lie interspersed with typical wavy sections of myelinated, ______ nerve fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smaller _____ (glial) cells completely surround neuron cell bodies of DRG, thus preventing ____ from forming. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autonomic ganglia (AG) contain ____ sized, _____polar neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functionally, Autonomic ganglia are ______ & ______, _____ganglionic visceromotor neurons that are found in ______ or in or near visceral organs. |
|
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
post
sympathetic chains |
|
|
Term
| A ______ surrounds autonomic ganglia. |
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue capsule |
|
|
Term
| Satellite (glial) for DRG cells incompletely surround _____, allowing synapses to be made. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Pseudounipolar neurons have their cell bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do somatic efferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do somatic afferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do visceral afferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do visceral preganglionic efferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do visceral postganglionic efferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
| Prevertebral Ganglion (Autonomic Ganglion) |
|
|
Term
| Meissner’s corpuscles sense _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pacinian corpuscles sense _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory Receptors at end Organs receive, transduce and transmit information from external and internal sources to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory Receptors of the End Organs (Peripheral Structures) are typically encased in cells that are either modified _____ or modified _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End Organs are Motor _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effectors are ____ in function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effectors are motor in function, which bring about activity in ____, ____, or _____ in the periphery through release of neurotransmitters at synapses. |
|
Definition
| muscle, gland or fat cells |
|
|
Term
| Motor end plates are ______ on _____. |
|
Definition
neuromuscular junctions
skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Synapses on heart muscle, smooth muscle, gland cells or fat cells are not as morphologically specialized as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss or Impairment of Neurons or Glia Leads to Significant Clinical Problems: __________ |
|
Definition
1. Stroke
2. Head and spinal cord trauma
3. Neurodegenerative diseases of aging such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
4. Developmental disorders such as spina bifida, anencephaly
5. Neurological tumors
6. Others such as Multiple sclerosis, epilepsy
7. Pain |
|
|
Term
| Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End Organs are Motor _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effectors are ____ in function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effectors are motor in function, which bring about activity in ____, ____, or _____ in the periphery through release of neurotransmitters at synapses. |
|
Definition
| muscle, gland or fat cells |
|
|
Term
| Motor end plates are ______ on _____. |
|
Definition
neuromuscular junctions
skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Synapses on heart muscle, smooth muscle, gland cells or fat cells are not as morphologically specialized as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss or Impairment of Neurons or Glia Leads to Significant Clinical Problems: __________ |
|
Definition
1. Stroke
2. Head and spinal cord trauma
3. Neurodegenerative diseases of aging such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
4. Developmental disorders such as spina bifida, anencephaly
5. Neurological tumors
6. Others such as Multiple sclerosis, epilepsy
7. Pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma is the fluid left after _______. |
|
Definition
| removing cells when clotting is inhibited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood occupied by cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells two types: _______. |
|
Definition
Agranulocytes (lack granules)
Granulocytes (contain granules) |
|
|
Term
| Types of Agranulocytes (lack granules): _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Granulocytes (contain granules): ______. |
|
Definition
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs are very dense cells containing _____ hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life span is about ____ days for RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Old cells are removed by ____ in spleen, which are recognized by the presence of aging/denatured _____ of surface proteins. |
|
Definition
macrophages
oligosaccharides |
|
|
Term
| obvious function of RBCs is for ______. |
|
Definition
| gas transport (O2 and CO2). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs have a unique ____ shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a protein associated with transmembrane proteins that is involved in forming the RBC into a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations in spectrin can cause the RBCs to ________. |
|
Definition
| have an altered shape (eliptocytosis and spherocytosis) |
|
|
Term
| Individuals with mutations in spectrin are ______ and have _____. |
|
Definition
anemic, jaundice
swollen spleens |
|
|
Term
| RBCs can bind together like life savers by way of serum proteins such as _____ that bind to _____ residues on glycoproteins of RBCs, binding them together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs bound together are called ____ formations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs stained with ____ stain on a blood smear appear tan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has higher Hematocrit levels, females or males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approximately 5 x 106/mm3 with men higher than women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ = normal sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ = small sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ = large sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ = heterogeneous sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tan color of stained RBCs are dependent upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal hemoglobin levels? |
|
Definition
| 15 gm/dL) with men being higher |
|
|
Term
| ______ = Tan RBCs = normal hemoglobin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ = dark tan/brown RBCs = ______ hemoglobin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ = light tan RBCs = ______ hemoglobin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White blood cells (leukocytes)- ______/mm3 blood representing about __% of the volume of whole blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately half our leukocytes are _____ and the other half is _______. |
|
Definition
circulating in blood
bound to the blood vessel wall (margination) and stored in the spleen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBCs bound to blood vessel's wall |
|
|
Term
| two general types of leukocytes: ______. |
|
Definition
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils aka __________. |
|
Definition
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils make up ____% of leukocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are ____ in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of segments in the neutrophil's nucleus increase with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils have a _____ colored cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils possess two types of granules: _____. |
|
Definition
specific granules
lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils specific granules stain ____. |
|
Definition
| colorless aka do not stain |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils lysosomes stain ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils life span in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils that Migrate into connective tissue can live _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Neutrophils function primarily to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Neutrophils Increase in number when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High numbers of immature neutrophils in blood is called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria are initially phagocytosed in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria are initially phagocytosed in phagosomes that later fuse with both _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| specific granules and lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| The granules and lysosomes release their contents into the phagosome, becoming a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neutrophil also pumps______ into the phagolysosome that also contributes to the killing of bacteria. |
|
Definition
| toxic reactive oxygen species (e.g. H2O2) |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are produced by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies that are produced by plasma cells in response to a bacterial infection bind to bacteria and serve as _____ for _____ on neutrophils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the neutrophil can recognize the bacteria as foreign? |
|
Definition
| By the antibody that binds to the bacteria serving as a ligand for receptors on neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| Coating bacteria with antibodies that destine them for phagocytose by neutrophils is a process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies have two "ends": ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Fab portion of the anitbody does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fc portion of the anitbody does what? |
|
Definition
| Serves as a ligand for the Fc receptors on neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| Azurophilic granules aka phagocytose bacteria, bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to the Fc Receptor with Antibodies to phagocytose bacteria, bacteria can also be phagocytosed by ______ for neutrophils. |
|
Definition
| Complement, a Complement binds to bacteria which then binds to a Complement receptor on the neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| In Tests for infection ______ increases above normal range. |
|
Definition
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) |
|
|
Term
| In Tests for infection _______ increases. |
|
Definition
| White blood cell differential - % of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| In Tests for infection a _______ can be taken for pathogenic organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ on RBCs normally keep them from aggregating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins such as _____, increase in infections and other diseases causing an increased RBC aggregation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC _____ can happen during infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased aggregation following an infection causes RBCs to settle to the bottom of the tube more quickly than normal aka a ________. |
|
Definition
| increased ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate or Sed Rate or ESR) |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages produce ____ in response to a bacterial infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL-6 produced by Macrophages following infection induces ___ synthesis by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to bacteria allowing them to be phagocytosed by neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| Binding of CRP by a neutrophil to phagocytose bacteria causes the neutrophil to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ of CRP change quickly with an infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils have a _____ colored cytoplasm, with a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils makes up ______% of leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils _____ in diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils have a Life span is _____ in circulation and _____ in connective
tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils increase when? |
|
Definition
| in allergic reactions and parasitic infections |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophil Granules contain _____ and other proteins that kill parasites |
|
Definition
| major basic protein (MBP) |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils are kept under Regulation by ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
Corticosteroids
antibodies |
|
|
Term
| antibodies _____ Eosinophils by _______. |
|
Definition
activate
binding to Fc receptors |
|
|
Term
| Corticosteroids effect on Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils Phagocytose ______ complexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils _____ other leukocytes at sites of _____ & _____ by secreting ______. |
|
Definition
Regulate
inflammation and immune reactions
cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Basophils make up _____% of leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils are ____ μm in diameter with a ______ shaped nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils are activated by ______ and then secrete _____ that influence other leukocytes. |
|
Definition
antibody binding to Fc receptors
cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Basophils granules contain _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| heparin and histamine (IgE causes release) |
|
|
Term
| Basophils granules are _____ colored and _____ the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has larger Granules, Mast Cells or Basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are there more of, Mast Cells or Basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils increase in number when? |
|
Definition
| During hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
| Example of hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Basophils give rise to Mast Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophils does what in hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
| enters connective tissues |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes make up ___% of leukocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes have two major cell types: _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells make up ____% of circulating lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells make up ____% of circulating lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells differentiate following exposure to ____ to become _____ and produce _____. |
|
Definition
antigen
plasma cells
antibodies |
|
|
Term
| T cells are involved in ______. |
|
Definition
| cell mediated immunity (killing tumor cells and virally infected cells). |
|
|
Term
| T Cells can assist the plasma cell in making ____ and can signal and interact with other ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes increase in number in the blood when? |
|
Definition
| with most types of leukemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solid tumors made of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Monocytes are ____ μm in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes life span is _____ in circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes can enter connective tissue and differentiate into ______, and reside for varying periods of time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes have Fc receptors for ______. |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis of bacteria and other antigens in the circulation. |
|
|
Term
| Monocytes make up _____% of leukocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets are ____ in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets (thrombocytes) nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets (thrombocytes) represent _____ of _____ that reside in the _____. |
|
Definition
| represent “pinched” off pieces of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes that reside in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| There are ____ Platelets (thrombocytes) per micro liter of blood. |
|
Definition
| 150,000 - 450,000 platelets/μl in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) |
|
|
Term
| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) normal range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are larger newly formed or older platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more active, newly formed or older platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets (thrombocytes) life span is _____ in circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets (thrombocytes) bind to damaged _____ in broken vessels and release releasing factors involved in vessel repair, ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
endothelial cells
blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. |
|
|
Term
| factors secrete by Platelets: ______ |
|
Definition
Serotonin
ADP & thromboxane A2
Platelet thromboplastic factor
Platelet derived growth factor |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin released by platelets does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADP & thromboxane A2 released by platelets does what? |
|
Definition
| causes the aggregation of platelets |
|
|
Term
| Platelet derived growth factor released by platelets does what? |
|
Definition
| helps smooth muscle and fibroblasts divide and repair the wound. |
|
|
Term
| the clot formed during blood vessel repair by platelets is lysed by ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Cell Formation aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three phases of the Ontogeny of Blood cell Formation: _____. |
|
Definition
Primordial phase
Hepatosplenothymic phase
Medullolymphatic phase |
|
|
Term
| The Primordial phase of Blood Cell formation begins at _______, with ____ RBCs & with _____ hemoglobin |
|
Definition
2 wks of embryonic life
nucleated
fetal |
|
|
Term
| Hepatosplenothymic phase of Blood cell Formation begins at _____, with ______ RBCs. |
|
Definition
2 months embryonic life
anucleated |
|
|
Term
| ______ phase of blood cell formation occurs from birth throughout adult life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medullolymphatic phase of blood cell formation occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatosplenothymic phase of blood cell formation occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primordial phase of blood cell formation occurs where? |
|
Definition
| Yolk sac, Blood islands of yolk sac |
|
|
Term
| The sequence of Ontogeny of Blood cell Formation can be pushed backwards if _____ gets damaged in adulthood, which means ______. |
|
Definition
marrow
The spleen and liver begin producing cells again. |
|
|
Term
| Two types of marrow: ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red marrow contains _____ that give rise to blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red marrow is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red marrow contains vascular channels surrounded by _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| developing blood cells and fat cells. |
|
|
Term
| Yellow marrow is mostly comprised of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does hematopoiesis occur in yellow marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Stem cells are cells that can produce ______ and/or _______> |
|
Definition
more of themselves
differentiate into mature blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| Types of marrow stem cells _______ |
|
Definition
| Colony Forming Unit (CFU) |
|
|
Term
| Colony Forming Unit (CFU) are ____ cells placed under the capsule of the ____ produce _______. |
|
Definition
stem
spleen
a colony of cells containing all blood cell types |
|
|
Term
| Another name for Colony Forming Unit (CFU) is _______. |
|
Definition
| Pluripotential Stem Cells |
|
|
Term
| Multipotential Stem Cells are stem cells that ______. |
|
Definition
| give rise to many different cell types but not all. |
|
|
Term
| myeloid precursor is gives rise to _____. |
|
Definition
| all blood cell types except lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| myeloid precursor is an example of a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Unipotential stem cells" arise from _____ stem cells and give rise only to _______. |
|
Definition
pluripotential
a specific lineage of cells. |
|
|
Term
| lymphoid unipotential stem cell gives rise only to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cells require interactions with ______ cells to function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cells for blood are found where? |
|
Definition
| in the marrow and in circulating blood |
|
|
Term
| Are there markers for stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cell factor aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Stem cell factor (Steel) regulate stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stem cells does Stem cell factor (Steel) stimulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cell factor (Steel) is produced by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cell factor (Steel) exists as a _____ protein requiring ______ for signaling. |
|
Definition
integral membrane
cell-cell contact |
|
|
Term
| Interleukins 1, 3, & 6 _____ many types of stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GM-CSF ______ _____ stem cells involved in production of ______. |
|
Definition
stimulates
unipotential
granulocytes & monocytes |
|
|
Term
| M-CSF ______ ______ stem cells involved in production of ______. |
|
Definition
stimulates
unipotential
macrophages |
|
|
Term
| G-CSF ____ ______ stem cells involved in production of _______. |
|
Definition
stimulates
unipotential
granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| Erythropoietin is produced by the _____ and stimulates ____ production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiated blood cells and a few stem cells can enter the blood stream by passing between ______ of the _______ in the marrow cavity. |
|
Definition
endothelial cells
sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| The endothelial cells of the vascular channels that differentiated blood cells and a few stem cells pass between have receptors for: _______. |
|
Definition
| androgens, glucocorticoids and bacterial toxins |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the enothelial cells of the blood vessels near bone marrow bind their regulators (androgens, glucocorticoids and bacterial toxins)? |
|
Definition
| When these regulators bind, the endothelial cells express surface proteins that allow the differentiated cells to attach and find their way between the endothelial cells. |
|
|
Term
| CFU (____potential stem cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CFU gives rise to: ______ |
|
Definition
Common myeloid precursor
Common lymphoid |
|
|
Term
| Common myeloid precursor is ____potential stem cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common lymphoid is _____potential stem cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common myeloid precursor gives rise to: ______ |
|
Definition
Mast Cell
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
RBC
Megakaryocyte
Neutrophil |
|
|
Term
| Common lymphoid gives rise to: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Lymphocytes: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pluripotential Stem Cells can be isolated from _____ and used for marrow donations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When trying to isolate Pluripotential Stem Cells from the blood, the donor is given ____ for 4-6 days to _______. |
|
Definition
G-CSF
increase the movement of stem cells into the peripheral circulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates unipotential stem cells involved in production of granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| The process called ______ is used to collect stem cells using the marker ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developing blood cells become _____ in size as they become more mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nuclei of developing blood cells becomes ______ as they mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developing blood cells can be identified by the presence or absence of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developing blood cells can be identified by the shape of their ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developing blood cells can be identified by the staining characteristics of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The RBC lineage is classified on the basis of _______. |
