The constancy of the chromosome number from one generation to the next is maintained through:

a. mitosis

b. DNA synthesis

c. cytokinesis

d. meiosis

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be:

a. of different sexes

b. fraternal

c. identical

d. dizygotic

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle:

a. during the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest

b. during the proliferation phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone

c. if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo

d. the menstrual phase of the cycle is from day 1 to day 8

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ___:

a. they have the same number of chromosomes

b. they have the same degree of motility

c. about the same number of each is produced per month

d. they are about the same size

Which of the following hormones is most important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid:

a. antidiuretic hormone 

b. aldosterone

c. erythropoietin

d. renin

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ___ buffering system:

a. hemoglobin

b. phosphate

c. protein

d. bicarbonate

The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called:

a. spermatogonia

b. spermatocytes

c. interstitial cells

d. sustentacular cells

Which of the following constitutes the female counterpart of the male scrotum:

a. the greater vestibular glands

b. the clitoris

c. the labia majora

d. the mons pubis

Parathyroid hormone ___:

a. decreases renal calcium absorption while simultaneously increasing phosphate reabsorption

b. activates osteoblasts that deposit ionic calcium in bone

c. is the most important control of calium homeostasis

d. prevents excess calcium absorption by deactivating vitamin D in the small intestine

Electrolyte balance ___:

a. may be disturbed due to higher loss of electrolytes on hot days

b. can be disrupted because water is not free to move between cells and capillaries

c. is usually difficult to maintain

d. refers to the phosphate balance in the body

Which of the following statements about sperm is not true:

a. the acrosome is produced by the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes

b. the sperm midpiece consists of Golgi bodies spiraled tightly around the contractile filament filaments of the tail

c. they contain very little cytoplasm or stored nutrients

d. they are sluggish in an acidic environment

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins.  This problem is often characterized by ___:

a. extreme weight gain

b. nerve damage

c. extreme weight loss

d. tissue edema

Prostate cancer is ___:

a. most common in Asians

b. often the result of a distortion of the urethra

c. the number one cause of death in men

d. sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates:

a. respiratory acidosis

b. metabolic alkalosis

c. respiratory alkalosis

d. metabolic acidosis

Development of male reproductive structures depends on which of the following events:

a. the suppression of inhibin

b. secretion of male hormones prenatally and lasting into the first few months after birth

c. that the female hormones are suppressed during pregnancy

d. that human chorionic gonadotropin be synthesized in the third week of the pregnancy

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ___:

a. low rate of insensible water loss

b. low daily rate of fluid exchange

c. inefficient kidneys

d. comparatively low metabolic rates

Edema may result from ___:

a. hyperproteinemia

b. decreased blood hydrostatic pressure

c. lymphatic blockage

d. hindering the flow of water out of the capillaries

Functions of testosterone include:

a. loss of facial hair

b. drying of the skin

c. facilitation of muscle and skeletal growth in mass

d. growth of the breasts

Select the correct statement about male sexual response:

a. expansion of the penile tissues results in dilation of the venous outflow

b. erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood

c. ejaculation is the result of parasympathetic stimulation

d. sympathetic impulses are responsible for causing penile arteriolar dilation, resulting in erection

Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intercellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment.  Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?

a. the intracellular fluid compartment changes, so it is impossible to determine the amount of water at any given time

b. approximately two-thirds of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment

c. approximately one-third of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment

d. all of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment

Select the correct statement about mammary glands:

a. they have functional, milk producing, simple alveolar glands

b. the breasts of most non-pregnant females are composed of fat and connective tissue

c. the pigmented area around the nipple is called perineum

d. mammary glands are modified sebaceous glands

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments:

a. always involve filtration

b. requires ATP for the transport to take place

c. requires active transport

d. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

Characteristics of the mature sperm includes:

a. the presence of Y chromosomes in approximately half the sperm

b. the absence of coiled mitochondria

c. the absence of an acrosome

d. the presence of two X chromosomes in approximately half the sperm

The major reason older adults should monitor their intake of fluids is that:

a. most older people do not eat the proper foods

b. older people suffer decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone

c. total body water decreases with age, and restoration of homeostasis is slower

d. older people do not exercise, so fluids do not move from compartment to compartment easily

