Term
| Adequate public facilities ordinance (APFO) |
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Definition
| allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if the existing government services (water and sewer, roads, schools, fire and police) cannot support it. The APFO ensures that new development does not negatively impact a community's quality of life by overburdening public services. Instead, the APFO places this burden on developers to ensure that there will be adequate services for the proposed developments, and will delay the developments until such services are in place. The APFO alone is not the solution to poorly planned growth, but it is an important tool for local government to manage the pace of growth. For instance, a local government can say that a development is only possible if it provides service level of C or higher. The APFO should not stand alone; it should be done in partnership with an effective capital improvements program that adds infrastructure as it is demanded. The APA published a PAS Report titled Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances and Transportation Management on this topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| is located in communities across the country. Local governments have responded to big-box retail in a variety of ways, including square footage limitations, design standards, and site plan reviews. Big-box retail generally has 50,000 or more square feet in a large box. |
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Definition
| is an environmentally contaminated site. Rehabilitation of these sites is an important planning and development issues. Brownfields are often called superfund sites |
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Term
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Definition
| Superfund is the common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). There are more than 1,200 superfund sites across the U.S. A tax on the petroleum and chemical industries provide funding to help pay for the cleanup of superfund sites. |
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Term
| Concentrated animal feeding operations |
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Definition
| includes the practice of raising farm animals indoors and in high volumes. Local governments may be limited in their ability to regulate concentrated animal feeding operations because of the Right-to-Farm Acts, which limit the ability of local governments to regulate commercial farms and limits lawsuits by private and public organizations. The APA published a PAS Report titled Planning and Zoning for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. |
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Term
| Context-Sensitive Design (CSD) |
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Definition
refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values. The CSD allows design decisions to better balance economic, social and environmental objectives within the community. It promotes several key principles:
Balance safety, community, and environmental goals in all projects;
Involve the public and affected agencies early and continuously;
Use an interdisciplinary team tailored to project needs;
Apply flexibility inherent in design standards;
Incorporate aesthetics as an integral part of good design. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day. Daylighting is also used to describe the conversion of an enclosed drainage system to a more open and natural system. |
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Term
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Definition
describes a relatively new concentration of business, shopping and entertainment outside a traditional urban area in what had recently been a surburb or rural community. The term was popularized in a 1991 book by Joel Garreau. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing the current urban form. Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city:
It must have more than five million square feet of office space to accommodate between 20,000 to 50,000 office workers (as many as some traditional downtowns);
It must have more than 600,000 square feet of retail space, the size of a medium shopping mall. This ensures that the edge city is a center of recreation and commerce as well as office work;
It must be characterized by more jobs than bedrooms;
It must be perceived by the population as one place;
It must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a means of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes create a predictable public realm by controlling physical form primarily through local government zoning regulations with a lesser focus on land use. Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. The regulations and standards in form-based codes, presented in both diagrams and words, are keyed to a regulating plan that designates the appropriate form and scale (and therefore, character) of development rather than only distinctions in land-use types. This is in contrast to conventional zoning's focus on land use. In simple terms, the conventional zoning code focuses on use over form whereas form-based codes focus on form over use. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a concept originating in the U.S. in the mid-1990s that highlights the importance of the natural environment in decisions about land use planning. Green infrastructure emphasizes the importance of the natural environment in providing clean water, shade, etc. Through careful planning, mechanisms are put in place to safeguards critical green infrastructure. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a concept that communities should have an appropriate balance of housing and jobs. To support the jobs in the community, there should be a mix of housing types and there should be jobs for the community's residents. This moves away from the bedroom communities in the suburbs and replaces them with complete communities. |
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Term
| Maximum parking standards |
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Definition
| is an alternative to the conventional minimum parking standards that most communities have. Maximum parking standards cap the amount of parking that any user can provide. This addresses the problem of overparking sites and providing excessive impervious cover. For example, some retailers provide enough parking for their busiest days of the year, leaving an empty parking lot for the rest of the year. Donald Shoup's The High Cost of Free Parking published by the APA Press provides discussion on maximum parking standards and other parking issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a term that describes large houses that are mass produced and have perceived negative impacts on the community. McMansion subdivisions have been developed by major home builders. McMansions can also be found as part of the infill development where the house is much larger than the surrounding homes and takes up most of the lot. Another term, Parachute Home, describes the scenario where a home is dropped (almost randomly) into an area where it clearly does not fit with the neighborhood's character. The APA published a PAS report titled Too Big, Boring, or Ugly on this topic. |
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Term
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Definition
is an urban design movement which promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually continued to reform many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies.