|
Definition
| the color of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| The granulocyte lineage of the myeloid lineage is classified on the basis of _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
the
color of granule and the shape of the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| The granulocyte lineage gives rise to: _______. |
|
Definition
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Basophil |
|
|
Term
| First common cell type in the granulocyte lineage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| granulocyte development order: _______. |
|
Definition
| Promyelocyte -> Myelocyte -> Metamyelocyte -> Band -> Mature |
|
|
Term
| RBC development order: ______. |
|
Definition
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
RBC |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophil lobe character? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophil lobe character? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lobes poorly formed - 2 lobes |
|
|
Term
| What steps of RBC development have the nucleus still? |
|
Definition
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast |
|
|
Term
| Red Blood Cell Production aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red Blood Cell Production (Erythropoiesis) requires association with _______. |
|
Definition
| macrophages (erythroblastic islands) |
|
|
Term
| How do macrophages assist in RBC production? |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis of extruded nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Basophilic erythroblast is ____ step in RBC production (as we are concerned)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophilic erythroblast has a very cytoplasm, because _____ |
|
Definition
| the cell is producing a large number of ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| Why does the Basophilic erythroblast produce tons of Ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| will be needed later when the progeny of this cell begin to produce hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Polychromatophilic Erythroblast has a _____ colored cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophilic erythroblast has a _____ colored cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polychromatophilic Erythroblast are Often found in clumps and have _____ chromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orthochromatic Erythroblasts are filled with a lot of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orthochromatic Erythroblasts cytoplasm stains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White Blood Cell Production AKA (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With White Blood Cell Production (leukopoiesis) the Nuclei become _______ & _____ as they mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With White Blood Cell Production (leukopoiesis) the cells become _____ in size as they mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Promyelocyte how do the granules stain? |
|
Definition
| Same color as the nucleus (Pink) |
|
|
Term
| A Promyelocyte is committed genetically to _______ however it has not begun to _______. |
|
Definition
becoming one of the three granulocytes
produce any of the specific granules |
|
|
Term
| Color of Neutrophil nucleus and cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
Nucleus- Pink/Purple
Cytoplasm- Light staining because the granules do not take up the dye |
|
|
Term
| myelocytes have a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
| Round nucleus (Granulocyte development lineage) |
|
|
Term
| metamyelocyte have a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
| indented (Granulocyte development lineage) |
|
|
Term
| band have a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
| band/ horseshoe (Granulocyte development lineage) |
|
|
Term
| Basophils leave the marrow as ______, while Mast Cells ______ |
|
Definition
| Basophils leave the marrow as mature cells while mast cells usually leave the marrow and travel to the connective tissues before they acquire mature granules. |
|
|
Term
| Where do Basophils mature (obtain specific granules) fully? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Mast Cells mature (obtain specific granules) fully? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Production of Platelets aka (_______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets (Thrombocytes) are produced by _____ in the ______. |
|
Definition
megakaryocytes
Bone Marrow |
|
|
Term
| With White Blood Cell Production (leukopoiesis) cells become ____ in size as they mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets are simply _____ |
|
Definition
| simply small pieces of cytoplasm of Megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
| Megakaryocytes are _____ sized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Megakaryocytes DNA characteristic? |
|
Definition
| polyploid (extra copies of chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
| Platelets pinch of Megakaryocytes into _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Lymphocytes develop or begin to at least? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells complete their development where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells complete their development in the marrow and then migrate to other sites where they can ______ and then _______. |
|
Definition
contact antigen
divide to produce more B cells |
|
|
Term
| T cells begin in the _____ but migrate to the _____ to complete development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells begin in the marrow but migrate to the thymus to complete development. Then they migrate to other sites, contact _____, and then _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocytes are produced in the ____ and can migrate to other sites and divide (limited) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocyte can also mature into ____ in the ______. |
|
Definition
macrophages
connective tissues |
|
|
Term
| General Structure of Blood Vessels: _______ |
|
Definition
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima |
|
|
Term
| Tunica intima forms the Lining of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica intima controls __________. |
|
Definition
| passage of molecules and cells between lumen and surrounding tissue |
|
|
Term
| Tunica intima Regulates _____ through ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
blood flow
vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Tunica media function is to provide ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica media maintains ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica _____ interfaces with other tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica intima consits of: _____. |
|
Definition
Endothelium
Basal lamina (ECM)
Internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
| The Endothelium of the Tunica intima consists of a _______ |
|
Definition
| single layer of squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Basal lamina (ECM) of the Tunica intima consists of: _____ |
|
Definition
| collagen, proteoglycans, & glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Tunica media consists of: ______ |
|
Definition
Layers of smooth muscle - circumferential
External elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels can be distinguished by differences in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Elastic Arteries have a _____ content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Elastic Arteries resist and absorbs _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Elastic Arteries use the _____ force to maintain blood pressure during _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscular Arteries have a High ______ content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscular Arteries maintains blood pressure by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of Large Elastic Arteries: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Elastic Arteries, elastic character allows it to: handle _____ stress, maintain _____, _____ closure |
|
Definition
structural
blood pressure
valve |
|
|
Term
| Vasa vasorum is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the external elastic membrane found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the internal elastic membrane found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Large Elastic Arteries the Tunica ______ is the thickest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Large Elastic Arteries the internal elastic membrane is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tunica media of Large Elastic Arteries, Multiple layers of smooth muscle are separated by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smooth muscle of Tunica media is not truly ______, but instead ______. |
|
Definition
circumferential
have slight spiral |
|
|
Term
| The Elastic laminae of the Tunica media of Large Elastic Arteries are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elastic fibers in the tunica _____ in large elastic arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most arteries are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Muscular Arteries is the Tunica Intima thicker or thinner than in Elastic Arteries. |
|
Definition
| Thinner in elastic arteries |
|
|
Term
| Which Tunica is thickest in Muscular Arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica media consists of Multiple layers of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica media Predominantly composed of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tunica media of Muscular Arteries contain _____ amount of elastic laminae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small Arteries and Arterioles have poorly defined Tunica ______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tunica media for small arteries is ______ layers thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tunica media for Arterioles is ______ layers thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Tunica intima of Arterioles the internal elastic membrane may _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the internal elastic membrane present in the Tunica Intima of small arteries? |
|
Definition
| Yes versus not always being present as in arterioles |
|
|
Term
| Metarterioles have a ____ layer of smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metarterioles Precapillary sphincter at junction to ________, which controls amount of ________. |
|
Definition
capillary bed
blood flow into capillary |
|
|
Term
| Capillaries Function is for the regulation of the exchange and transport of ______. |
|
Definition
| O2, CO2 metabolites and waste between blood and tissue |
|
|
Term
| Capillaries are structurally composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
| single layer of endothelial cells and their basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| For Capillaries, what surrounds the lumen? |
|
Definition
| Single endothelial cell surrounds the entire lumen |
|
|
Term
| For Capillaries the diameter allows for the passage of a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pericytes are found where? |
|
Definition
| Sparsely located around capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support and stability role for capilary |
|
|
Term
| Pericytes Surround capillaries, sharing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pericytes, Contractile: regulated by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillaries are structurally composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
| single layer of endothelial cells and their basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| For Capillaries, what surrounds the lumen? |
|
Definition
| Single endothelial cell surrounds the entire lumen |
|
|
Term
| For Capillaries the diameter allows for the passage of a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pericytes are found where? |
|
Definition
| Sparsely located around capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support and stability role for capilary |
|
|
Term
| Pericytes Surround capillaries, sharing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pericytes, Contractile: regulated by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What support cell of capillaries is also a stem cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pericytes are _____potential stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pericytes are Multipotential stem cells around capillaries that produce ______. |
|
Definition
| endothelial and smooth muscle cells (Can renew tissue for the capillaries) |
|
|
Term
| Pericytes function as Multipotential stem cells around capillaries when? |
|
Definition
| during development and angiogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels |
|
|
Term
| Pericytes are Histologically similar to _______. |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated mesenchymal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mesenchyme, or mesenchymal connective tissue, is a type of undifferentiated loose connective tissue that is derived mostly from mesoderm, although some is derived from other germ layers; |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of Capillaries: ________. |
|
Definition
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Discontinuous capillaries (sinusoidal capillaries, sinusoids) |
|
|
Term
| Continuous capillaries possess _____ junctions through which only molecules _____ can pass through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Continuous capillaries use ________ to transport larger molecules that cannot pass through the occluding junctions (<10 kDa only). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continuous capillaries are typical of: ______ tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fenestrated capillaries have Fenestrations that are _____ diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of Fenestrated capillaries: _____. |
|
Definition
Without diaphragms
With diaphragms |
|
|
Term
| Where are the diaphragms of Fenestrated capillaries derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the diaphragms of Fenestrated capillaries that possess them cover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fenestrated capillaries are typical of: _____ tissues. |
|
Definition
| endocrine glands, gall bladder, kidney, intestine |
|
|
Term
| Discontinuous capillaries aka (_______) |
|
Definition
| sinusoidal capillaries, sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| Discontinuous capillaries have _____ diameters compared to the two other types of capillaries (Continuous & Fenestrated) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discontinuous capillaries have a ____ diameter, are _____ shaped, and have ______ sized gaps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discontinuous capillaries (sinusoidal capillaries, sinusoids) are typical of: ____ tissues. |
|
Definition
| liver, spleen, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Tunica are not as well defined in veins or arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has thinner walls, veins or arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has larger lumens, veins or arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Veins or Arteries are often partly collapsed in sections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large glorified capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Venules tunica characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Venules have Pericytes? |
|
Definition
| Yes (just like capillaries) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Pericytes found around venules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small Veins have a diameter of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small Veins tunica characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Venules tunica intima have a basal lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of Tunica intima of Small Veins? |
|
Definition
–Endothelium with basal lamina
–Sometimes have a thin subendothelial layer of connective tissue
–Sometimes have a thin internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
| The Tunica media of Small Veins is composed of _____ layers. |
|
Definition
| 1-3 layers of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Small Arteries have ____ layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterioles have ____ layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In small veins what tunica is thicker media or adventitia? |
|
Definition
| Tunica adventitia is Thicker than tunica media |
|
|
Term
| The Tunica adventitia of small veins is composed of ______ |
|
Definition
| Connective tissue: collagen fibers and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| What Tunica is thickest in Muscular Arteries & Large Elastic Arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of veins posses valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medium Veins Tunica intima is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
–Endothelium with basal lamina
–Subendothelial layer: small (connective tissue, some smooth muscle cells)
–Sometimes have a thin internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
| Medium Veins Tunica Media is ____ compared to arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tunica media of Medium Veins is made up of multiple layers of ______. |
|
Definition
| circumferential smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| The smooth muscle making up arteries tunica media is not truly circumferential , but _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In medium veins the Tunica Intima's boundary with tunica media is often ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tunica media of Medium Veins has _____ & ______ present in addition to smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
| Collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Tunica media of Medium Veins sometimes has ______ cells at outermost region. |
|
Definition
| longitudinal smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is thicker in Medium Veins, Tunica Media or Adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tunica adventitia of Medium Veins is composed of _______. |
|
Definition
| Connective tissue: collagen fibers and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Veins Tunica intima is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
–Endothelium with basal lamina
–Subendothelial layer: small (connective tissue, some smooth muscle cells)
–Sometimes have a thin internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
| Large Veins thickest Tunica layer is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Tunica media of Large veins _______ and _____ are present. |
|
Definition
| Collagen and elastic fibers present |
|
|
Term
| The Tunica media of Large veins possesses multiple layers of ______ smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tunica adventitia of Large Veins is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
-Connective tissue: collagen fibers and elastic fibers
–Longitudinal smooth muscle cells
–Vasa vasorum: arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
| Which veins have a Vasa vasorum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which veins have Longitudinal smooth muscle in their Tunic adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arteries have Longitudinal smooth muscle in their Tunic adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the Heart Wall: _______. |
|
Definition
Endocardium
Subendocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium |
|
|
Term
| The Endocardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
–Endothelium
–Subendothelial connective tissue layer
–Layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| The Subendocardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
–Connective tissue
–Conducting system is in this layer |
|
|
Term
| The Myocardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Epicardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
-Layer of connective and adipose tissue containing blood and nerves
–Mesothelial cells: |
|
|
Term
| In what layer of the heart is the conducting system found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subendocardium is continuous with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what layer of the heart is the Endothelium found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what layer of the heart is the Purkinje Fibers found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what layer of the heart is the Cardiac muscle found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mesothelial cells are found in what layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mesothelial cells line the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what layer are the nerves and blood vessels supplying the heart contained? |
|
Definition
| Epicardium in the layer of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| In what layer of the heart are smooth muscle cells found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical Conducting System of the Heart is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (SV) node
Atrioventricular bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers |
|
|
Term
| What generates the electrical signal of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular (SV) node is located Beneath the _____ of the ______. |
|
Definition
endocardium
right atrial septal wall |
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular (SV) node uses _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are larger Cardiac conducting cells or Cardiac Muscle Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular (SV) node is found in what layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pacemaker of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sinoatrial (SA) node is made of ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nodal cardiac muscle cells which make up the SA node are specialized ______. |
|
Definition
| Specialized conductive cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| What are larger Nodal cardiac muscle cells or cardiac muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nodal cardiac muscle cells which make up the SA node have atypical ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular (SV) node, receives impulses from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular bundle of His transmits impulse across ______ to _____ by left and right branches. |
|
Definition
fibrous skeleton (dense connective tissue)
ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular bundle of His is composed of _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers are ______ branches and _____ of the conducting system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers are composed of _______ cells. |
|
Definition
| Specialized conductive cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers are _____ in size compared to cardiac muscle cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje Fibers are found in the ______ layer of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Purkinje Fibers posses Intercalated discs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between Purkinje Fibers & Cardiac Muscle Intercalated discs? |
|
Definition
| Purkinje Fibers are more variable and not as well defined. |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic Vascular System is ____ directional. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic Vascular System Conveys fluids from _____ to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic capillaries Originate in tissues as ______ vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic capillaries are more _____ & _____ than capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Lymphatic capillaries have fenestrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic capillaries are highly _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic capillaries are Highly permeable and therefore can collect _____ and _____ too large to enter capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic vessels and ducts have ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major Parts of the skin: ______ |
|