The corpus luteum is:

a. part of the uterine tube

b. the ruptured follicle following the ejection of an oocyte from the ovary

c. the mesovarium

d. the ovarian ligament the anchors the overy medially to the uterus

The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the:

a. sustentacular cells

b. spermatocytes

c. interstitial cells

d. spermatogonia

All of the following can be considered male secondary sex characteristics except the:

a. development of body hair

b. lowering of the voice

c. development of testes as opposed to ovaries

d. increasing mass of the skeleton

Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins:

a. GnRH

b. LH

c. FSH

d. testosterone

Fertilization generally occurs in the:

a. ovary

b. vagina

c. uterus

d. fallopian tubes

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart.  The influence of this hormone is:

a. to activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism

b. to enhance atrial contractions

c. to reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

d. to prevent pH changes caused by organic acids

Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle:

a. development of endometrial cells

b. vesicular follicle growth

c. corpus luteum

d. late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids:

a. K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

b. little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids

c. equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids

d. Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids

Erection of the penis results from:

a. dilation of the veins in the penis

b. a parasympathetic reflex

c. a sympathetic reflex

d. parasympathetic activation of the bulbourethral glands

The term hypotonic hydration refers to:

a. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

b. a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

c. the feeling one might have after a long swim

d. the unpleasant feeling people have in the morning after drinking too many bullmeisters

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems:

a. the lungs and kidneys

b. the stomach and liver

c. the adrenal glands and testes

d. LH reaches its highest levels

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle:

a. the Graafin follicle forms

b. progesterone levels are at their highest

c. estrogen reaches its highest levels

d. LH reaches its highest levels

The primary function of the uterus is to:

a. regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles

b. protect the ovaries

c. receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum

d. synthesize female hormones

The ability of sperm cells to move alond the ductus deferens is due to:

a. hormonal action

b. peristaltic contractions

c. enzymatic activity

d. gravity

The seminal vesicles:

a. produce a yellowish fluid rich in fructose

b. produce about 90% of the volume of semen

c. attach at the base of the penis

d. encircle the upper part of the urethra

Respiratory acidosis can occur when:

a. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

b. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

c. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids

d. a runner has completed a very long marathon

Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes:

a. sperm will have no means of exit from the body

b. male sex hormone will not be circulated in the body

c. inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes

d. inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system.  Which of the following is true about the role they play?

a. they contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens

b. they regulate the temperature of the testes

c. they contract to allow ejaculation

d. they are responsible for penile erection

Spermatogenesis:

a. uses mitosis to produce gamete cells

b. is the process of releasing mature sperm cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

c. results in the formation of diploid cells

d. involves a special kind of cell division limited to the gametes

Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance:

a. the kidneys are the most important mechanism for eliminating all bicarbonate ions

b. kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ions

c. all excreted hydrogen ions are unbound in the filtrate

d. the kidneys are not able to excrete phosphoric acid

Which of the following will occur shortly after ovulation:

a. the secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced

b. the endometrium enter its secretory phase

c. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen only

d. the corpus luteum prepares to become a corpus albicans

The total body water is divided into intracellular and extracellular fluids.  Plasma is considered:

a. lymph

b. extracellular

c. intracellular

d. interstitial

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value.  What is the likely diagnosis:

a. metabolic alkalosis

b. respiratory alkalosis

c. metabolic acidosis

d. respiratory acidosis

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted diseases is false:

a. genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions

b. gonorrhea is caused by a bacteria that can bring on painful discharges in males

c. chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms 

d. syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated

Which of the following is not a disorder of water imbalance:

a. excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins

b. hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high

c. edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

d. excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion

Normally menstruation occurs when:

a. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase

b. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen

c. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

d. blood levels of FSH fall off

Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum.  One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but where did the other two arise:

a. what you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg

b. the first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies

c. two are undeveloped primary oocytes taht failed to mature

d. there were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared

Select the correct statement about testosterone control:

a. FSH stimulates testicular production of testosterone

b. inhibin and testosterone exert prositive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary

c. the pineal gland is believed to be the gland that exerts the most influence in testosterone control

d. GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females:

a. the only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation

b. the mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system

c. all lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant

d. both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer

What mechanism divides the testes into lobules:

a. seminiferous tubules

b. interstitial spaces

c. the ductus deferens

d. septal extensions of the tunica albuginea

Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except:

a. lymph and interstitial fluid

b. cytoplasm

c. blood plasma

d. cerebrospinal fluid

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that:

a. in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

b. during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced

c. the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n

d. spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only

The brain-testicular axis:

a. is the tight relationship between the cortex and the control of testicular function

b. involves a positive feedlack loop control of spermatogenesis

c. involves posterior pituitary release of regulating hormones

d. involves FSH and LH release

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly and deeply.  Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely:

a. metabolic acidosis

b. respiratory alkalosis

c. metabolic alkalosis

d. respiratory acidosis

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle:

a. the follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation

b. rising levels of estrogen start follicle development

c. the LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte

d. high estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release

Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true:

a. rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin

b. fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube

c. the monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones

d. ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal.  After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would:

a. have impaired function of interstitial cells

b. be sterile

c. not develop secondary sex characteristics

d. be impotent (unable to have an erection)