New Urbanism is strongly influenced by urban design standards that were prominent until the rise of the automobile in the mid-20th century; it encompasses principles such as traditional neighborhood design (TND) and transit-oriented development (TOD).[1] It is also closely related to regionalism, environmentalism and the broader concept of smart growth. The movement also includes a more pedestrian-oriented variant known as New Pedestrianism, which has its origins in a 1929 planned community in Radburn, New Jersey.[2] |
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Term
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Definition
is a term that is used to describe planning for greater sustainability. The Smart Growth Network has established ten primary principles for Smart Growth.
Create a range of housing opportunities and choices;
Create walkable neighborhoods;
Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration;
Foster distinctive, attractive places with a strong sense of place;
Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective;
Mix land uses;
Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas;
Provide a variety of transportation choices;
Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities;
Take advantage of compact building design. |
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Term
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Definition
| is defined as balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that the present and future population's needs can be met. Sustainability includes environmental, social, and economic components. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a term that refers to the demolition of a home for the purposes of building a larger home on the same lot. This type of development frequently occurs in large cities and in neighborhoods convenient to employment centers. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a term that is increasingly popular among planners, government administrators, and housing activists. It is also gaining cachet with home builders, developers, and lenders. Workforce housing always refers to affordable housing. It ensures that teachers, nurses, police officers, and others can afford housing in the community. The term has much less social stigma than affordable housing. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dwelling unit occupied as a single housekeeping unit in a family-like environment by up to 12-15 people with disabilities, plus support staff. It is a relatively permanent living arrangement where tenancy is measured in years. It can house people with developmental disabilities, mental illness, physical disabilities, or drug/alcohol addiction (then called a recovery home). The group home operates as a family, where residents share responsibilities, meals, and recreational activities, and residents may work and attend school in the community. |
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Term
| Halfway House or Recovery Community |
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Definition
| a temporary living arrangement for persons leaving an institutional setting and in need of a supportive living arrangement in order to readjust to living outside the institution. Residents receive therapy and counseling to (a) help them recuperate from a drug or alcohol addiction; (b) help them reenter society after imprisonment; or (c) help persons with family or school adjustment problems that require individual care in order to achieve personal independence. Residence is limited to a specific number of weeks or months. For both therapeutic and financial reasons, most halfway houses need 10-15 residents to be successful. Because of this and the shorter tenancy, halfway houses more closely resemble multi-family housing than single-family residences, although, like group homes, they work best in single-family neighborhoods. |
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Term
| Things that can be funded by impact fees |
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Definition
| Things that can be funded by impact fees: sewer, water, road facilities, schools, parks and recreation facilities, libraries, administration facilities, fire and police stations, etc. |
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Term
| When was ISTEA passed and what does it stand for? |
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Definition
| Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) passed in 1991 by Congress |
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Term
| The amendment dealing with takings |
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Definition
| The 5th amendment prevents private property from being taken for a public use without just compensation. Through a number of U.S. Supreme Court decisions, the takings principle of the 5th Amendment has been extended from just the physical seizure of property to include the general rule that although property may be regulated by government under the authority of the "Police Power" if the regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking. |
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Term
| Percent of the earth's water that is freshwater |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of the earth's water that is freshwater & groundwater? Surface Water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of US electricity coming from coal-fired plants (currently) |
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Definition
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Term
| # of homeless in US currently |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| effectively bans the "separate but equal" approach to accommodating the disabled under ADA. Under the reasonable accommodations provision of the Fair Housing Act, local jurisdictions cannot limit the number of homeless persons with disabilities who live in supportive housing, such as group homes |
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Term
| Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) |
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Definition
| is defined as "a theory of crime prevention that places a major emphasis on the design of the physical environment as the primary focus for addressing issues of public safety. CPTED relies on three primary principles: 1) natural access control, 2) natural surveillance, and 3) territoriality. |
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Term
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Definition
| is described as an approach to designing communities that has the primary focus on creating a sense of community. In addition to changing the physical environment, the approach also involves changing how people think of and interact with the physical environment. |