Definition
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis |
|
|
Term
| The epidermis is composed of ______ epithelium. |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous keratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The dermis is composed of ______. |
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| The hypodermis is composed of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Appendages of the Skin: _______. |
|
Definition
1. Sweat glands
2. Sebaceous glands
3. Hair follicles
4. Nails |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the Epidermis: _______. |
|
Definition
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Langerhans cells
4. Merkel cells |
|
|
Term
| What cell type makes up 90% of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratinocytes provide _____ function to the epidermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through Melanin Melanocytes provide _____ function for the epidermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Langerhans cells serve what function for the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merkel cells serve what function for the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merkel cells are similar to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes are derived from from embryonic
______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratinocytes produce ______ (proteins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratinocytes produce ______ (lipids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamellar bodies produced by Keratinocytes do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratinocytes cells divide at the ____ and then _____ and are pushed toward the surface creating layers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratinocytes are involved in the production of vitamin _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratins give skin what property? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratins are a family of proteins with at least 30 different types (some _____, others _____). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many of the keratins are formed into _____ that span the cell attaching to _____ in the cytoplasmic membrane. |
|
Definition
intermediate filaments
desmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion |
|
|
Term
| The presence of keratins in cells is a marker of _____ origin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers (strata) of keratinocytes in the epidermis: ______. |
|
Definition
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum granulosum
3. Stratum spinosum
4. Stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| stratum basale of keratinocytes has _____ shaped cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the stratum basale are ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratum basale produces ____ keratins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratum basale makes ______ that attach epidermis to dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratum basale contains a few melanocytes and ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is cell division occurring in the stratum basale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is cell division occurring in the Stratum
Spinosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stratum Spinosum produces ____ keratins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Stratum Spinosum ______ hold cells together giving it a spiny appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stratum Spinosum cells produce lamellar granules that have a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stratum Granulosum has _____ granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does cell division occur in the Stratum Granulosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Stratum Granulosum has ____ keratins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Keratinocytes begin to undergo apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Stratum Corneum cells are _____ shaped & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Stratum Corneum, lipid from ______ are released creating a waterbarrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the lamellar granules produced that release their lipid contents into the Stratum Corneum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ occurs at the surface of the Stratum Corneum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layers of Keratinocytes produce keratins? |
|
Definition
| strata basale, spinosum and granulosum |
|
|
Term
| What Keratinocytes produce filaggrin and store it in granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratinocytes die and ____ crosslinks keratin molecules together giving strength to the stratum corneum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At death, keratinocytes also release the
_____ granules allowing lipids to form a hydrophobic shield helping the skin retain moisture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer does not produce keratins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes are Derived from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes cell bodies are where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes Produce _____ and package it in membrane-bound vesicles called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanosomes are released and then endocytosed by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanosomes are released and then endocytosed by keratinocytes. The melanin is released and then becomes located where? |
|
Definition
| on the "sunny side" of the keratinocyte nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Melanin protects against ____ & gives skin its _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes-________ unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All people have about the same number of ______. (with respect to melanin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All people have about the same number of melanocytes. The difference in color among individuals is the _____ as well as the ______. |
|
Definition
size and number of melanosomes
type of melanin |
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes-keratinocyte unit uses ____crine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Melanocytes-keratinocyte unit, UV light is adsorbed by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After being exposed to UV light, the Keratinocyte then produces _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After being exposed to UV light, the Keratinocyte then produces alpha MSH. alpha MSH is then adsorbed by ______, causing it to _______. |
|
Definition
melanocytes
Release melanosomes filled with melanin |
|
|
Term
| After being exposed to UV light, the Keratinocyte then produces alpha MSH. alpha MSH is then adsorbed by melanocytes, causing it to release melanosomes filled with melanin. The melanosomes then travel to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopa & Dopaquinone are produced from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopa & Dopaquinone can be converted into ______ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pheomelanin gives rise to _____ colors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eumelanin gives rise to ____ colors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RDS for Melanin biosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine to Dopa & Dopaquinone by tyrosinase |
|
|
Term
| Malignant Melanoma is cancer of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Vitamin D Biosynthesis 7-dehydrocholesterol, made by _______ in the _____ stratas is converted into ______, which will eventually become vitamin D, by UVB light. |
|
Definition
keratinocytes
in basale and spinosum
Cholecalciferol |
|
|
Term
| Merkel cells are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merkel cells are connected to _____ that enter the _____ forming a Merkel cell corpuscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merkel cells provide _______. |
|
Definition
| provide light pressure and touch sensation. |
|
|
Term
| Langerhans cells bind and chemically modify _____ in skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Langerhans cells migrate to _____ via _____. |
|
Definition
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| Langerhans cells that have left the epidermis and have migrated to the lymph nodes then interact with _____ in the lymph node signaling them to ______ specific to _______. |
|
Definition
lymphocytes
proliferate into a clone of cells
the antigen they found in the skin. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following cells has
the most melanin?
1. Merkel cell
2. Keratinocyte
3. Melanocyte
4. Langerhans cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dermis is composed of ______. |
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Dermis contains few cells but much ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dermis is highly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dermis is divided into two regions: _____. |
|
Definition
papillary region
reticular region |
|
|
Term
| The reticular region of the dermis conveys ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The papillary region of the dermis conveys ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Sweat glands: _______. |
|
Definition
1. Merocrine (eccrine)
2. Apocrine (Really secretes by merocrine also) |
|
|
Term
| Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands produce a watery sweat that _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apocrine sweat glands open into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apocrine sweat glands open into hair follicles primarily in _____ where the secretion is watery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized apocrine glands sweat glands also found in eyelids and ear canal where they produce a waxy secretion (______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sweat gland can reabsorb sweat and therefore salt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands act in salt retention under the control of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stains darker in an Apocrine Sweat Gland, the Gland or Duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cells thick is the Apocrine Sweat Gland Duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cells thick is the Apocrine Sweat Gland itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sebaceous glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
| Holocrine secretion (entire cell contributes to secretion). |
|
|
Term
| Sebaceous glands are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sweat Glands are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sebaceous glands has a short duct which empties into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sebaceous glands are located near? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sebaceous glands look like they have ____ in their lumens. |
|
Definition
| fat cells (don't actually duh) |
|
|
Term
| Meisner's corpuscle are located where? |
|
Definition
| Papillary region of dermis |
|
|
Term
| Hypodermis has ______ corpuscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pacinian corpuscles sense ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypodermis contains some ____ glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypodermis is composed of mainly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin skin possesses _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick skin possesses ______. |
|
Definition
| Many sweat glands and NO hair. |
|
|
Term
| Thick skin is found where? |
|
Definition
| found on palms of hands and soles of feet |
|
|
Term
| Thick skin is ____mm or more thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The skin is selectively soluble to: ______. |
|
Definition
| fat-soluble substances such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as steroid hormones such as estrogens and androgens. |
|
|
Term
| Patches use the Selectively Permeable character of skin to hydrophobic substances (fat soluble vitamins and steroids) to deliver ________. |
|
Definition
| estrogen, scopolamine (motion sickness), nitroglycerin (heart problems), and nicotine (for those trying to quit smoking). |
|
|
Term
| In the Aging of Skin the dermis of the skin is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ageing of Skin results in decreased ______ & ______ contents. |
|
Definition
| decreased collagen and elastic fibers (fragility) |
|
|
Term
| Ageing of Skin results in a reduction of the ______ (~ 50%) and decreased ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photoaging is sun damage from UV_. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strong attachment of basal layer of epidermis to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hair is formed in the hair follicle by cells in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes add _____ to the hair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The growth phase of hair can last from _____ to ____ in duration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the growth phase of hair has ceased the hair follicle then _______. |
|
Definition
| shuts down and the hair is released/shed. |
|
|
Term
| After the hair follicle has shed, it then _____. |
|
Definition
| rests for a few months, and then growth resumes to produce a new hair. |
|
|
Term
| What dictates length of hair? |
|
Definition
| Length of the hair growth cycle |
|
|
Term
| Eyelashes grow for ____ in duration and hair on the scalp grows for _____ in duration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ of the hair follicle is where vessels and nerves can be found. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nail plate is produced by cells in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nail plate slides along the _____ of the finger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nail plate is hard because of presence of proteins with high _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| sulfur content and calcium salts. |
|
|
Term
| the ducts of sweat glands are ____ in structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic organs/tissues types: _______. |
|
Definition
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Nonencapsulated nodules
Spleen |
|
|
Term
| What lymphatics tissues/organs are encapsualted? |
|
Definition
All but Nonencapsulated nodules,
basically Thymus, Lymph nodes, Spleen |
|
|
Term
| Which lymphatic tissue/organ is not a site of action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Tcells produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thymus Functions in the _____ & ____ of T cells. |
|
Definition
| Differentiation and proliferation |
|
|
Term
| Which lymphatic tissue/gland is partitioned into lobules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lobules of the Thymus have a _______ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Differentiating T cells
Epithelioreticular cells |
|
|
Term
| Epithelioreticular cells produce factors that regulate _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelioreticular cells are found in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ cells are found in the Cortex of the lobules of the Thymus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelioreticular cells induce _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| proliferation and differentiation |
|
|
Term
| Epithelioreticular cells in the thymus can differentiate T Cells into: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After CD8 cells have come in contact with an antigen presenting cell they can become: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CD8 Cytotoxic T cells do what? |
|
Definition
| kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells and grafts |
|
|
Term
| After CD4 cells have come in contact with an antigen presenting cell they can become: ______. |
|
Definition
Regulatory T Cells
CD4 Helper Cells |
|
|
Term
| CD4 Helper Cells do what? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate B cells/plasma cells to make antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory T Cells do what? |
|
Definition
| are involved in tolerance to self-antigens. |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory T Cells aka (_______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CD4 and CD8 T cells enter blood and migrate to sites where immune cells are needed to mount _____ & _____ reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the T cell contacts a foreign antigen presented by a ____ or _____, it can _______. |
|
Definition
dendritic cell or macrophage
differentiate further (Into CD4 and CD8) |
|
|
Term
| What cells are killed by the AIDS virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocyte enters thymus from bone marrow by binding ____ on endothelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the Naive Lymphocyte has entered the cortex, Thymosin, IL-7 and other factors from _______ cause lymphocytes to proliferate and express T cell receptors and _______; and are now called ________. |
|
Definition
epithelioreticular cells
the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors
double positive T cells. |
|
|
Term
| Where are developing T cells presented with antigens? |
|
Definition
| In the Medulla and Cortex of the Thymus |
|
|
Term
| Epithelioreticular cells interact with the _______ T cells by presenting self antigens. This causes them to _______. |
|
Definition
double positive
express only one of the coreceptors |
|
|
Term
Epithelioreticular cells interact with the double positive T cells by presenting self antigens. This causes them to express only one of the coreceptors. Those cells
that fail to interact ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells migrate to the medulla and are again presented with ______ by epithelioreticular cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Thymus has ______ corpuscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Hassall’s Corpuscles found in the Thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hassall’s Corpuscle are a concentrated site of ______ cells that induce T cell differentiation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the thymus is focused on T cell production rather than being a site of immune ______, it restricts _____ from contacting the maturing lymphocytes by the _________. |
|
Definition
reactions
antigens
Blood-Thymus Barrier |
|
|
Term
| Components of the Blood-Thymus Barrier of the Thymus: ________. |
|
Definition
| Epithelioreticular cells, macrophages, and endothelium of capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Lymph Nodes have a Capsule and trabeculae made of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph Nodes have numerous _______ to which the cells are attached. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two major subdivisions of the Lymph Node: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cortex of Lymph Nodes is composed of _____ of lymphocytes and lymphatic sinuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medulla of Lymph Nodes is composed of _____ of lymphocytes and lymphatic sinuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph Nodes function to filter lymph and ______ to lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the lymph node, antigen presenting cells trap antigens and then present antigens to ______ that then become activated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dendritic cells that present the antigens to the B lymphocytes in the lymph node caan be where? |
|
Definition
in the lymph node
or they can trap antigen in another organ and then migrate to the
lymph node to interact with lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Activated B cells proliferate creating a ____ of cells _____ to the antigen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activated B cells proliferate creating a clone of cells specific to the antigen. This group of cells is called a "_____". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Activated B cells proliferate creating a clone of cells specific to the antigen. This group of cells is called a "germinal center". The lymphocytes then migrate
into the ________ and become ________. |
|
Definition
medullary cords
plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| Plasma cells can leave the _____ from Thymus and travel in the lymph to other nodes and ultimately to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells can leave the cords from Thymus and travel in the lymph to other
nodes and ultimately to the blood. They can leave the blood and enter _____ and continue to produce ______. |
|
Definition
peripheral connective tissues
antibody |
|
|
Term
| *Some B cells migrate into the edge of the germinal center ("mantel" or "corona") where they become _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells/plasma cells require interactions with ________ for antibody production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells reside where in the Lymph Nodes? |
|
Definition
| T cells reside in a zone between the cortex and the medulla. |
|
|
Term
| B cell activation and production of ______. |
|
Definition
| B cell activation and production of germinal center |
|
|
Term
| Activated _ cells divide to produce a clone of cells that is the germinal center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some B-cells become ______ after antigen exposure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular fibers are found where in the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes via the _______ and exit via the _______. |
|
Definition
postcapillary venules
lymph fluid |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the site where lymphocytes leave the blood vascular system and enter the node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nodules are found in what layer of the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonencapsulated Nodules are commonly found in the _____ of the respiratory and digestive systems, but other places too. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonencapsulated Nodules are primarily clusters of _____ with ______. |
|
Definition
lymphocytes
germinal centers |
|
|
Term
_______- Although commonly called
nonencapsulated nodules they do have a partial capsule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The spleen performs two very different
functions: __________. |
|
Definition
• Filters blood and produces antibodies to
antigens in blood.
• Removal of old red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| white pulp is made up of a _____ and _____ and sometimes _____. |
|
Definition
artery and PALS
germinal center |
|
|
Term
Germinal center sometimes called
a _______ in the spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the spleen, antigens come from the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood enters the artery as a _____ and leaves a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PALS are a sheath of _______ with a few ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nodules are found in what layer of the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PALS are found around _____ in spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two Parts of the Respiratory Tube: _____. |
|
Definition
| Conducting portion & Respiratory portion |
|
|
Term
| Conducting portion of the Respiratory Tube spans from ______ to _____. |
|
Definition
nasal opening to the terminal
bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory portion of the Respiratory Tube spans from ______ to _____. |
|
Definition
respiratory bronchioles to
alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory portion of the Respiratory Tube functions in ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
gas exchange
filtering air |
|
|
Term
| Conducting portion ______ & _____ the air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conducting portion filters the air by using ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| olfaction (smell) phonation (speech) are accomplished by the ______ portion of the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conducting Portion of the respiratory is lined primarily by _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiratory epithelium is composed of ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The respiratory epithelium of the conducting portion is composed: _______. |
|
Definition
- ciliated columnar cells
- goblet cells
- brush cells (sensory)
- basal cells (stem cells)
- small granule cell (paracrine/DNES cells).