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true:

a. the spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte

b. the secondary spermatocytes each form two spermatids

c. each spermatid forms two sperm

d. the primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes

The most important force causing new water flow out of capillaries is:

a. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins

b. intracellular hydrostatic pressure

c. hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

d. hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese.  How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology:

a. it will increase the osmolality of the blood

b. she will experience hypotension

c. there will be a temporary increase in blood volume

d. there will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause:

a. increased spermatogenesis

b. shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland

c. decreased testosterone secretion

d. excessive beard growth

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes:

a. amount of body fat

b. membrane polarity

c. maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF

d. neuromuscular excitability

The regulation of potassium balance:

a. is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms

b. involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

c. is not linked to sodium balance

d. includes renal secretion, but never absorption

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except:

a. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

b. a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation

c. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle

d. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

True or False:

The hormone oxytocin combines with enzymes in semen to enhance sperm motility

True or False:

The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone

True or False:

Reproduction is not possible in males or females until one year after puberty has begun

True or False:

Severe damage to the respiratory system rarely will result in acid-base imbalances

True or False:

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them

True or False:

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body

True or False:

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine

True or False:

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system

True or False:

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium

True or False:

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus

True or False:

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients

True or False:

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate

True or False:

The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

True or False:

The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase

True or False:

Regulation of the acid-base system is accomplished mainly through respiratory control, and the kidneys also play a small role

True or False:

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low

True or False:

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal

True or False:

The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle

True or False:

The diamond shaped area between the coccyx, pubic arch, and ischial tuberosities in the female is the vulva

True or False:

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis

True or False:

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium

True or False:

Addison's disease is a disorder resulting from viral infection

True or False:

The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin

The extracellular fluid compartment is divided into the interstitial fluid and the:

a. blood plasma

b. plasma membrane

c. digestive juices

d. cytoplasma

e. transmission fluid

f. precious bodily fluids

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) ___ the loss of water:

a. has no effect on

b. increases

c. intracellular

d. extracellular

e. decreases

High osmolality of the blood ___ the secretion of ADH:

a. has no effect on

b. increases

c. intracellular

d. extracellular

e. decreases

Aldosterone ___ the loss of potassium ions to urine:

a. has no effect on

b. increases

c. intracellular

d. extracellular

e. decreases

Sodium levels are highest in the ___ fluid compartment:

a. has no effect on

b. increases

c. intracellular

d. extracellular

e. decreases

K+ levels are highest in the ___ fluid compartment:

a. has no effect on

b. increases

c. intracellular

d. extracellular

e. decreases

When the testicles are too cold the ___ muscles in the spermatic cord contrast, drawing them closer to the warmth of the body:

a. detrusor

b. cremaster

c. testicular

d. dartos

e. inguinal

The muscle which pulls the scrotum tight around the testicles, causing it to look like a little 'brain' is the ___ muscle:

a. detrusor

b. cremaster

c. testicular

d. dartos

e. inguinal

Tetrads of homologous chromosomes and crossing over both occur in ___ of meiosis:

a. prophase I

b. metaphase I

c. anaphase I

d. prophase II

e. metaphase II

Secrete about 60% of the volume of semen:

a. seminal vesicles

b. ejaculatory ducts

c. epididymae

d. bulbourethrals

e. prostate

The ___ completely surround (s) the male urethra:

a. seminal vesicles

b. ejaculatory ducts

c. epididymae

d. bulbourethrals

e. prostate

Pancreatic lipase breaks neutral fats down into:

a. fatty acids

b. glycerol

c. monoglycerides

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

True or False:

Fat soluble vitamins, such as A, D and E, are best absorbed when you take them with a fat-containing meal

True or False:

If you obtain 5 of the 8 essential amino acids at breakfast, even if you ingest the remaining 3 essential amino acids hours later at lunch you won't be able to use any of them to make protein

True or False:

Nonessential amino acids are useless to the body

True or False:

If a substance gains an electron, we say that it has been reduced

Which is not a B vitamin which we saw caught in the act of being a coenzyme in the Krebs Cycle?

b. thiamine (B1)