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Term
| Farmland Preservation Policy Act of 1981 |
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Definition
| o In this Policy Guide, good agricultural land is referred to as "Important Agricultural Land," which has been defined in the Farmland Preservation Policy Act of 1981 as consisting of either prime agricultural land, unique agricultural land, or other agricultural land that is of statewide or local importance. Agricultural land is being lost due to non-farm development and soil erosion. It is being developed at a rate higher than population growth. |
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Term
| Manufactured Home Improvement Act of 2000 |
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Definition
| Implementation of the Manufactured Home Improvement Act of 2000 should facilitate greater public acceptance and more opportunities for the placement of manufactured housing. The act provides for enforcement of federal installation standards if states do not adopt their own standards meeting or exceeding federal standards within five years of the adoption of the act. The act also addresses installation standards, affordable homeowner finance and protection issues, and the federal preemption, and is intended to encourage innovative and cost-effective construction techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program |
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Term
| Solid and Hazardous Waste Management hierarchy of actions |
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Definition
| reduce, reuse, recycle, waste to energy, incinerate, and landfill. |
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Term
| APA identifies 2 main features of US land use policy that have been particularly detrimental: |
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Definition
Zoning regulations that separate uses
Low density development that requires the use of the car |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of the water on earth that is freshwater |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of earth's water that is ground water? and surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 Primary wetland systems |
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Definition
| Marine (sea), Estuarine, Riverine, Lacustrine (lakes and ponds), Palustrine (swamps and marshes) – very little salt and non-tidal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Olmstead v. L.C. effectively bans the "separate but equal" approach to accommodating the disabled under ADA. Under the reasonable accommodations provision of the Fair Housing Act, local jurisdictions cannot limit the number of homeless persons with disabilities who live in supportive housing, such as group homes |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of local employment by national employment (literally local employment / national employment). An export sector is one in which the ratio is greater than 1 (the local number is higher for the region than the national as a whole – they are ‘producing’ more of that good/service than the nation as a whole – think of Detroit and cars – cars are then an export industry for Detroit). |
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Term
| Mugler v. Kansas Case (1887) |
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Definition
| (14th Amendment Case as Mugler claimed his due process had been violated but court disagreed). Further, the Court held that states cannot be burdened with the condition that they must compensate individual owners for incidental losses suffered as a result of a prohibition on the use of property. Additionally, property values which depreciate as a result of the state's exercise of the police power is different from taking property for public use. In one case a nuisance is abated and, in the other, property is taken away from the owner completely. If public safety requires certain action be taken by the legislature, lawmakers cannot be persuaded from discontinuing such activity because individuals will suffer incidental inconveniences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mary Muhlenburg Emery (founder), John Nolen (designer/builder) – characterized by short blocks with mix of rental & owner-occupier (1920s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Major Grocery stores are typically 50 – 100K square feet so average about 75K for a large one (Kroger typical is 67K). Walgreens & CVS are typically 8-15K square feet. A Wal Mart Supercenter is ~100 to 150K square feet. Wegman’s are usually 80K to 140K. Trader Joe’s are just under 20K. |
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Definition
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Definition
| 640 (Baltimore is ~92 square miles) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Ernest Burgess (1920s)
Circular. Based on Chicago. The city grows in a series of successive rings. You have your downtown, then warehouse district, then lower income housing, higher income housing. Over time as the city grows you see a succession and invasion. So the growth of the inner circle pushes each successive district out farther over time. |
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Term
| Sector Model of Urban Growth |
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Definition
• Homer Hoyt (1930s)
The idea is also based on Chicago. But this deals with transportation corridors and the highest land values are located adjacent to those corridors. So what you see is that land values decrease as you go out from these key corridors. |
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Term
| Multiple Nuclei Model of Urban Growth |
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Definition
• R.D. McKenzie, Chauncey Harris, and Edward Ullman (1930s-1940s)
This says that what you have is not 1 center of key development (such as the downtown) but multiple centers of development and so you might see clusters of development happen in proximity to each other. |
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Term
| Walking recommendations (amount) |
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Definition
| General recommendation is that you walk 10,000 steps a day. – 70K per week |
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Term
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Definition
| The American Community Survey (ACS) is an ongoing survey that provides data every year -- giving communities the current information they need to plan investments and services. Information from the survey generates data that help determine how more than $400 billion in federal and state funds are distributed each year. |