Sometimes called Kulchitsky cells. |
|
|
Term
| The basal cells of the respiratory epithelium of the conducting portion function as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brush cells of the respiratory epithelium of the conducting portion function in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two Parts of the Nasal Cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibule of the Nasal Cavity is lined by ________ epithelium at opening then transitions to ________ epithelium inwardly. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous keratinized
respiratory |
|
|
Term
Fossae of the Nasal Cavity are two chambers within skull lined primarily by
______ epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Fossae of the Nasal Cavity has two Specialized regions: _______. |
|
Definition
Swell bodies
Olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Cells of olfactory epithelium are found on the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Cells of olfactory epithelium Secrete odorant binding proteins that deliver odorant to receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supporting cells are _____ shaped cells with microvilli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are Odorant receptors on cilia of the Cells of the olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfactory bipolar cells receptors detect more than ____ type of odorant and are _____ type of receptors.coupled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When an Odorant binds a Olfactory bipolar cells Odorant receptor _____ & _____
levels increase causing ________. |
|
Definition
cAMP and sodium
depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Basal cells are round _______ cells on the ______ of Cells of olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brush cells are microvilli have _____ function for Cells of olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ glands are found under olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bowman’s glands produce a serous (watery) secretion to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells of olfactory epithelium contain: ______ cells |
|
Definition
Supporting cells
Olfactory bipolar cells
Basal cells
Brush cells |
|
|
Term
| Paranasal Sinuses are blind cavities in the facial bones that are lined by ________. |
|
Definition
| thin respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Both nasopharynx and oropharynx of the Pharynx are lined are with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Larynx the Epiglottis and vocal folds are covered with _______ and the rest is covered by _________. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The Trachea and Bronchi are lined with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both nasopharynx and oropharynx of the Pharynx are lined are with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuroepithelial Bodies are found mostly in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuroepithelial Bodies, mostly found in the bronchi, are clusters of _____ cells that release factors that regulate _______. |
|
Definition
small granule
blood flow to the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Does an Intrapulmonary have hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Bronchioles have cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proximal bronchioles characteristics: _____ |
|
Definition
respiratory epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
No cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Terminal bronchioles characteristics: _____ |
|
Definition
Simple cuboidal with cilia but no goblet cells.
No cartilage |
|
|
Term
| _______ stimulation decreases the diameter and _____ stimulation increases diameter of the terminal bronchioles. |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic
sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the beginning of the respiratory portion of the Respiratory Tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of Respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal, Aveloi are present (Starting to develop from the tube), no goblet cells, no cartilage NO CILIA |
|
|
Term
| _____ Cells are Stem cells in the bronchioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clara Cells function in the bronchioles to ______ from surface fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Clara Cells in the bronchioles Secrete a _____ that cleaves the surface protein
“_____” of ______ thereby activating it to cause the symptoms of the flu. |
|
Definition
tryptase
hemagglutinin
influenza A |
|
|
Term
| Clara Cells Secrete _____ that can be used as a marker for lung injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order of the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| Proximal -> Terminal -> Respiratory |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory bronchioles give rise to _____, which give rise to _____. |
|
Definition
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the site of gas exchange between blood and air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Blood air barrier is ___ thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Blood air barrier is made up of Type ______ alveolar cells, the _____ of capillaries, and the ______. |
|
Definition
Type I alveolar cell
Endothelium
Fused basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| Type I alveolar cell are a ____ shaped cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type I alveolar cells make up ___% of
the alveolar surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type II alveolar cells produce ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ___ alveolar cells are stem cells for type I and II cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than Type I and Type II alveolar cells, what other two cell types are present in an Alveolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts in the Alveolus secrete ____ under the regulation of parathyroid-like peptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts in the Alveolus secrete leptin, which does what? |
|
Definition
| stimulates type II cells to produce surfactant. |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages do what in the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| eliminate particles in the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Where does cartilage stop in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
| bronchi are last to have them |
|
|
Term
| Where do goblet cells stop in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
| proximal bronchi are the last to have them |
|
|
Term
| Where does Cilia stop in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
| Terminal bronchi are the last to have them |
|
|
Term
| Where are Clara Cells found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are macrophages, Type I, and Type II alveolar cells found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts/ Sacs |
|
|
Term
| Where is smooth muscle found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
| Everywhere but in the Alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| Where are Alveoli found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts/ Sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Proximal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Terminal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Alveolar ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Alveolar sacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COPD is common in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smoking causes an increase in ______ cells
that secrete chemo-attractants for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils attracted by the increased present of macrophages brought by smoking, enter the lungs and secrete ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smoking inhibits ____ (from the liver) that normally cleaves and eliminates elastase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The end result of smoking with respect to the increase levels of elastase and decreased activity of a1-antitrypsin is ______. |
|
Definition
| Decreased elastiticity of the alveolus |
|
|
Term
| In Asthma Allergens occasionally cross _____ epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Asthma Allergens that occasionally cross bronchial epithelium, bind to ______ and they releases histamine, leukotrienes, and chemotactic factors for other _______. |
|
Definition
mast cells (IgE)
leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| In Asthma the Lymphocytes attracted by the chemotactic factors of the mast cells (IgE) enter the lungs and release ____ that causes contraction of smooth muscle at the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Squamous cell carcinoma arises in the
epithelium of the _______ of the respiratory tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large cell carcinoma is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adenocarcinoma arise primarily from the
____ in the bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small cell carcinomas (aka _____) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small cell carcinomas (oat cell) are ___ in origin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small cell carcinomas (oat cell) are most common in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of Non-small cell carcinomas of the respiratory tube: _______. |
|
Definition
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Components of the URINARY SYSTEM: ________. |
|
Definition
1. Kidneys
2. Ureter
3. Bladder
4. Urethra |
|
|
Term
| URINARY SYSTEM functions in ______, removal of metabolic waste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| URINARY SYSTEM functions in Conservation, _____ balance, and ______ balance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the URINARY SYSTEM, the Endocrine functions in the secretion of ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| renin secreted by the urinary system functions in _____ regulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erythropoietin secreted by the urinary system functions in _____ production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four major divisons of the Kidneys? |
|
Definition
Hilus
Renal Sinus
Cortex
Medulla |
|
|
Term
| The ____ of the kidneys is a depression on the medial border through which the renal artery, vein and ureter pass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Renal Sinus of the kidneys is a cavity that opens at the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Renal Sinus of the kidney contains: _______. |
|
Definition
- renal pelvis
- major and minor calyces
- branches of the renal artery, vein and nerves
- loose connective tissue and fat |
|
|
Term
| The Cortex of the kidney contains: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| renal corpuscles of the cortex of the kidney are subdivided into: ______ |
|
Definition
- outer cortical area
- renal columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medulla (medullary pyramids) Contains:_______ |
|
Definition
| loops of Henle, collecting ducts, and tubules. |
|
|
Term
| Some of the tubules typically found in the medulla of the kidney sometimes “streak” up into the cortex as “_______". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are the functional unit of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up an Uriniferous tubule? |
|
Definition
Nephron
Collecting tubule
Collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| _______ feeds into the ureter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feeds blood into the Renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through what does the blood flow out of the Renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerulus contains a capillary, which is layered by ______. |
|
Definition
| the Visceral layer (Podocytes) of a Bowman’s Capsule. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Renal corpuscles found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A glomerulus is contained within a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| podocytes surround _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In between capillary's enothelium and the visceral (podocyte) layer of the bowman's capsule lies _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of capillary is found in a glomerus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the filtartion slits in the glomerus? |
|
Definition
| spaces in between the podocyte processes |
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is the basement membrane of the glomerus composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule is located where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules? |
|
Definition
65% Na and H2O
100% glucose
amino acids
Vit C |
|
|
Term
| What is expelled into the kindey from the capillary? |
|
Definition
H+, creatinine, &
contrast medium,
antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| _______ can be used to illuminate the kidneys and ureters for Xrays. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main structural difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubules? |
|
Definition
| Proximal tubule has microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What side are the microvilli of the proximal convoluted tubule facing? |
|
Definition
| the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| What side are the Mitochondria of the proximal convoluted tubule facing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the kidney is Loop of Henle located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithlium lines the thin loop of henle? |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The purpose of the Loop of Henle is to create a ______ in the renal pyramid (countercurrent multiplier system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there microvilli in the loop of henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The high salt environment created by the loop of henle helps ____ water from the collecting tubules thereby concentrating the urine and saving water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tubules have a ______ eptihlium in the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can the Distal Convoluted Tubule be found in the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Distal convoluted tubule ciliated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reabsorbed in the Distal convoluted tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is exrected from the capillary into the Distal Convoluted Tubule? |
|
Definition
Ammonia, urea,
creatinine, and
hydrogen ion. |
|
|
Term
| Collecting Tubule is found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collecting duct is found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells make up the collecting ducts/ tubules of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
Principal cell
Intercalated cell |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the site of hormonal regulation in the collecting ducts/ tubules for the reabsorption of water and Na+. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercalated cells of the collecting ducts/ tubules facilitate the exchange of _____ from the capillary into the lumen of the duct in exchange for the reabsorption of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone causes water to be reabsorbed back into the capillaries from the collecting ducts/ tubules through the principal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone causes Na+ to be reabsorbed back into the capillaries from the collecting ducts/ tubules through the principal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two hormones that principal cells respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collecting Tubule/Duct are found where in the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Afferent/ Efferent arterioles are found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasa recti are found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasa recti function in the return of ____ & ______ back to the circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ arterioles give rise to Vasa recti. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Senses fluid and signals JG cells |
|
|
Term
| JG Cells are found in the _____ of the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| JG Cells secrete ____ that converts _____ to _____. |
|
Definition
renin
angiotensinogin
angiotensin I |
|
|
Term
| _______ produce ____ converting enzyme that converts AI to AII |
|
Definition
Capillaries in the lung and other
organs
angiotensin |
|
|
Term
| AII stimulates the _____ to release _____ that causes reabsorption of sodium. |
|
Definition
adrenal cortex
aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic nervous system _____ urinary output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ureter is lined by ____ epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beneath the transitional epithelium of the ureters lies a sleeve of _____ connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beneath the transitional epithelium of the ureters lies a sleeve of loose connective tissue. Outside this sleeve are _______. |
|
Definition
| two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, outer circular). |
|
|
Term
randomly arranged layers of smooth
muscle of the bladder are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tongue is composed of ___ muscle running in all 3 planes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tongue is covered ______ epithelium that is modified into surface specializations called papillae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of papillae: ______. |
|
Definition
circumvallate
fungiform
filiform
foliate |
|
|
Term
| Which papilla are taste buds concentrated within? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste buds are ____“organs” concentrated on the _____ of the tongue and also located throughout the oral cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can taste bud regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal life cycle of taste buds is to be replace every _____ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste buds can detect only _ tastes: ______. |
|
Definition
5
bitter, salty, sweet, sour and umami (MSG) |
|
|
Term
| The receptor mechanisms of taste buds result in _____ of the receptor cell resulting in the release of neurotransmitters that activate dendrites of nerves that synapse with the taste cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sensory cell of a taste bad is aka (______ cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sensory cells (neuroepithelial cell) of taste buds are flanked by ______ cells of the taste bud also. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Odontoblast processes are in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the Odontoblast nuclei found? |
|
Definition
| In the pulp cavity (Center of the tooth) |
|
|
Term
| What holds the tooth in its socket? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salivary Glands (two types): ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which salivary glands are constantly secreting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the Small Salivary glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large Salivary Glands secrete when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three Large Salivary Glands: _______. |
|
Definition
a. parotid
b. submandibular gland
c. sublingual gland |
|
|
Term
| ______, _____, _____, and ______ are present in saliva to kill the bacteria. |
|
Definition
| lysozyme, IgA, peroxidase, and lactoferrin |
|
|
Term
| Amylase function in saliva is for ______. |
|
Definition
| digestion of carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| Amylase is secreted from which gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some proteins in the saliva aggregate to form a protective layer over the ____ called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ionic composition of the saliva fluid is regulated by _____ from the _____ gland that acts on the ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glands can be composed of ____-staining cells that secrete mucus and/or _____-stained cells that secrete a more watery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parotid gland is made up of ducts and _____ under LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sublingual gland is made up of ducts and _____ under LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Submandibular gland is made up of ducts and _____ under LM. |
|
Definition
| Mucous acini and Serous acini |
|
|
Term
| Serous demilunes are ______ seen in _____ glands. |
|
Definition
an artifact of tissue preparation
Submandibular |
|
|
Term
| Does saliva contain antibiotic substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of the guy tube: ______. |
|
Definition
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externus |
|
|
Term
| What makes of the mucosa of the gut tube? |
|
Definition
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| The Muscularis externus of the gut tube has ____ layers. |
|
Definition
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| Are their crypts or Villus in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are their crypts or Villus in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are their crypts or Villus in the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are their crypts or Villus in the Colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Esophagus Epithelium is _______. |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous nonkeratinized |
|
|
Term
| Other than the esophagus the Epithelium of the gut tube is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac glands in the ______ of the esophagus secrete mucus (near attachment of the esophagus to the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophageal glands in _____ of the esophagus secrete mucus and serous secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscularis externus of the esophagus is _____ in composition? (Not layers) |
|
Definition
a. upper one-third - striated muscle
b. middle one-third smooth & striated
c. lower one-third smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| epithelium of the stomach is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the mucosa of the stomach, the lamina propria contains ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Stomach muscularis externus has _ layers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 types of Gastric glands: _______. |
|
Definition
mucous cells
chief cells
parietal cells
enteroendocrine cells
stem cells |
|
|
Term
| mucous cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chief cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parietal cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
| secrete HCl & intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
| enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
| DNES cells that secrete a variety of paracrine and endocrine factors. For example, gastrin stimulates HCl production. |
|
|
Term
| Gastric glands of the stomach are regulated by: ________. |
|
Definition
| psychic factors, direct food contact and hormones. |
|
|
Term
| surface expansion of the SI is accompished by way of: _______. |
|
Definition
| plicae circulares, villi and microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What layers are pinched up in the plicae circulares? |
|
Definition
submucosa
muscularis mucosa
lamina propria
epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the outermost layer of the gut tube past the muscularis externus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are projected off the plicae circulares? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main characteristic of SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium is comprised of _____ absorptive cells that have abundant microvilli in the SI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cells (stained reddish) can be found in the base of the crypts in the SI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regional specializations of the SI? |
|
Definition
Brunners glands in duodenum
Plicae circulares in jejunem
Peyer's patches in ileum |
|
|
Term
| Brunners glands in _____ secrete an ______ to neutralize. |
|
Definition
duodenum
alkaline solution |
|
|
Term
| Plicae circulares are found in the _______ and their function is to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peyer's patches are found in the ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
ileum
are concentrations of lymphocytes and other immune cells |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the gut tube are brunners glands found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of epithelium interact with Peyer's Patch lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M cells function by ______. |
|
Definition
| Taking antigens from the lumen of the SI and giving them to Antigen Presenting Cells to present to lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| M cells are found what layer of the gut tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peyer's Patch transfer _____ across the epithelium of the SI to interact with the antigens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the villus _____ of the lymphatics system can be found in the lamina propria to collect chylomicrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the lymphatic vessels found around the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Intestine epithelium is _______
with ____ cells interspersed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are lymphatic nodules found in the LI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externus forms the ______ of the LI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickenings of the outerlongitunial muscle layer of the muscularis externus in the LI |
|
|
Term