Does not require the presence of oxygen:

a. the electron transport chain

b. glycolysis

c. the Krebs Cycle

Most of the NADH is formed here:

a. the electron transport chain

b. glycolysis

c. the Krebs Cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation of ATP occurs here:

a. the electron transport chain

b. glycolysis

c. the Krebs Cycle

The final electron acceptor with the highest affinity for electrons which slurps up low-energy electrons from the end of the electron transport chain is:

a. acetyl CoA

b. lactic acid

c. NADH

d. pyruvic acid

e. oxygen

The Krebs Cycle produces ___ FADH2 per glucose, each of which can yield ___ ATPs if oxygen is present:

a. 2...2

b. 2...3

c. 4...2

d. 4...3

e. 4...4

True or False:

Breaking down fatty acids two carbons at a time so that they can be burned aerobically is called "beta oxidation"

True or False:

Building up glycogen from glucose is called "glycogenolysis"

In transamination, the nitrogens removed from amino acids are incorporated into molecules of:

a. uric acid

b. amonia

c. urea

d. creatinine

e. all of the above

The major hormone of the absorptive state is:

a. cortisol

b. epinephrine

c. growth hormone

d. insulin

e. glucagon

After filtration leaves the proximal convoluted tubule, it next flows into the:

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. glomerular capsule

c. ureter

d. loop of Henle

e. collecting duct

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to:

a. NaCl

b. K+

c. glucose

d. water

e. none of the above

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, ___ is actively pumped out of the filtrate:

a. NaCl

b. K+

c. glucose

d. water

e. none of the above

In response to systemic low blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular apparatus releases:

a. epinephrine

b. norepinephrine

c. antidiuretic hormone

d. angiotensinogen

e. renin

Which of the following would you not expect to find in normal urine:

a. NaCl

b. uric acid

c. hemoglobin

d. potassium

e. phosphates

True or False:

Glomerular filtration stops if the systemic blood pressure falls below -45 mmHg

True or False:

The esophagus is smooth muscle at the top third, mixed in the middle third, and skeletal muscle in the bottom third

Which is not needed to produce high rates of HCl production from a parietal cell:

a. histamine

b. acetylcholine

c. gastrin

d. heparin

e. ALL of the above are needed

Which of the following is not one of the three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver (i.e. each of the six corners of the hexagonal lobules):

a. branch of the bile duct

b. branch of the hepatic portal vein

c. branch of the hepatic vein

d. branch of the hepatic artery

Pancreatic ___ secrete digestive enzymes:

a. duct cells

b. islet cells

c. vascular cells

d. acinar cells

e. digest-o-rama cells

...while pancreatic ___ secrete a bicarbonate-rich juice:

a. duct cells

b. islet cells

c. vascular cells

d. acinar cells

e. digest-o-rama cells

True or False:

Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete pepsin

True or False:

Cholecystokinin closes the hepatopancreatic sphincter (hint: what would you want cholecystokinin to do?)

True or False:

Gastrin closes the ileocecal valve. [Hint: think about what triggers the stomach mucosa to begin secreting gastrin, and what general, overall "message" gastrin sends to downstream GI tract organs as a result.  Then ask yourself, what would I want gastrin to tell my ileocecal valve to do?]

True or False:

Somatostatin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the pancreas to secrete. [Hint: what is somatostatin trying to do?]

Chemical digestion of ___ begins in the stomach:

a. protein

b. lipids

c. nucleic acids

d. starch

e. none of the above

In the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, which of its molecular species resists a drop in pH? [Hint: if your stomach pH is too low, what do you do?]

a. CO2

b. H2CO3

c. H2O

d. HCO3-

When strong emotions or pain alter the depth and rate of breathing, the higher brain center mediating these alterations is the:

a. hippocampus

b. basal ganglia

c. thalamus

d. pons

e. hypothalamus

True or False:

Physiologically, the most important stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is the low oxygen level of the blood

True or False:

If the partial pressure of oxygen in an alveolus is unusually low, its pulmonary arterioles will vasodilate

True or False:

Surfactant in the alveoli is secreted by Type II Cells

The total amount of air you can voluntarily move is called your:

a. residual volume

b. tidal volume

c. expiratory reserve volume

d. vital capacity

e. inspiratory reserve volume

The patient drank cyanide laced koolaide because Rev. Jim Jones told him to:

a. anemic hypoxia

b. ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia

c. hypoxemic hypoxia

d. histotoxic hypoxia

The patient had carbon monoxide in her home so she called in sick at work and stayed in bed breathing more CO for days on end. [Hint: she also complained that her house had become haunted by ghosts]

a. anemic hypoxia

b. ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia

c. hypoxemic hypoxia

d. histotoxic hypoxia

True or False:

The majority of carbon dioxide transported in the bloodstream is bound to hemoglobin

True or False:

Increased temperature results in increased oxygen unloading from hemoglobin. [i.e. decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen making it more generous. Hint: what would you want your hemoglobin to do and what's what it does]