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Term
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Definition
| First major road in US constructed w/ federal funds – the Cumberland Road – started in 1811 – went from Cumberland to Vandalia, ILL by 1840 |
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Term
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Definition
| First metro-regional plan in the US was released in 1909 by Burnham for Chicago |
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Term
| First automobile shopping center |
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Definition
| Country Club Plaza just outside Kansas City was the first automobile-oriented shopping center (1922) |
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Term
| Zahn v. Board of Public Works |
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Definition
| State laws usually supported finer detailed zoning restrictions such as single-family only based on (outwardly) protection of light & air (despite no correlation to public health). This stuff went on & on w/o being tested by SCOTUS. The 1925 CA Supreme Court in Zahn v. Board of Public Works determined that zoning can look forward w/ a plan as its basis for the city as a whole. The comp plan of 1925 (Bettman in Cincy) became a cornerstone. Finally SCOTUS voted in Village of Euclid in 1926 |
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Term
| Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968 |
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Definition
| Creation of planning councils on a regional levels that goes back to the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968 |
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Term
| First city to adopt a FBC |
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Definition
| Petaluma, CA was the first city in the US to adopt form-based Smart Code (2003) |
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Term
| General coverage period for comp plans |
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Definition
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Term
| Transactive Planning person |
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Definition
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Term
| Advocacy Planning (person & brief notes) |
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Definition
Paul Davidoff from 1960s There is no neutrality or objectivity and often there is lack of unity of purpose The planners role is to advocate for underrepresented groups in the planning process. Redefine the “public interest” • Davidoff argued that actions do not represent/affect the public equally – if you put a interstate highway through a neighborhood – that will have a disproportionately negative impact on one area versus the others. So the planners should advocate for the underrepresented group More important in blocking versus creating courses of action.
Associated with the term plural planning. |
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Term
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Definition
Activism within the system with central control
Activism within in the system
Requires collective action
‘Major surgery w/o killing the patient’
Some could say that the New Deal of the 1930s was an example |
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Term
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Definition
Martin Myerson & Ira Robinson (1950s) developed it & called it The Middle-Range Bridge
It has a defined process w/ pluralistic category versus holistic (deals with the parts – neighborhoods, small areas, limited functions) |
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Term
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Definition
• Joel Garreau
Greater than or equal to 5 million square feet of leased office space and/or 600,000 square feet of leased retail space |
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Term
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Definition
Chauncey Harris (1997) Peripheral Model
Central city is surrounded by a lot of other areas in not a set pattern but with circumferential highway |
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Term
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Definition
| Neighborhood unit concept linkage |
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Term
| Christaler’s Central Place Theory |
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Definition
o Economic/political hierarchy relating to the delivery of goods and services within and between regions
o Varied importance of central places
o 5 levels:
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
Region |
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Term
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Definition
Life-cycle model of land use change
• Phases and changes over time (growth is not necessary for towns to survive) |
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Term
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Definition
GIS is a great tool for documenting the change in spatial relationships over time
Linkage to Kevin Lynch’s Image of the City |
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Term
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Definition
| 1920’s: Radburn, NJ (Green areas + separation of pedestrian and vehicle traffic w/ use of superblocks; a model of Garden Cities. Developed by Henry Wright. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model City Programs was developed under President Johnson and put planning (policy formation and local district planning) at a local level. This program was where communities identified and formulated problems & solutions but they were solved/aided by feds |
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Term
| The Housing and Community Development Act (signed in 1974) |
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Definition
| The Housing and Community Development Act (signed in 1974) was blatantly ignored regarding implementation to help persons of low and moderate income during the 1970s. The grants often went to suburbs and didn’t spread out the projects geared toward low and moderate income individuals the way that they were intended. This was shown in the 1976 SCOTUS case Carla A Hills (Secretary of HUD) v. Dorothy Gautreaux in which HUD was guilty of discriminatory practices. |
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Term
| Hills v. Gautreaux 425 U.S. 284 (1976), |
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Definition