| Appendix is similar to colon but obviously much ______ and has more ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The GI track receives _______ input to smooth muscle and glands. |
|
Definition
| both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| For most systems of the GI track, ______ stimulate and _____ inhibit. |
|
Definition
parasympathetics
sympathetics |
|
|
Term
| For the GI Tract the cell bodies of the _______ fibers and associated interneurons can be seen in clusters called "ganglia". |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic postganglionic |
|
|
Term
| In the muscularis externus the parasympathetic postganglionic ganglia are called the _____ plexus and in the submucosa they are called the _____ plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gut can function in the absence of connections to the CNS and therefore, the nervous system within the gut is sometimes classified as the "____ nervous system". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocyte synthesizes a wide variety of _______ proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocyte secrete _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes store _____ & ____. |
|
Definition
| glycogen and triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes degrade ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes degrade chylomicrons into: ________ . |
|
Definition
| cholesterol, phospholipids & ketone bodies. |
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes form _______ through genesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes detoxifies many drugs and toxins by _____, _____, and ______ in the _____. |
|
Definition
oxidation, methylation and conjugation
SER |
|
|
Term
| Can heaptocytes regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes can become enlarged, and store _____ in cirrhosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feed into a hepatic sinusoid? |
|
Definition
Branch of Portal v
&
Branch of Hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Sinusoid feeds into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes line the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is greater in blood flow, the branch of the hepatic artery or the portal vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portal System is two ______ connected by a _______. |
|
Definition
capillary beds
vein (portal vein) |
|
|
Term
| Other than hepatocytes what are three cells of the liver? |
|
Definition
Kupffer cells
Stellate cells (Ito)
NK cells (Pit cells) |
|
|
Term
| Kupffer cells are ______ that wander around on the surface of the endothelial lining of the _______, doing what? |
|
Definition
macrophages
hepatic sinusoids
phagocytosing foreign material |
|
|
Term
| Kupffer cells phagocytose foreign material & also engulf _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stellate cells (Ito) are cells of the liver that? |
|
Definition
| store fat and vitamin A in large amounts. |
|
|
Term
| Stellate cells (Ito) are involved in what disease process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stellate cells (Ito) can aid in the causation of cirrhosis of the liver, because they are important in producing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stellate cells (Ito) are found where in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the space of Disse? |
|
Definition
| Between the enothelial lining of the hepatic Sinusoid and the row of neighboring Hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| NK cells (Pit cells) function as what in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stellate cells aka (____) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what direction does lymph flow? |
|
Definition
| Away from the central vein (opposite direction as blood) in the ECM to a lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Term
| In what direction does bile flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bile flow into from the Hepatocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lies at the center of a classic lobule organization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under LM what is the largest of the portal triad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the portal triad? |
|
Definition
Bile Duct
portal Vein
Hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| The bile duct epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bile flows from hepatocytes through the ______ to the bile duct. |
|
Definition
| Bile Canaliculus in between heaptocytes |
|
|
Term
| Gall Bladder Stores ____ of bile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gall Bladder has a _____ mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gall Bladder contraction is stimulated by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ stimulates CCK production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell in the Duodenum produces CCK in responds to detection of fatty foods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acini cell types of the Exocrine pancreas: ______. |
|
Definition
serous cell
centroacinar cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen
carboxypeptidase, ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease, elastase,
amylase, and others |
|
|
Term
| centroacinar cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serous cell secrete in response to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| centroacinar cells secrete in response to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ cells of the _______ produce secretin. |
|
Definition
Enteroendocrine cells
Duodenum |
|
|
Term
| ________ cells of the _______ produce CCk. |
|
Definition
Enteroendocrine cells
Duodenum |
|
|
Term
| LM of Pancreas show clusers of ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
| Acini and Islet of Langerhans |
|
|
Term
| In the Pancreas the acinus stains _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Pancreas the centroacinar cells stains _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ ARE THE SIGNALING CELLS OF THE NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NERVE TISSUE CONTAINS TWO DISTINCT CELL TYPES: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons communicate with other neurons, ______, ______, or _____ cells. |
|
Definition
| muscle, gland or fat cells |
|
|
Term
| Information is transmitted by neurons via _____ & _____ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adult neurons do not ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mature neurons that die are not _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell body ______ and integrates information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane functionally important of the Cell body, because it is selectively permeable to certain ions, allowing it to be _____ excitable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes of a neuron consist of _____ axon and _____ dendrites that are structurally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, Dendrite end and Axon end |
|
|
Term
| Axons are tube-like processes specialized to _____ information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hillock, initial segment, axolemma, terminals |
|
|
Term
| _____ AXONS ARE MYELINATED, OTHERS ARE ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelinated axons are wrapped with compact _____ membranes in a _____ fashion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelin is composed mostly of ______, and is therefore predominantly ______, which gives a white appearance to freshly cut nerve tissue and engendering the term ‘white matter’. |
|
Definition
cell membranes
phospholipid |
|
|
Term
| Myelin is produced by ______ in PNS and by ______ in CNS. |
|
Definition
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Myelin insulates axons, provides faster (_______) conduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does saltatory conduction occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelin stains well with _____ stains such as _____, useful in distinguishing white matter from gray matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Nodes of Ranvier? |
|
Definition
| are spaces or gaps between 2 adjacent segments of myelin on an axon |
|
|
Term
| Unmyelinated nerves 'sit' in an _______, but there is no ______. |
|
Definition
indentation/pocket of a Schwann cell membrane
compact wrapping of glial membranes |
|
|
Term
| Unmyelinated axons transmit action potentials (signals) more _____ than do myelinated axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Nucleus of neurons is filled with Euchromatin or Heterochromatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleolus in neurons gives a _____ characteristic appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleolus of neurons stain strongly with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nissl bodies in neurons are Nissl substance, _____, and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nissl bodies responsible for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ stain strongly with basic dyes, the basis of ‘Nissl’ stains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nissl bodies are present in ______ & ______, but absent from _____. |
|
Definition
somas and proximal dendrites
axons |
|
|
Term
| Smooth ER of a neuron is continuous with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth ER of a neuron helps to regulate ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cytoskeleton of a neuron is composed of 3 distinct organelles: ______. |
|
Definition
Neurotubules
Neurofilaments
Microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotubules are found where in the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotubules are aligned ______ in axons and dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotubules are stabilized by _______. |
|
Definition
| microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) |
|
|
Term
| Neurotubules function in ______ transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments are a biochemically distinct class of _______ in neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments are aligned ______ in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments are abundant in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments are _____ in stability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments are very stable, function in maintaining the ______. |
|
Definition
| caliber of large-diameter neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments forms a meshwork where in nerve cells? |
|
Definition
| under the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments are present throughout the neuron, but abundant in _______. |
|
Definition
| axon terminals and growth cones |
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments function in _____ transport and ______ of processes (axonal pathfinding). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic or Aerobic metabolism in neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vesicles are Abundant in ______ of neurons, they are termed. |
|
Definition
axon terminals
synaptic vesicles |
|
|
Term
| _______ granules accumulate in aging neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most neurons in CNS are _____polar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motoneurons are _____polar and located in the _____ horn of spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In PNS Multipolar neurons are neurons in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neurons are mostly in _____NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neurons have a 'T' shaped process with one branch going to ______ in the periphery, the other process synapses in the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neuron cell bodies are in _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and cranial ganglia. |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar have ____ processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bipolar are mostly located in ______. |
|
Definition
| special sense organs such as eye and ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axon transport requires intact _____ & _____ of the cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
| microtubules and microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| Molecular motors of Axonal Transport: kinesin in _____grade and dynein in _____grade direction (for long-distance transport on ______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In axonal transport various _____ motor proteins are used for local trafficking on ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterograde axonal transport carries from ______ to _______. |
|
Definition
| neuron cell body to axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| Retrograde axonal transport carries from ______ to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, synapses are usually _____, occasionally ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are _____ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters (chemical signals) are released by ______ at synapses when an _______ passes down axon to terminal. |
|
Definition
exocytosis
action potential |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters cross synaptic gap and alter ______ of post-synaptic cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EM Characteristics of Chemical Synapse: ______ |
|
Definition
1. Presynaptic component (axon terminal).
2. Synaptic cleft.
3. Postsynaptic component (another neuron, muscle, gland or fat cell). |
|
|
Term
| _______ ARE THE SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More glial cells or neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are larger, glial or neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glia do not ______ action potentials but do have ______ potentials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glia perform many 'support' functions including _____ formation, structural support, repair of NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mature glia _____ the ability to divide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most malignant tumors of the NS are ____ in origin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glia cells in PNS: ______. |
|
Definition
Schwann Cells (neurolemma cell)
Satellite cells |
|
|
Term
| Schwann Cells (neurolemma cell) functions in _____. |
|
Definition
| providing myelin sheaths around nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| Do Schwann Cells or Oligodendrocytes have the ability to mylenate more than one axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ cells function in regeneration in the PNS following injury by providing scaffolding and growth factors for regrowing axons. |
|
Definition
| Schwann Cells (neurolemma cell) |
|
|
Term
| Satellite cells specialized glial cells found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Satellite cells in the DRG, _____ surround neurons, thus _______. |
|
Definition
Completely
preventing synapses on DRG |
|
|
Term
| In ________, the glial ‘capsule’ is incomplete, to allow pre-synaptic nerves to synapse on post-synaptic neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells are organized into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue are organized into _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 5 tissues: ________. |
|
Definition
Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nerve
Lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium Functions: _______ |
|
Definition
Protection - skin
Secretion - endocrine and exocrine cells
Sensation - olfactory epithelium
Contractility - myoepithelial cells (Mammary Gland)
Absorption - intestinal absorptive cells |
|
|
Term
| General Characteristics of Epithelia: Cells are _____ together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelia can be derived from: _______ |
|
Definition
| endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. |
|
|
Term
| Epithelia Produce a thin layer of extracellular matrix called the ______ that remains closely associated with the epithelial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some types of Epithelia can _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some types of Epithelia are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two morphological forms of epithelia: _______ |
|
Definition
Layers of cells that are avascular
Clumps of cells that are very vascular |
|
|
Term
| Clumps of epithelia cells that are very vascular, examples: _______. |
|
Definition
| endocrine and exocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| Layers of epithelia cells that are avascular, examples: _____. |
|
Definition
| lining of organs and surface of skin |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Layers Named according to the ________ & _______. |
|
Definition
number of layers
shape of the cells at the surface |
|
|
Term
| Simple Epithelial means _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stratified Epithelial means _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudostratified Epithelial means _______. |
|
Definition
| looks like many layers because the nuclei are at different locations (Staggered) |
|
|
Term
| Squamous cells are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cuboidal cells are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Columnar cells are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transitional cells are _____. |
|
Definition
| spherical when the organ they line is relaxed and flattened when the organ they line is distended |
|
|
Term
| Example of Transitional cells is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple squamous are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid has ____ epithelial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple columnar Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stratified squamous Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stratified columnar Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
| Urethra (2 layers of columnar) |
|
|
Term
| Stratified cuboidal Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
| Ducts of glands (2 layers of cubodial) |
|
|
Term
| Pseudostratified columnar Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple Squamous Epithelial is called "______" when it lines vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple Squamous looks like a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lays below the Epithelial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells are neither truly cuboidal nor columnar, but ______ instead |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium all cells _______ but only some _______. |
|
Definition
touch the basal lamina
reach the lumen/free surface |
|
|
Term
| Pseudostratified columnar can have ____, _____ and/or _____ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a simple layer of Epithelium all the cells must _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal Lamina composed of ______ that is 20-100 nm thick and is produced by ______, and a few other cell types (muscle, Schwann cells, adipocytes). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two major morphological subdivisions of Basal Lamina: ______. |
|
Definition
lamina densa
lamina lucida |
|
|
Term
| _______ epithelium can have keratin or can be nonkeratinized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina ______ has collagen as part of its composition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina densa is composed of _____ type of collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina densa is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
| laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans. |
|
|
Term
| lamina lucida are _____ of transmembrane proteins that are visible as a ____ area mainly because of fixation artifact (shrinkage). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular lamina has _____ type collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Below the Basal Lamina there is _____ type collagen and then the reticular lamina which is type III collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal laminae Stains ______ with PAS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basal lamina is easily seen with the ____ using routine stains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sometimes two adjacent layers of cells will each make a basal lamina. When these two layers are fused it is called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the basal lamina (BL) provides a "_______" for the cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells attach to the BL by transmembrane proteins called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells attach to the BL by transmembrane proteins called integrins. The integrins attach to _____ molecules in the BL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins, proteoglycans and GAGs of the basal lamina give kidneys the specialized ability to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins, proteoglycans and GAGs of the basal lamina can be specialized to cause cells to differentiate and become ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basal lamina Surrounds and ______ epithelia. This boundary is ignored by ______. |
|
Definition
compartmentalizes
Malignant cells |
|
|
Term
| The Lamina lucida is found between _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
| Lamina densa and bottom of the epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Basal laminae are _____ not ropes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Basal laminae ______ the Epithelia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polarization of Epithelia by the basal laminae leads to the creation of two domains: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
Apical Domain
Basal Domain |
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells can be organized into
clumps of cells that are highly vascular: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Clump Epithelial Cells, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layered Epithelial, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine and exocrine epithelia are highly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine Glands can be ____ celled or comprised of ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine Glands are associated with a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands secrete by three general modes: ______. |
|
Definition
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine |
|
|
Term
| In merocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
| merely the secretion is released |
|
|
Term
| In apocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
| a part of the cell membrane packages secretion |
|
|
Term
| In holocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
| whole cell becomes part of the secretion |
|
|
Term
| Mammary glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sebaceous glands of skin use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweat glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single-cell Exocrine Gland classic example ____ cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Goblet cell is a mucus-secreting cell found primarily in the epithelial lining of the _____ & _____ systems. |
|
Definition
| respiratory and digestive |
|
|
Term
| Mucin of Goblet Cells is secreted primarily by ____ mechanisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion of Mucin by Goblet cells can be stimulated by: ________. |
|
Definition
| smoke, cold viruses, COPD, asthma, and acid (e.g. digestive system). |
|
|
Term
| Goblet cells have receptors for _____ & _____ that also regulate secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Lamina lucida is found between _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
| Lamina densa and bottom of the epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Basal laminae are _____ not ropes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Basal laminae ______ the Epithelia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polarization of Epithelia by the basal laminae leads to the creation of two domains: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
Apical Domain
Basal Domain |
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells can be organized into
clumps of cells that are highly vascular: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Clump Epithelial Cells, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layered Epithelial, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine and exocrine epithelia are highly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine Glands can be ____ celled or comprised of ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine Glands are associated with a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands secrete by three general modes: ______. |
|
Definition
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine |
|
|
Term
| In merocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
| merely the secretion is released |
|
|
Term
| In apocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
| a part of the cell membrane packages secretion |
|
|
Term
| In holocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
| whole cell becomes part of the secretion |
|
|
Term
| Mammary glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sebaceous glands of skin use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweat glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single-cell Exocrine Gland classic example ____ cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Goblet cell is a mucus-secreting cell found primarily in the epithelial lining of the _____ & _____ systems. |
|
Definition
| respiratory and digestive |
|
|
Term
| Mucin of Goblet Cells is secreted primarily by ____ mechanisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion of Mucin by Goblet cells can be stimulated by: ________. |
|
Definition