In capillaries, bicarbonate ion crosses the RBC membrane.  But an electrostatic charge doesn't build up because ___ crosses in the opposite direction:

a. H+

b. Na+

c. Cl-

d. HCO3-

e. Br-

The oropharynx does not include ___:

a. pharyngeal tonsils

b. lingual tonsils

c. palatine tonsils

d. fauces

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II.  The function of type II is ___:

a. to replace mucus in the alveoli

b. to secrete surfactant

c. to protect the lungs from bacterial infection

d. to trap dust and other debris

Which of the following statements is incorrect:

a. during fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid

b. respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants

c. the chest wall becomes more rigid with age

d. descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer:

a. adenocarcinoma

b. small cell carcinoma

c. Kaposi's sarcoma

d. squamous cell carcinoma

Which of the following is not true of saliva:

a. moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus

b. dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted

c. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

d. cleanses the mouth

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport:

a. carbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to hemoglobin

b. the chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport

c. 7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin

d. 20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach:

a. chief cells

b. mucous neck cells

c. serous cells

d. parietal cells

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules.  This series of reactions is called:

a. absorption

b. chemical digestion

c. mechanical digestion

d. secretion

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same hour basic layers.  Arrange them in order from the lumen:

a. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

b. muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa

c. serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa

d. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa

Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the:

a. trachea

b. larynx

c. pharynx

d. carina

Important peritoneal folds do not include the:

a. peritoneum

b. omenta

c. mesentery

d. round ligament

The ___ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure:

a. spleen

b. liver

c. pancreas

d. stomach

Impairments of oxygen transport include:

a. carbon monoxide poisoning, a form of hypoxemic hypoxia

b. hypoxemic hypoxia, resulting from a decrease in levels of functional red blood cells

c. stagnant hypoxia, due to a functional problem with the lungs

d. anemic hypoxia, usually caused by congestive heart failure

The larynx contains:

a. lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds

b. a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple

c. an upper pair of avasular mucosal folds called true vocal folds

d. the thyroid cartilage

The ideal vital capacity of an adult male individual is around:

a. 4800 ml

b. 1200 ml

c. 3100 ml

d. 6600 ml

Intrapulmonary pressure is the:

a. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

b. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

c. pressure within the pleural cavity

d. negative pressure in the intrapleural space

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the alveoli:

a. cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchioles

b. lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli

c. proportionally, smooth muscle decreases uniformly

d. resistance to air flow increases at the level of medium sized bronchi

The structures that produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine are the:

a. microvilli

b. intestinal crypts

c. lacteals

d. cilium

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by:

a. diffusion 

b. osmosis

c. active transport

d. filtration 

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining.  Which of the following accomplish this task:

a. Brunner's glands

b. the vast array of digestive enzymes

c. the rugae

d. plicae circulares and intestinal villi

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates.  Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal:

a. cholecystokinin

b. trypsin

c. gastrin

d. amylase

There are three phases of gastric secretion.  The cephalic phase occurs:

a. at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time

b. when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required

c. before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight or thought

d. immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients 

Tidal volume is air:

a. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

b. forcibly expelled after normal expiration

c. inhaled after normal inspiration

d. exchanged during normal breathing

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon:

a. external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

b. diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

c. diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

d. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases:

a. Henry's law

b. Charles' law

c. Boyle's law

d. Dalton's law

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption.  Which of the following enzymes is responsible:

a. lipase

b. rennin

c. pepsin

d. cholecystokinin

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is:

a. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

b. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

c. not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

d. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called:

a. mesenteries

b. serosal lining

c. lamina propria

d. mucosal lining

Chyme is created in the:

a. small intestine

b. mouth

c. stomach

d. esophagus

Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the:

a. cystic duct

b. accessory pancreatic duct

c. main pancreatic duct

d. hepatopancreatic ampulla

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located:

a. in the pons and medulla

b. only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage

c. in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen

d. in the walls of the tract organs

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because:

a. a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

b. an increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

c. an increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-blood bond

d. a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be:

a. the thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange

b. between 5 and 6 micrometers thick

c. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

d. at least 3 micrometers thick

Since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange:

a. since the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange

b. respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus

c. respiratory exchanges are not necessary

d. respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

Another name for the inflation reflex is:

a. pulmonary irritant

b. Hering-Breuer

c. Haldane

d. Bohr

Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the:

a. goblet cells of the small intestine

b. Brunner's glands

c. parietal cells of the duodenum 

d. chief cells of the stomach

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by:

a. Boyle's law

b. Dalton's law

c. Charles' law

d. Henry's law

Respiratory control centers are located in the:

a. pons and midbrain

b. midbrain and medulla

c. upper spinal cord and medulla

d. medulla and pons

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged:

a. carbohydrates

b. proteins

c. starches

d. lipids

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the:

a. tidal volume

b. vital capacity

c. expiratory reserve volume

d. insiratory capacity

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called:

a. digestion

b. absorption

c. secretion

d. ingestion

The loudness of a person's voice depends on:

a. the strength of intrinsic laryngeal muscles

b. the length of the vocal folds

c. the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

d. the thickness of vestibular folds

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect:

a. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood

b. more CO2 dissolves directly into the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

c. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH

d. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation 

The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called:

a. active transport

b. diffusion

c. denatured

d. hydroolysis

Possible causes of hypoxia include:

a. taking several rapid deep breaths

b. getting very cold

c. obstruction of the esophagus

d. too little oxygen in the atmosphere

Select the correct statement about the pharynx:

a. the laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx

b. the palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx

c. the pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx

d. the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx

___ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor:

a. sodium

b. phosphorus

c. calcium

d. iron

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung:

a. horizontal fissure

b. oblique fissure

c. cardiac notch

d. middle lobe

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3.  What does the 1 stand for:

a. incisor tooth

b. molar tooth

c. canine tooth

d. premolar tooth

The structure known as the fauces is the:

a. epiglottis

b. thyroid gland

c. submaxillary gland

d. passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach.  These secretions are stimulated by the presence of:

a. starches and complex carbohydrates

b. simple carbohydrates and alcohols

c. fatty acids

d. protein and peptide fragments 

The plicae circulares and intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the alimentary tube wall:

a. lamina propria

b. serosa

c. mucosa

d. adventitia

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria.  Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products:

a. mucous neck cells

b. parietal cells

c. zymogenic cells

d. enteroendocrine cells

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing:

a. arterial Po2 below 60 mmHg

b. rising blood pressure

c. rising carbon dioxide levels

d. arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the:

a. bile canaliculus

b. pancreatic acini

c. portal vein

d. hepatopancreatic ampulla

The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because:

a. they produce a lubricating serous secretion, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during breathing

b. they contain cilia that protect the lungs

c. they control the volume of the lungs

d. they maintain the proper temperature for the lungs during sleep

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by:

a. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

b. warming the air before it enters

c. humidifying the air before it enters

d. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells:

a. goblet cells and squamous epitheial cells

b. parietal cells and glial cells

c. cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells

d. serous cells and mucous cells

Hepatocytes do not:

a. process nutrients

b. store fat-soluble vitamins

c. produce digestive enzymes

d. detoxify

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the:

a. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

b. action of the epiglottis

c. ciliated mucous lining in the nose

d. porous structure of the turbinate bones

Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It:

a. has haustra

b. does not contain villi

c. exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli

d. is longer than the small intestine

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor:

a. parietal cells

b. mucous neck cells

c. enteroendocrine cells

d. zygmogenic cells

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by:

a. the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

b. somatic neurons in the spinal cord

c. the rubrospinal tracts

d. the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed:

a. B12

b. A

c. C

d. K

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because:

a. the basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes

b. the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

c. the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at high altitudes

d. the temperature is lower at higher altitudes

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins:

a. trypsin

b. lipase

c. amylase

d. dextrinase

The fluid secreted by the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is:

a. gastric juice

b. bile

c. pancreatic juice

d. intestinal juice

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds:

a. fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform

b. palatine and circumvallate

c. fungiform and circumvallate

d. circumvallate and filiform

The respiratory membrane is a combination of:

a. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

b. atria and alveolar sacs

c. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

d. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

The nose serves all of the following functions except:

a. warming and humidifying the air

b. as the initiator of the cough reflex

c. as a passageway for air movement

d. cleansing the air

Which of the following statements is correct:

a. H+ has little effect on the blood pH

b. H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to decrease the rate and depth of breathing

c. arterial pH does not affect central chemoreceptors directly

d. low arterial pH is the most powerful stimulator of respiration

Tooth structure includes:

a. the dentin, which is the hardest substance in the body

b. a root covered with enamel

c. a thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in place

d. pulp, an avascular connective tissue filling the hollow cavity of the tooth

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing.  However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by:

a. 28 weeks

b. 17 weeks

c. 24 weeks

d. 36 weeks

Gas emboli may occur because:

a. a pilot holds her breath upon descent

b. a person holds his breath too long

c. a diver holds his breath upon ascent

d. a person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber

The function of the goblet cells is to:

a. provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food

b. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

c. secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral

d. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use

Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include:

a. ACh

b. gastrin

c. secretin

d. histamine

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation:

a. a decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation

b. as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required

c. surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension

d. a lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation

The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from:

a. endoderm

b. pachyderm

c. ectoderm

d. mesoderm

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

a. increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity

b. a 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal

c. during normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returing to the lungs carries one molecule of O2

d. during conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk.  Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food:

a. the thyroid gland

b. the parotid glands

c. the buccal glands

d. the pancreas

Which of the following is not possible:

a. gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance

b. resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow

c. pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance

d. the amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily.  Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates:

a. dysphagia

b. ketosis

c. acidosis

d. alkalosis

True or False:

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea

True or False:

The functions of the nasal chochae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air

True or False:

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers

True or False:

Progesterone stimulates immature follicles to develop

Gametes have the ___ chromosome number, while a zygote  has the ___ chromosome number:

a. 2N...2N

b. 2N...N

c. N...N

d. N...2N

True or False:

Thecal cells surrounding a growing follicle are stimulated by LH to directly release androgens

True or False:

The female strategy is to make relatively fewer gametes which are loaded with organelles and nutrients and are non-motile

The clitoral hood (prepuce) in the female is anatomically equivalent to the ___ in the male:

a. foreskin

b. glans

c. tunica albuginea

d. mons pubis

e. skin around the penile shaft

True or False:

Most commonly, fertilization by a sperm cell of an egg cell occurs in the uterus rather than the fallopian tube

True or False:

2-3 polar bodies result from spermatogenesis

True or False:

2-3 polar bodies result from oogogenesis

If implantation of a fertilized egg occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by ___ from the embryo:

a. estrogen

b. FSH

c. human chorionic gonadotropin

d. progesterone

e. LH

True or False:

The early embryo has structures corresponding to a penis and a clitoris.  In the course of development, one of them grows while the other vestigiates

Which of the following syndromes may not be discovered until a girl reaches puberty and fails to menstruate:

a. androgen insensitivity syndrome with testicular feminization

b. congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (CVAH)

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the:

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. loop of Henle

c. glomerular filtration membrane

d. collecting duct

Select the correct statement about the ureters:

a. the ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only

b. ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine

c. the epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allow a great deal of stretch

d. the ureters are capable of peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract

The process of breaking tryglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as:

a. gluconeogenesis

b. lypogenesis

c. fat utilization 

d. lipolysis

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration:

a. oxidative reactions

b. substrate level phosphorylation

c. oxidation reduction reactions

d. oxidative phosphorylation

Anabolism includes reactions in which:

a. carbohydrate utilization increases

b. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

c. structural proteins are used as a potential energy source

d. ketone bodies are formed

Glycogen is formed in the liver during:

a. postabsorptive state

b. starvation period

c. absorptive state

d. period when the metabolic rate is lowest

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ___ are converted to glucose:

a. cholesterol

b. glycogen

c. glycerol

d. glucagon

The primary function of carbohydrates is:

a. energy production within cells

b. to form functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes

c. to maintain a large storehouse of glycogen

d. to contribute to cell structure

The renal corpuscle is made up of:

a. the renal papilla

b. the descending loop of Henle

c. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

d. the renal pyramid

When proteins under deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly:

a. ammonia

b. urea

c. acteyl CoA

d. ketone bodies

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the:

a. conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water

b. formation of sugar

c. conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water

d. the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

The ___ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney:

a. cortical radiate

b. interlobular

c. lobar

d. arcuate

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except:

a. production of some hormones

b. formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes

c. production of enzymes, clotting factor, and antibodies

d. production of energy

Catabolism would be best described as a processes that:

a. builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state

b. causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies

c. elevates glucagon levels

d. breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

The functional and structural unit of the kidney is:

a. the nephron

b. Bowman's capsule

c. the loop of Henle

d. the basement membrane of the capillaries

Which gland sits atop each kidney:

a. pituitary

b. thymus

c. adrenal

d. pancreas

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to:

a. a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

b. a decrease in the production of ADH

c. an increase in the production of aldosterone

d. an increase in the production of ADH

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is:

a. converted to urea

b. transferred to a keto acid

c. transferred to acetyl CoA

d. converted to ammonia

Heat loss mechanisms do no include:

a. reducing activity

b. behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing

c. vacoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

d. the evaporation of sweat

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters:

a. they are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia)

b. they are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum

c. they are made up of several layers of endothelium

d. they are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein:

a. must meet all of the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth

b. derived from meat and fish only

c. meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet

d. derived only from legumes and other plant material

Cholesterol, while it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because:

a. it helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation

b. it enters the glycolytic pathway would being altered

c. it helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs

d. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which:

a. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors

b. glycogen is broken down to release glucose

c. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

d. glycogen is formed

The most abundant dietary lipids are:

a. fatty acids

b. cholesterol

c. phospholipids

d. triglycerides

Which of the following is most correct:

a. saturated fats stimulate the liver to synthesize cholesterol

b. unsaturated fats are easily oxidized but decrease cholesterol excretion

c. excess intracellular cholesterol stimulates cellular production of LDL receptors

d. smoking has been implicated in enhancing HDL synthesis

The primary function of cellular respiration is to:

a. provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals

b. efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body

c. break down food molecules and generate ATP

d. determine the amount of heat headed by the human body

The amount of ___ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR:

a. norepinephrine

b. ADH

c. prolactin

d. thyroxine

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it:

a. is impermeable to most substances

b. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

c. is drained by an efferent arteriole

d. has a basement membrane

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for:

a. regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

b. reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins and water

c. the secretion of acids and ammonia 

d. the secretion of drugs

Vitamins are organic compounds.  They:

a. are all water soluble and absorbed with water from the digestive tract

b. are classified as water soluble or protein soluble classes

c. often function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis

d. may serve as building blocks

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ___ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids:

a. liver

b. spleen

c. pancrease

d. brain

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because:

a. it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

b. it produces vitamin D

c. it ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

d. it is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is:

a. cellulose

b. acetyl CoA

c. fat

d. glucose

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because:

a. all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization

b. very few foods contain vitamins

c. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

d. all vitamins provide protection against the common cold

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle:

a. a vasa recta

b. a fenestrated capillary

c. a podocyte

d. an efferent arteriole

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin:

a. by a decrease in the blood pressure

b. when the peritubular capillaries are dialated

c. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

d. when the pH of the urine decreases

Urine passes through the:

a. hilum to urethra to bladder

b. glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule

c. pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

d. renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter

Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed:

a. radiation

b. conduction

c. evaporation

d. convection

Oxidative deamination takes place in the:

a. muscles

b. kidneys

c. blood

d. liver

The first major branch of the renal artery is:

a. arcuate

b. cortical radiate

c. segmental

d. interlobular

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because:

a. there are no functional nephrons until after birth

b. there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development

c. fetuses do not have waste to excrete

d. the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear waste from the fetal blood

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance:

a. a negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis

b. it occurs whenever amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried into the bloodstream

d. protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis

Vitamin ___ is present in the body as a coenzyme FAD and FMN and is a component of amino acid oxidase:

a. D

b. B1

c. B2

d. A

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is:

a. osmosis

b. cotransport with sodium ions

c. solvent drag

d. active transport

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of ADH by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is:

a. diabetes mellitus

b. diabetic acidosis

c. diabetes insipidus

d. coma

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria:

a. electron transport chain

b. Krebs cycle

c. glycoloysis

d. formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

Tubular resorption:

a. is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste

b. includes substances such as creatinine

c. by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood

d. by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient

The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that:

a. they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat

b. they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food

c. muscle mass and metabolism decline with age

d. their appetite begins to diminish

When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may:

a. pant

b. exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels

c. perspire heavily

d. shiver

While the kidneys process about 180 L of blood derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is:

a. 1%, or 1.8 L

b. 10%, or 18 L

c. all of the 180 L

d. 50%, or 90 L

Which of the following is correct:

a. lipolysis results in the formation of triglycerides

b. beta oxidation of a 10 carbon fatty acid would produce 2 acetyl CoA molecules

c. a 24 carbon fatty acid yields 6 acetyl CoA molecules

d. lipogenesis is triglyceride synthesis

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal:

a. filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure

b. net filtration would increase above normal

c. capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that their filtration would not change

d. net filtration would decrease

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body:

1. major calyx

2. minor calyx

3. nephron

4. urethra

5. ureter

6. collecting duct

a. 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

b. 3, 1, 2, 6, 5 ,4 

c. 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4

d. 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized:

a. proteins

b. foods and beverages high in caffeine

c. fats

d. vitamins and minerals

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule:

a. Na+

b. K+

c. creatinine

d. glucose

The macula densa cells respond to:

a. changes in pressure in the tubule

b. changes in solute content of the filtrate

c. aldosterone

d. antidiuretic hormone

Which statement is true about urine:

a. urine has an ammonialike odor when fresh

b. urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid

c. urine has a yellow color due to the presence of hemoglobin

d. urine is usually slightly alkaline