| smoke, cold viruses, COPD, asthma, and acid (e.g. digestive system). |
|
|
Term
| Goblet cells have receptors for _____ & _____ that also regulate secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple Multicellular Exocrine Glands have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COMPOUND Multicellular Exocrine Glands have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells of the ducts are different from cells of the _____ and can have functional and pathological importance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are both the cells of the duct and acinus epithilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cell often becomes malignant in mammary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cell becomes malignant in prostate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands making a mucous substance will stain _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands making a watery substance will stain _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are commonly described as serous cells that secrete into an acinus that is made of mostly mucous secreting cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All endocrine glands and their functional cells are made by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multicellular Endocrine Glands are Groups of epithelial cells that secrete ______ into ______ without a _______. |
|
Definition
hormones into the blood stream
duct system |
|
|
Term
| Paracrine Cells that are Epithelial cells secrete their product into the ______ where it influences ______. |
|
Definition
intercellular space
neighboring cells |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells can make paracrine _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All sheets of epithelia have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells in the ____ & _____ have a more restricted ability to regenerate
than epithelial cell layers and with some even completely lacking this ability. |
|
Definition
Exocrine and
endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Renewal rates of Epithelial vary depending upon the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells of the small intestine live about __ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells of skin live about __ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells can change structure and function to adapt to a changing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells can change structure and function to adapt to a changing local environment. This process is called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trachea normally has a _____ epithelium with cilia and ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trachea of smokers is lined by ________ epithelium instead of pseudostratified, with patches of _______ epithelium and large hyperactive _____ cells. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous
pseudostratified
goblet |
|
|
Term
| The changing of a smokers epithelium from pseudostratified to _______ with pseudostratified patches, is an example of ______ process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two cell types that are commonly described with epithelia that don't fit into the layer or clump classification are: ______. |
|
Definition
DNES cells
Myoepithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffuse Neuroendocrine System |
|
|
Term
| Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) Secrete _____ or _______. |
|
Definition
| peptide hormones or biogenic amines |
|
|
Term
| Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) secreted peptide hormones or biogenic amines generally act on cells in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) are also called APUD cells because they take up and ______ ______ precursors |
|
Definition
decarboxylate
amine
(Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) |
|
|
Term
Production of ______ from Tryptophan by amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation
(APUD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myoepithelial cells are _____ cells found around the outside of _____ glands causing the acini to ______. |
|
Definition
Contractile
multicellular Exocrine
Contract |
|
|
Term
| Myoepithelial cells help multicellular Exocrine to _______, by contracting and squeezing the _____. |
|
Definition
expel secretory products
acini |
|
|
Term
| Myoepithelial cells are located between the ______ & _____. |
|
Definition
| basal lamina and the acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| Myoepithelial cell markers are rarely found in ______ that have become malignant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a general term for cancers of epithelial origin (both glandular epithelium and epithelial layers). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some epithelial tumors can be identified by the presence of _____ using immunolocalization techniques. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer in _____ is rarely of epithelial origin while 90% of tumors in individuals _____ are epithelial derived. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinocilia means _____ cilia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ form a brush border of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microvillar arrays may be ____ with respect to densit, and _____ with respect to order. |
|
Definition
sparse or dense
well-ordered or randomly dispersed |
|
|
Term
| Phagcytose uses ____villi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microvillar brush border has a ______ for its coat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereocilia do not have _____, as seen in LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microvilli main function is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is longer microvilli or stereocilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereocilia distribution is very _______. |
|
Definition
| restricted (not found in many places) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereocilia have a core of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Kinocilia (motile cilia) have axonemal cores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are at the bases of Kinocilia (motile cilia) under the PM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinocilia (motile cilia) need ____ in order to beat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia are found in the ____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia are encased in ______ in the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to axonemes of Kinocilia (motile cilia) found in the respiratory system there are also axonemes in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different tissue types use different strategies to _____ forces that would disrupt them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM _____ mechanical stress and tension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the epithelium mechanical stress is transmitted from ______ to ______, by ______. |
|
Definition
from cell to cell
cytoskeletal filaments anchored to the ecm or by cell-cell adhesions |
|
|
Term
| Cell-cell junctions types: _______. |
|
Definition
Zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Macula adherens
Gap junction |
|
|
Term
| Cell-extracellular matrix contacts (Type of Junction) types: ______. |
|
Definition
Focal contacts.
Hemidesmosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Zonula occludens (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell cell junctions encompass the cells and which ones do not? |
|
Definition
Do encompass- Zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Do Not Encompass- Macula adherens |
|
|
Term
| Most apically oriented junction? |
|
Definition
| Zonula Occludens (Tight Junction) |
|
|
Term
| Function of z. occludens (tight jct.) is to act as a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The *sealing strands of the intergral membrane proteins _____ & ______ give z. occludens (tight jct.) their characteristic quilt like appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tight Junctions restrict even _____ from passing through to the opposite compartment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The zonula adherens/ occludens are ____-type junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The zonula adherens is a belt-type junction located immediately _______. |
|
Definition
| below the zonula occludens |
|
|
Term
| The zonula adherens connects to the _____ cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ proteins are the adhering proteins used in zonula adherens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cadherin simply means _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cadherin proteins have long ______ domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cadherin proteins have long extracellular domains that, in the presence of calcium, become ____ and bind _____ to cadherins on neighboring cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When no Ca2+ present, Cadherins cannot _____. |
|
Definition
| extend and form connections. |
|
|
Term
| Cadherin also have intracellular domains that are not as long that attach to p-120 catenin and _______ and alpha catenin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta Catenin does what for Cadherin? |
|
Definition
| For zonula adherens, beta catenin acts as a linker protein by attaching the transmembrane protein Cadherin on the cytosolic side to the actin filament of its own cytoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macula adherens (spot junction) |
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes (Macula adherens) serve as cellular “____-welds” to adhere cells to their neighbors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes (Macula adherens) connect to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The plaques of Desmosomes (Macula adherens) are composed of ______. |
|
Definition
| Linker proteins that link the cadherins to the cytoskeleton (intermediate filaments here) of the cell |
|
|
Term
| The cadherins of Desmosomes (Macula adherens) are: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes are distributed over most of the cell surface in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Desmosomes located to certain parts of cell junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gap junctions are not built to ______. |
|
Definition
| Adhere one cell to another |
|
|
Term
| Gap junctions allow cells to be connected both ______ & _______. |
|
Definition
| electrically and metabolically. |
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ can get transported between cells through. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zona Occuldens are located near the ____ surface of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gap junctions can be of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein that forms the gap junction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connexon has ____ subunits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gap junctions allow the passage of _____ between neighboring cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focal contacts connect the ______ with the ______. |
|
Definition
internal cytoskeleton
extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| Focal Contacts are an example of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focal contacts use ____ proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focal contacts are created by the alpha or beta subunit of an _____ protein in the extracellular domain binding to the ______, and then its intracellular portion binding through a linker protein to _____ of the cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
Integrin
ECM
Actin (Microfilaments) |
|
|
Term
| Integrins can be activated to bind _____ molecules either directly or by other signal transduction pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes connect _____ to ______. |
|
Definition
| Intermediate filaments to Collagen fibrils of the ECM (Basal Lamina) |
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosome is a ____ type of junction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the universal linking protein, it can bind to any of the cytoskeleton components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes superficially resemble _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes superficially resemble half of a desmosome, but use _____ instead of ______ to connect the internal cytoskeleton with the extracellular environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosome link _____ of one cell to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adherens junctions link _____ of one cell to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes anchors ____ to _____. |
|
Definition
| Intermediate Filaments to the Basal Lamina |
|
|
Term
| Each microvillus is a cylindrical projection of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cytoplasm within each microvillus contains _______. |
|
Definition
| microfilaments (part of the cytoskeleton) |
|
|
Term
| Microvilli are often found at the ____ surfaces of epithelial cells that are specialized for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abundance of _______, containing ________ surrounds the microvilli. |
|
Definition
glycocalyx
PAS-positive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Together, microvilli and their glycocalyx can be observed in the light microscope and are called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of microvilli is to greatly ______ of the cell membrane, thus facilitating _____ in intestinal epithelial lining cells. |
|
Definition
increase the surface area
absorption |
|
|
Term
| Stereocilia are cylindrical projections of the ______ that are more similar in structure to _____ than to ______, because they also contain bundles of _________. |
|
Definition
PM
microvilli
cilia
microfilaments (Actin) |
|
|
Term
| Stereocilia are found at the apical surfaces of highly specialized epithelial cells, including the ______ and the _____ of the inner ear. |
|
Definition
ductus epididymis
hair cells |
|
|
Term
| In the epididymis, stereocilia keep the spermatozoa _______, and they also ____ & ______ various materials that help sustain the viability of the sperm. |
|
Definition
in the center of the lumen of the tube
secrete and absorb |
|
|
Term
| Stereocilia are Involved in ______ detected by the ear. |
|
Definition
| sensations (balance and hearing) |
|
|
Term
| If Stereocilia are sheared, then ______ may result. |
|
Definition
| partial or total deafness may result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia (kinocilia) are Cylindrical projections of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia (kinocilia) contain very organized bundles of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia (kinocilia) contain very organized bundles of microtubules that have grown from ______ in the cortical cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia (kinocilia) are generally found in groups of many at the _____ surfaces of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Numerous Cilia (kinocilia) are found in the _____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia (kinocilia) function is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia (kinocilia) are motile; in mammals this motility does not cause locomotion of the cell, but rather causes movement of ___________. |
|
Definition
| extracellular materials across the surface of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| In respiratory epithelium, cilia clear ________ and the _____ materials that become trapped in these secretions from the airways. |
|
Definition
epithelial secretions
inspired |
|
|
Term
| Flagella, In humans these are found as a single long projection (~100μm) only in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flagella contain a highly organized array of ________ in their cores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many _____ are located in the region where the microtubules of flagella where they arise from the basal body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flagella are responsible for the motility of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zonulae occludentes (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) are Found near the _____ surfaces of epithelial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term zonula indicates that the junction _______ and connect it to ____ adjacent cells. |
|
Definition
completely encircles a cell
all |
|
|
Term
| Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) When viewed by transmission electron microscopy, they are seen as places where membranes of adjacent cells are in very _______, with points of direct contact such that the intercellular space normally observed between cells is occluded and the membrane has a ________. |
|
Definition
close apposition
pentalaminar appearance |
|
|
Term
| In freeze fracture preparations of Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions), the ______, which connect the two plasma membranes, are observed as grooves and ridges near the apical surface of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three major transmembrane protein family groups comprise the core of tight junctions: __________. |
|
Definition
Claudins
Occludin
Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM) |
|
|
Term
| Claudins of Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) form the backbone of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral membrane proteins of Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions): ________. |
|
Definition
| Zonula occludens proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3) |
|
|
Term
| Zonula occludens proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3) associate with the _____ portions of the transmembrane proteins and may regulate their _____ via signal transduction pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ & ______ permeabilize the Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) by acting on ZO-1 and ZO-2. |
|
Definition
| Cholera toxins and cytomegalovirus |
|
|
Term
| As the name occludens implies, these junctions form a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of materials from one side of an epithelial sheet to the other side normally _______ between cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ diffusion of membrane proteins and phospholipids of the outer leaflet are also blocked by occludin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zonula adherens (________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In epithelial cell sheets, the Zonula adherens are usually found just underneath the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With respect to Zonula adherens the membranes of adjacent cells contain membrane-spanning glycoproteins called ______ whose extracellular domains bind to each other. |
|
Definition
| cadherins ("classical" cadherins) |
|
|
Term
| Are the individual bindings of Zonula adherens' cadherins strong or weak? |
|
Definition
| Weak (but strong as a whole) |
|
|
Term
| The intracellular part of the cadherin in Zonula adherens is linked to the actin ______ of the cytoskeleton by linker proteins such as the: _______. |
|
Definition
microfilaments
catenins (α, β, and p120). |
|
|
Term
| dense plaques, which are most apparent in macula adherens and slightly apparent in Zonula adherens are ______. |
|
Definition
| sites of insertion of microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| The main function of Z.A.s is _______. |
|
Definition
| adhesion of cells to each other. |
|
|
Term
| Z.A.s are probably involved in the _______ into tubes during embryogenesis. |
|
Definition
| folding of epithelial sheets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cytoplasmic faces of the membranes of the adjoining cells display dense “_____” in Macula adherens (desmosome). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Macula adherens (desmosome) transmembrane glycoproteins called _____ & _______ are responsible for the filamentous, extracellular material and are linked to the dense plaques at their intracellular portion. |
|
Definition
| desmocollins and desmogleins |
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes can occur at _____ on the membranes of adjacent cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes are typically observed below ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes are ____ shaped and occur as discrete plaques, not as ______ as for the two types of junctions described above. |
|
Definition
disc
not as belts that encircle the whole cell |
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes function in ______. |
|
Definition
| Adhesion between cells and stability of tissues |
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes are the only junctions between cells of the ________. |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium of the skin. |
|
|
Term
| The disease pemphigus vulgaris is an _____ disease where patients produce _____ to the_________, causing severe blistering of the skin. |
|
Definition
autoimmune
antibodies
desmosomal glycoproteins (desmogleins) |
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes are also a mechanical defense against ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ***The term “junctional complex” has historically referred to the commonly viewed set of junctions found at the apex of epithelial cells. In order, from apical surface to basolateral membrane, they are the tight junction, the adherens junction, and then the desmosome. Remember this fact! It may be important later! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gap junction (nexus) are held in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gap junction (nexus) are held in close apposition, ______ in distance between adjacent cell membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ of intramembrane particles can be seen in freeze-fracture preparations of Gap junctions (nexus). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major constituent of Gap junctions (nexus) is a transmembrane protein called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ molecules of this connexin (Cx)form a cylindrical structure called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Gap junctions adjacent cells each provide one _______, it forms a structure called a ______ that has a central pore of ~1.5nm diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ is what is observed as an intramembrane particle circular patches in freeze-fracture electron micrographs of Gap junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ combine to form a gap junction. |
|
Definition
| Up to several hundred connexons |
|
|
Term
| Gap junctions allow for direct _______ communication between cells. |
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic communication |
|
|
Term
| Only small molecules (MW < ____ daltons) such as ions or the second messenger cAMP can pass through gap junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gap junctions allow the many cells within a tissue to function ________, such as in heart muscle where many cells must contract simultaneously. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The opening and closing of gap junctions is regulated by: _______. intracellular pH, calcium levels, and phosphorylation of gap jct. proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connexin family of proteins take on abbreviations of ____ based on their migration in SDS pages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cx-26 mutations lead to _______. |
|
Definition
| congenital deafness (Cx = connexin) |
|
|
Term
| Cx-46 and Cx50 mutations lead to ________. |
|
Definition
| cataracts of the lens of the eye (Cx = connexin) |
|
|
Term
| Cx-32 mutations cause ______. |
|
Definition
| demyelination of peripheral nerves. (Cx = connexin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) use transmembrane proteins called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For Focal contacts (adhesion plaques), Transmembrane receptors called ______ bind to _______ molecules. |
|
Definition
integrins
extracellular matrix (ECM) |
|
|
Term
| Different integrin types are specific for particular ______ molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External binding of integrins to ECM molecules induces ________ to form cable-like _______. |
|
Definition
actin filaments
stress fibers |
|
|
Term
| External binding of integrins to ECM molecules instigates several ________ that tell a cell to transcribe new genes, change its shape, or even to start moving. |
|
Definition
| Signal transduction pathways |
|
|
Term
| Transmembrane receptors called integrins bind to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules (fibronectin, laminin, etc.), cluster together, and ________. |
|
Definition
| recruit other proteins to that site |
|
|
Term
| Cytoskeletal proteins recruited by the binding to the site of integrin to the ECM: _______ |
|
Definition
| vinculin, α-actinin and talin |
|
|
Term
| Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) functions in the anchoring of _____ to _____. |
|
Definition
| cells to the extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) functions in the anchoring of cells to the extracellular matrix, this is particularly important in connective tissue which has little adhesion between ____ and a great abundance of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to anchoring of cells, Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) also function in the _____. |
|
Definition
| Reception of extracellular signals |
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes are similar to desmosomes, but they anchor _____ to ______ instead of to ______. |
|
Definition
intermediate filaments to the extracellular matrix
another cell |
|
|
Term
| Transmembrane components of Hemidesmosomes: _______ |
|
Definition
a. Integrins.
b. Collagen type XVII |
|
|
Term
| Components of the Hemidesmosomes plaque: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plectin crosslinks ________ to other _______. |
|
Definition
intermediate filaments
IFs, MTs, or MFs. |
|
|
Term
| BP230 attaches the _____ to the attachment plaque of the hemidesmosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erbin mediates the association between _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes Function to anchor _____ cells to the ______. |
|
Definition
| anchor epithelial cells to the basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| basal lamina is the name given to the extracellular matrix at the basal surface of epithelial cells that separates them from the underlying connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sometimes antibodies are made to the hemidesmosomal protein _____ or _____ resulting in the autoimmune disease called bullous pemphigoid, similar to pemphigus vulgaris. |
|
Definition
| BP230 or collagen type XVII |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue often underlies an ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue is mostly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium is possesses _____ connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue is cell ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the nuclei seen in connective tissue is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main function of connective tissue is to provide ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue serves as a _____ reserve. |
|
Definition
| Energy reserve (adipose tissue). |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue acts in defense by providing Physical barrier & _________ cells. |
|
Definition
Phagocytic and immune-competent
cells |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue participates in _____ and _____ exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue acts in the repair of tissues after wounding through _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels bring ____ and nutrients to cells residing in the extracellular matrix and take away ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial side: ____ hydrostatic pressure, _____ osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Venous side: _____ osmotic pressure, ____
hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Edema results when this system of “bathing” the ______ tissue becomes unbalanced. |
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue through the connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Edema can be caused by Lower ____ blood flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower venous blood flow, which can cause edema, can be caused by ______. |
|
Definition
a. Tumor or parasite obstruction.
b. Congestive heart failure. |
|
|
Term
| Edema can be caused by ______ vascular permeability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased vascular permeability, which can cause edema, can be caused by ______. |
|
Definition
a. Injury.
b. Histamine release. |
|
|
Term
| Starvation or excessive feeding cause edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starvation can cause edema by _____ concentrations of plasma proteins which reduces the ______ pressure inside the capillary, reducing outflow of material. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix is composed of fibers and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground Substance is made up of: ______. |
|
Definition
GAGs.
proteoglycans
glycoproteins (fibronectin)
water
ions (Na+, K+, Ca++) |
|
|
Term
| Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are ____ chains of repeating _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long chains of GAGs added to a protein backbone |
|
|
Term
| ***Long chains of GAGs form a fairly rigid, ______ structure that attract _____ and ______. |
|
Definition
unbranching
water
cations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are highly _____, which is what attracts cations and therefore water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are usually found _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibronectin is a _____protein with many _____ domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans are predominately? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycoproteins are predominately? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibronectin branched or straight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycoproteins branched or straight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lamin is an example of a _____ protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans function structurally by binding to ______ and fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans function in ______ through hyaluronic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans convey protection by creating a gel-like consistency that impedes _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycoproteins have structural function by binding to integrins, fibers, & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycoproteins ______ the ECM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycoproteins are important in the development of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular fibers are _____ type of collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen are Constructed from an assortment of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are over ____ different types of collagen molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen has a high content of: _______. |
|
Definition
| glycine, lysine, proline (and OH-versions). |
|
|
Term
| Collagen spontaneously forms into a tight ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemidesmosomes are made up of ____ type of collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type II collagen is found in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type I collagen is found in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen ______ accumulate and make up collagen fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End product of collagen formation in the ER/Golgi Complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Procollagen still has _____ attached which prevents collagen from self assembling in the cell which is very bad. |
|
Definition
| registry peptides (3 pro alpha chains) |
|
|
Term
| Collagen molecules undergo self assembly into _____ after their registry peptides are cleaved in the ECM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some fibril-associated (type ___ & _____ collagens) collagens form either intramolecular or intermolecular
crosslinks between adjacent _____ molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ___ and Type ____ collagen stabilize collagen through intra and intermolecular bonds on the type ____ collagen fibrils. |
|
Definition
9 and 11
2/1 (not really important) |
|
|
Term
| ______ are assembled into collagen fibrils. |
|
Definition
| Tropocollagen triple helixes |
|
|
Term
| Collagen Fibrils are grouped into _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen Fibers are grouped into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bundles of Collagen Fibers can form _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type _ collagen is most abundant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I collagen is formed by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type III collagen (reticular fibers) is more associated with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scurvy results from a vitamin C deficiency which is required for the ______ of collagen in the _____. |
|
Definition
hydroxylation of proline
RER |
|
|
Term
| Progressive Systemic Sclerosis results from Excessive _____ production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, _______ surrounds most organs as “______”. |
|
Definition
connective tissue
capsules |
|
|
Term
| Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, organs “______” and exhibit dysfunction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progressive Systemic Sclerosis is due to an aberrant _______ (either synthesis or destruction). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome has Several underlying causes, including a defect in: ________. |
|
Definition
| lysyl hydroxylase (rare), procollagen peptidase, or Type III or IV collagen. |
|
|
Term
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome results in increased ____ of the skin ______ of joints, and _____ blood vessels are some of the symptoms. |
|
Definition
elasticity
hypermobility
fragile |
|
|
Term
| Reticular fibers stain ______ in tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic Fibers have two main components: ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic Fibers have a ____ core surrounded by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic fibers are cross linked by _____ and modified _____ residues through a _____ in the center. |
|
Definition
Lysine
allysine (modified lysine)
desmosine |
|
|
Term
| The cross linking of elastic fibers allow them to _______. |
|
Definition
| Expand (stretch) and relax |
|
|
Term
| Patients with mutations in the ______ gene develop Marfan syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibril 1 is the main protein component of ______. |
|
Definition
| the microfibrils of elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Patients with Marfan syndrome have defective _____ and therefore defective _____. |
|
Definition
microfibrils
elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Aorta have high _____ content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective Tissue acts an energy reserve by using ______ tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective Tissue participates in Nutrient and waste exchange between cells and blood supply by _____ of materials through connective tissue matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Edema is the excess accumulation of tissue fluid in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of edema include, Lower _____ blood flow caused by obstruction due to tumors or parasites, congestive heart failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of edema include, _____ capillary permeability from prolonged _____ response, due to injury or histamine release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wound healing is a function of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connective tissues are composed of cells and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Matrix is composed of ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
| ground substance and fibers of different types |
|
|
Term
| Ground Substance is made up by ______. |
|
Definition
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached to proteins to form proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are poly_________ composed of repeating ______ units. |
|
Definition
polysaccharides
disaccharide |
|
|
Term
| Are GAG branched or linear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sugars of GAGs are highly _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sugars of GAGs are highly sulfated, making them hydro_____, attracting _____ ions, and causing formation of highly _____ gels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sugars are highly sulfated and bound to a _______ core to form _______. |
|
Definition
protein core
proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| Hyaluronic acid is the only GAG that is _____ . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyaluronic acid is a GAG found in _______. |
|
Definition
| cartilage and synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
| Chondroitin-4-sulfate is a GAG that predominates in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chondroitin-4-sulfate is a GAG that predominates in cartilage that is found in association with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans have 2 components: _______. |
|
Definition
| carbohydrate (glycosaminoglycan) and a protein core |
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans 80-90% _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans are hyrdo____ poly____ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The preponderance of electrostatic interactions (mostly with Na+) cause proteoglycans to have a high level of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteoglycans have _____ turnover. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteoglycans are degraded by ______ enzymes and thus many of the ______ storage disorders result from accumulation of undigested proteoglycans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The protein core of proteoglycans is synthesized in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosylation of proteoglycans occurs where? |
|
Definition
| Initiated in the RER completed in the Golgi |
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans structural function is to bind ______ together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans functions: protection, structural, and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two examples of Proteoglycans: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aggrecan is Proteoglycans, found in _____ and connective tissue proper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycoproteins are predominately ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans are predominately ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycoproteins are predominately are predominately with ____ attached. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycoprotein's carbohydrates branched or linear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycan's carbohydrates branched or linear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycoproteins function in adhesion of cell to ______ & in interaction between ______. |
|
Definition
Substrate
Neighboring Cell |
|
|
Term
| Fibronectin is a _______, that provides _______ for cells, collagen, and GAGs. |
|
Definition
glycoprotein
Binding sites |
|
|
Term
| Fibronectin is a _______, that functions in cell _____ and migration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Laminin is a _______, that is a large molecule found in the _______. |
|
Definition
glycoprotein
basal laminae |
|
|
Term
| Laminin is a glycoprotein that is at least partially responsible for epithelial cell ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a glycoprotein in cartilage, mediates adhesion of chondrocytes to type II collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type ___ collagen is a glycoprotein that forms an essential part of the basal laminae underlying epithelial sheets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers of the ECM consist of 3 types: ______ fibers, ______ fibers and ______ fibers. |
|
Definition
collagen fibers
reticular fibers (Collagen Type III)
elastic |
|
|
Term
| Collagen fibers are formed by aggregation of many molecules of the protein ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individual collagen polypeptides are called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The different types of collagen (types I-VII described) contain different types of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the synthesis of collagen, the first step involves the synthesis of polypeptide ______ on rough ER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the synthesis of collagen, the first step involves the synthesis of polypeptide α chains on rough ER. These polypeptides initially contain a ____ sequence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The α chains assembled in the RER for collagen synthesis contain a signal sequence, and therefore are called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In collagen synthesis, once the signal sequence is cleaved within the ____ the polypeptides are referred to as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pro in procollagen refers to the fact that these polypeptides have sequences called _______ at both ends of the molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are not present in mature collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The registration peptides make procollagen a _____ molecule and are involved in proper alignment of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In collagen synthesis, hydroxylation of _____ & _____ residues within the ___ by the enzymes ____- & _____- hydroxylase . |
|
Definition
proline and lysine
prolyl- and lysyl
ER |
|
|
Term
| Transport and secretion of ____collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are the registration peptides removed from procollagen? |
|
Definition
| After it has been transported out of the cell |
|
|
Term
| registration peptides are removed by ______ enzymes, producing ______. |
|
Definition
procollagen proteinases
tropocollagen |
|
|
Term
| Is tropocollagen soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tropocollagen molecules spontaneously aggregate to form _____ with 64nm periodicity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tropocollagen molecules spontaneously aggregate to form fibrils with 64nm periodicity (only in types: _______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrils aggregate to form fibers (only in types: ______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Covalent crosslinking of ____collagen molecules is done by the enzyme ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen polypeptides can aggregate to form _____ structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tropocollagen is a ______ aggregate of collagen α−chains which is 280nm long. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrils are composed of many ______ molecules, which aggregate and overlap to form long units, which can be seen to have a _____ peroidicity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The periodicity of Fibrils results from the alignment of _______ molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only collagen types: ________ form fibrils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tropocollagen molecules are held together in fibrils by: ______, ______, and ______. |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, and covalent crosslinks. |
|
|
Term
| Collagen fibers are aggregations of ______ of varying thickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen Characteristics include: inelasticity, flexibility, tensile strength greater than steel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only collagen types: ______ form fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type _ collagen is most abundant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I collagen forms ____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I collagen found in: _____. |
|
Definition
Most connective tissues.
Bones.
Dentin.
Capsules. |
|
|
Term
| Type II collagen is found in _______. |
|
Definition
| Hyaline and elastic cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Type II collagen forms fibers/fibrils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type II collagen forms ______ Fibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type III collagen, aka _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type III collagen (reticular fibers) are found most places type _ is found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type III collagen can ______ with other types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IV collagen makes up the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type IV collagen does not ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type VII collagen is an _____ fiber in function, found in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scurvy results from abnormal hydroxylation of _____ residues in the ____ caused by Vitamin C deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Scurvy collagen becomes ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ condition results from the overaccumulation of collagen fibers, |
|
Definition
| Progressive systemic sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Overaccumulation of collagen fibers in Progressive systemic sclerosis, can be the result of overproduction or lack of ______ by fibroblasts, macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progressive systemic sclerosis is a _____ problem causing the covering of various organs to harden. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS): One underlying cause is a defect in either the enzyme lysyl hydroxylase (____cellular activity) or the enzyme lysyl oxidase (____cellular activity), which results in abnormal collagen synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Thicker, Collagen Fibers or Reticular fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular fibers major component is type __ collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ***Reticular fibers major component is type III collagen, they also contain glycoproteins, which make them ______ (stain black with silver) and PAS-____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular fibers form networks around and within ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular fibers are abundant in _____ and ______ organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers are Found where there is need for a _____ framework, such as blood vessels, liver, spleen, and smooth muscle particularly abundant during
embryogenesis and in areas of inflammation and wound healing, but are later replaced by regular collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic fibers can reversibly stretch to ___ times their original length. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic fibers have two chemical components: ________. |
|
Definition
elastin
Glycoprotein in the form of 10 nm tubular microfibrils |
|
|
Term
| elastin of elastic fibers are amorphous protein in the _____ region of the elastic fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most elastin of elastic fibers is made by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like collagen, elastin in elastic fibers is rich in glycine and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unlike collagen it has small amounts of hydroxyproline and no hydroxy_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elastin contains the unusual amino acids ______ & _______, formed from covalent reactions among 4 lysine residues. |
|
Definition
| desmosine and isodesmosine |
|
|
Term
| elastin accounts for the rubberlike qualities also found in the fenestrated membranes (_______) of some blood vessels where it is deposited in ______ form. |
|
Definition
elastic laminae
nonfibrillar |
|
|
Term
| Elastic fibers, in addition to elastin is also composed of a _______ in the form of 10 nm tubular microfibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ which serve as a framework into which elastin is deposited mature fibers are 0.2μm to 1.0μm diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the synthesis of elastic fibers deposition occurs in three steps during ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the synthesis of elastic fibers, _____ are secreted first to form a hollow framework. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the synthesis of elastic fibers, Microfibrils are secreted first to form a hollow framework. At this stage the fibers are called _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytalin fibers (a step in elastic fiber synthesis) are found in the _____ and ________ in adults. |
|
Definition
dermis
zonule fibers of the eye |
|
|
Term
| Once the oxytalin fibers have been formed, _____ is secreted, then polymerizes to form ______, which is deposited in irregular bundles among the microfibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Elastic Fiber synthesis when the elastin has been laid around the Microfibrils it is called a ____ fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elaunin fibers are found in the ____ and around ______ in adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The final stage of Elastic Fiber synthesis involves further elastin deposition where? and additional deposition of a thin sheath of microfibrils to produce elastic fibers. |
|
Definition
| into the center of the fiber bundles |
|
|
Term
| ______ fibers of collagen synthesis are not elastic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytalin fibers are not elastic and transmit the force generated by _______ to change the curvature of the lens of the eye, for example. |
|
Definition
| ciliary muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant mutation in the gene for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are the most abundant cell type in “normal” connective tissue proper (no inflammation or infection) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts secrete and turn over most _____ components, including collagen fibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts have a ____-shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts have a _____ cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there granules stored in fibroblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts have prominent ____ & _____ subcellular structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophage have a ____ or _____-shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophage have abundant Abundant _____ and phagosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophage function is the ______ of microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages also function as a _____ storage depot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages function in the destruction of senescent ____ and other
dead cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages function in Various aspects of the immune response through antigen _____, Destruction of _____ cells. and Production of various _____. |
|
Definition
presentation
neoplastic
cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages function in the turnover of various ______ components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast Cells are ______ in size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast Cells Secrete many factors for immediate ______ rxns. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast Cells Distribution is widespread, but especially along ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| airways and digestive tract. |
|
|
Term
| Plasma cells have a characteristic ______ nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma cells are ____lived |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are the most common cell of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts secrete materials _______ or upon stimulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts have abundant ______ & well developed ____ complex, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Fibroblasts are no longer synthetically active and are now called _______, they become smaller and more _____ shaped and have more _______ staining nuclei and ____ abundant RER. |
|
Definition
fibrocytes
spindle
darkly
less |
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts synthesize the fibers of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts produce _______ in addition to fibers of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to synthesis fibroblasts participates in the _____ of ECM components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are the ______ cells of the connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages have large _____ or ______ shaped ______ placed nucleus. |
|
Definition
round or bean-
eccentrically |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages possess prominent organelles, including: Golgi, many _____, & RER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are ______ size (10-30μm). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are part of the ______ phagocytic system (a system of cells in different organs of the body involved in ______ [the ingestion and digestion of particles]). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are involved in the initiation of the immune response by stimulation of both plasma cell development and production of antibodies by plasma cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages/ Neutrophils have receptors for _____ on their PM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages/ Neutrophils have ___ receptors, which bind to the ___ regions of _____ antibodies, which are found on the surfaces of antibody coated bacterium. This induces phagocytosis of the bacterium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells are filled with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are filled with _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast Cells secrete chemotactic factors that attract ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
| neutrophils and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| Mast Cells contain Neutral proteases, which activate the _______ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts contain an abundance of _____ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Mast Cells have continuous or regulated secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast Cells have ____ specific receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does IgE have the antigen bound when it first binds to the Mast Cell? |
|
Definition
| No, not like IgG and macrophages where IgG is bound already to the bacterium before it binds to the Fc receptor on the macrophage. |
|
|
Term
| After the Mast Cell has bound the IgE antigbodies to its receptor, it can now bind its antigen, after which a multivalent antigen causes the ____ of the adjacent IgE molecules (not receptors). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells release _____ by exocytosis following the binding of an antigen to the IgE antibody bound to its IgE receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma cells are a protein making machine and as soon as it makes them it secretes them, so what are you not going to see? |
|
Definition
| Granules, because they do not store them, but has abundant golgi and RER |
|
|
Term
| Plasma cells produce circulating ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma cells have a prominent and characteristic ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ Adipose Cells aka brown fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multilocular Adipose Cells function is to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unilocular Adipose Cells function is to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multilocular Adipose Cells _____ lipid droplets per cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multilocular Adipose Cells vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multilocular Adipose Cells are directly innervated by _______ nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multilocular Adipose Cells contain many ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multilocular Adipose Cells generate heat through the uncoupling of the proton gradient from ATP production by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epicardium (heart) has ____ type of fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ break down the higher order macromolecules so that they can be adsorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipoprotein lipases are produced by ___ and reside on ______. |
|
Definition
Adipocyte
nearest capillaries |
|
|
Term
| In addition to fatty acids, Adipocytes import _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do Adipocytes import glucose in addition to the FAs? |
|
Definition
| Glucose is used to make the glycerol backbone for the FAs to be assembled on to make the Triglycerides. |
|
|
Term
| ______ stimulates the uptake of glucose by Adipocytes . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is insulin's antagonist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon stimulates ____ in adipocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon stimulates lipases in adipocytes to break down TGs in the _____ effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is adipose tissue vascularized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is adipose tissue innervated? |
|
Definition
| Yes, so epinephrine can act on them |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils migrate to sites of inflammation, by being attracted to ________ factor, which is released upon degranulation by _____ cells. |
|
Definition
eosinophil chemotactic factor
Mast Cells |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils are resident of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils secrete a major _____ protein, which is anti-______ in nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils secrete factors (arylsulfatase and _____) that break down leukotriene C and ____ (______ secretions). |
|
Definition
histaminase
histamine
mast cell |
|
|
Term
| _____ cells keep mast cell granular secretions in check. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils can ______ antigen:antibody complexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes are similar in size to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes are predominately _____, when observed under LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective Tissue Proper is made up of _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loose connective tissue has _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense Connective Tissue has lots of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense Connective Tissue can be further subdivided into ______ & _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic tissue has lots of elastic fibers and ______ in it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supportive connective tissues are subdivided into _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue has a _______ role. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue is found in ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils reverse actions of _______ secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue have relatively few ____ fibers and relatively abundant ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue consits of many _____ fibers, and relatively few _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Dense Irregular Connective Tissue the collagen fibers are oriented in _____. |
|
Definition
| oriented in all directions. |
|
|
Term
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Resists tension from ____ directions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue is found where? |
|
Definition
| dermis, organ capsules, sometimes submucosa |
|
|
Term
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue possess many _____ fibers and are all oriented in ______ direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue resists tension along _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ CT surrounds blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts have a Long, thin nucleus, with fine chromatin and prominent nucleolus, abundant ______, well developed ______, but few obvious vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts secrete materials by regulation or constitutively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Fibroblasts called when no longer active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts synthesize the ____ of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts produce _____ substance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are the phagocytic cells of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages have an _______ shpaed plasma membrane profile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages have a large _______ shaped eccentrically placed nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages possess prominent organelles, including: Golgi, many ______, and RER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are _____ in size (___-___μm). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages motile or immobile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages may enlarge to form ____ cells, or fuse to form ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are involved in the initiation of the ______ by stimulation of both _____ development and production of _____ by _____. |
|
Definition
immune response
plasma cell
antibodies
plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages participate in cell-mediated response to _____, _____, and the destruction of old ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages arise from ______ which migrate out of the _____ and differentiate into macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Mast cells are highly _____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells are important in the _____ response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are part of the ____ response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells are found primarily in _____, ____, and ______. |
|
Definition
| primarily in the dermis, the digestive tract, and the respiratory tract. |
|
|
Term
| Mast cells are Large _____ shaped cells, 20-30 μm in diameter, small round nucleus, numerous _____ granules which sometimes obscure the nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granules of mast cells have a heterogeneous interior with a laminated appearance; are _______ due to GAG. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| **Granules of mast cells contain: ___________ |
|
Definition
| histamine, neutral proteases, NCF (neutrophil chemotactic factor), ECF (eosinophil chemotactic factor) in addition to GAG (e.g., heparin). |
|
|
Term
| Mast cells funciton in the immediate ______ reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells funciton in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction, similar to the ____ cells of the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of ____ antibodies by plasma cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of IgE antibodies by plasma cells. The mast cells bind the IgEs because of _____ receptors for this immunoglobulin on the cell surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of IgE antibodies by plasma cells. The mast cells bind the IgEs because of Fc receptors for this immunoglobulin on the cell surface. This first binding of antibodies to the membrane does what to the mast cell? |
|
Definition
| sensitizes the mast cells. |
|
|
Term
| In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of IgE antibodies by plasma cells. The mast cells bind the IgEs because of Fc receptors for this immunoglobulin on the cell surface. This first binding of antibodies to the membrane sensitizes the mast cells. Upon a second stimulation by the antigen, the IgE/receptor complexes ______, which stimulates release of granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The granules release by Mast Cells are potent mediators of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine affect _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| Vascular permeability and vasodilation. |
|
|
Term
| Neutral proteases released from Mast Cells, activate the _____ system. |
|
Definition
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Term
| NCF, ECF-A realeased by Mast Cells attract _____ or ____ to the area. |
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Definition
| neutrophils or eosinophils |
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Term
| In addition to stimulating the release of Mast Cell granules, the cross-linking of IgE receptors activates phospholipase A2, which converts membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid, followed by the production of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leukotrienes are vasodilators and induce _____ contractions, but are thousands of times more potent than _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leukotrienes are quickly inactivated by ______-. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the hypersensitivity reaction from basophils or more importantly Mast cells becomes _______, then _____ results, which can be fatal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma cells are _____-producing cells of the connective tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma cells have a "_____" nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma cells are loaded with _____ and have a well developed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma cells stain basophilic, except where _____ is found. |
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Definition
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Term
| Well-developed Golgi complex of a plasma cell creates a ____ area of cytoplasm adjacent to one end of nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma cells develop from _____ the of blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigens may stimulate B lymphocytes directly or by coming in contact with ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leukocytes can migrate (by _____ through capillary walls) out of the circulation into the connective tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosinophils are cells of ______ or of _____ infection |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosinophils secrete _____ protein, which is active against parasites |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosinophils secrete arylsulfatase and histaminase, which break down ____ and _____, thus reversing the response initiated by mast cells. |
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Definition
| leukotriene C and histamine |
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Term
| Eosinophils _____ antigen-antibody complex. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are the only source of histamine in blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Basophils have granules that are similar in composition to those of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| T lymphocytes are the _____-lived cells of _____-mediated immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| B lymphocytes are ____ cell precursors. |
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Definition
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Term
| B lymphocytes are stimulated by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of Adipocytes: ______. |
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Definition
Unilocular fat cells
Multilocular fat cells |
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Term
| With Unilocular fat cells the majority of the cell is filled with _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unilocular tissue is found most areas of the body except: _______. |
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Definition
a. Penis/scrotum.
b. Eyelids
c. The ear (except lobule). |
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Term
| Multilocular fat cells aka _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are larger, multilocular or Unilocular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Multilocular fat cells contain ______ fat droplets. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adipose tissue Functions to serve as the body's ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell morphology (unilocular adipose)is a thin rim of cytoplasm surrounding the lipid droplet and a peripherally located nucleus give a ____ring appearance to the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Triglyceride storage is stimulated by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dietary fats (transported in blood as chylomicra) and triglycerides synthesized in liver (transported as very low density lipoprotein VLDL) are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme ______ (an enzyme that is stimulated by ______). |
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Definition
lipoprotein lipase
insulin |
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Term
| Uptake of glucose from blood is stimulated by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Release of fat from adipose tissue is stimulated by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Release of fat from adipose tissue is stimulated by norepinephrine from the _____ nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mobilization of fat from adipose tissue is not _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Free fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue diffuse into blood and are carried by ______ to tissues requiring an energy source. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased “fat mass” may occur by either of two mechanisms: ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased number of adipocytes, mainly early in life. |
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Term
| Adipocytes secrete many _______. |
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Definition
| cytokines (adipocytokines) |
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Term
| Adipocytes secrete 2 types of cytokines (adipocytokines): _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adiponectin increases _______ in skeletal muscle & decreases plasma _____ levels. |
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Definition
fatty acid oxidation
plasma lipid |
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Term
| Adiponectin is positively correlated with enhanced ______ in skeletal muscle and a reduced risk for diabetes. |
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Definition
| insulin signal transduction |
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Term
| Administration of adiponectin reverses ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leptin aka "_____ hormone" |
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Definition
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Term
| Leptin acts through the hypothalamus to negatively regulate ____ & ______. |
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Definition
| appetite and energy expenditure |
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Term
| Leptin effects on the autonomic nervous system can lead to ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leptin amount increases with ______, suggesting some form of “leptin resistance”. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leptin stimulates possibly indirectly fatty acid oxidation and ______ uptake. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperleptinemia associated with _____ & ______. |
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Definition
| obesity and insulin resistance |
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Term
| Loose connective tissue is sometimes called _____ (air-like). |
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Definition
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Term
| Loose connective tissue fills spaces between ____ & _____. |
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Definition
| fibers and muscle sheaths |
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Term
| Loose connective tissuesupports most ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Loose connective tissue is flexible and well _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dense connective tissue is called dense because of increased numbers of _____ fibers. |
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Definition
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