o In this case, a number of Chicago families living in housing projects were awarded Section 8 vouchers allowing them to move to the suburbs in compensation for the housing project's substandard conditions. Carla Anderson Hills was the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; the eponymous lead respondent was Dorothy Gautreaux. The court ruled that the department had violated the Fifth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
o The significance of the case lies in the sociological conclusions that can be drawn from it. A number of families chose to move, while others stayed, and Northwestern University researchers studying the two populations concluded that low-income women who moved to the suburbs "clearly experienced improved employment and earnings, even though the program provided no job training or placement services."[1] The disparity arguably proves that concentrated poverty is self-perpetuating and simply alleviating this concentration offers an avenue for improving the quality of life of those afflicted by urban poverty. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Father of City Planning; City Beautiful. Early on advocated that Chicago undertake planning on a massive scale to encourage employment & socially meaningful civic pride but he was largely ignored. These ideas were based largely on Baron Haussmann for Pairs – and the name “City Beautiful” referred to Paris. Burnham also headed the McMillan Commission to restore DC in 1902 and was endorsed by Teddy Roosevelt |
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Term
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Definition
| founder of the National Housing Association; first-full time housing reformer; 1901 New Law written – required permits for construction along w/ inspection & penalties |
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Term
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Definition
| Burnham’s assistant by 1904 and worked on the 1906 plan for San Fran that was “the first application of Burnham’s principles to be applied to an entire large American city on the mainland |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| BOOK: Growing Cooler (2008) |
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Definition
| Reid Ewing, Keith Bartholomew, Steve Winkelman, Jerry Walters, and Don Chen. | Dealt with Greenhouse Gas Reductions. In the US – 28% of all GHG’s come from the transportation sector (Transportation is the #1 source of CO2 emissions in the US). The US alone is responsible for 22% of CO2 emissions globally & 25% of global GHG emissions. Strategies focus on compact development, reducing vehicle miles traveled, and time in cars. They push for federal transportation legislation that push for tougher standards (Cap and trade, better land use controls, complete streets, TOD’s, TDR’s, etc.). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1961, Jean Gottman published Megalopolis, a book about the 300-mile-long urban area between Boston and Washington D.C. The Oxford Dictionary of Geography defines the term as "any many-centered, multi-city, urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization." The term megacity refers specifically to the megalopolis areas with more than 10 million people. |
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Term
| BOOK: Parking Management Best Practices (2006) |
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Definition
| Tod Litman – Parking Management Best Practices (2006) – like Donald Shoup. He points out the ridiculousness of parking standards (E.g., how many spaces does a miniature golf course need? – 1 per tee? 1 per 75 square feet?). The point is that we rely on the Institute for Transportation Engineers & APA that publish parking minimums. Litman points out that data varies crazily and you have to understand how these parking spaces are calculated to get at the ludicrous nature of it. The problem is that we plan for Peak Parking & this results in a ton of superfluous parking. Often parking is derived from single-use suburban places were parking is unpriced. Demand is not considered. We don’t think about indirect problems such as impervious surfaces. |
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Term
| BOOK: Planning Policy & Politics (2005) |
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Definition
John DeGrove – Planning Policy & Politics (2005) – He focuses on Smart Growth. (DeGrove = Smart Growth). Talks about evolution of Smart Growth principles from the 1970s w/ growth management principles were focused around environmental conservation (such as NC & CA focus on coastal management or Oregon’s growth management). By the late 1990’s – Smart Growth was a key component w/n a recessionary economy. The Greenways Movement gained popularity. Even discusses how Atlanta turned to Smart Growth in the late 1990s to focus on managing exponential growth that was occurring.
Exponential Growth – 10% growth a year – well 10% of 1K people is much different than 10% of 10K people. This can result in an exponential curve – as your population gets larger this results in a larger growth (number of people) |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Lang & Jennifer LeFurgy - BoomBurbs (2007) – The Rise of the Suburbs – a BoomBurg is classified by them as a fast-growing suburb w/ more than 100K people & they are focused on the ones w/ double-digit growth. They note that the 4 big BoomBurgs w/ more than 300K in 2000 Census were Mesa AZ, Santa Ana & Santa Clara CA, & Arlington Tx. Baby BoomBurgs are those w/ 50 – 100K people also experiencing double-digit growth. Offer the historical reason for these booms include the federal highway, FHA mortgage, urban renewal, A/C invention, etc. He then shares the term called “The New Brooklyns” used to describe BoomBurgs that are now becoming BoomBurgs of ethnic population wherein the foreign born populations exceed those of Brooklyn, NY. All of these BoomBurgs are growing quickly and have different diversity so how do we plan for these for the long term? |
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Term
| BOOK: Rural by Design (1994) |
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Definition
| Randall Arendt – Rural by Design (1994) –He builds off the work of Ian McHarg. How do we design w/ nature and build communities w/ a rural flavor? (Rural = Randal Arendt). Conservation Subdivisions. He recommends analyzing each individual site for subdivisions and identifying the conservation features that should be protected (woods, lakes, ponds, etc). You can increase property values and other benefits w/ smaller lots if you keep these areas as open space & protected b/c even w/ smaller lots you get the feel of rural land and natural features. |
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Term
| BOOK/ARTICLE: Ladder of Citizen Participation (1969). |
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Definition
| Sherry Arnstein – Ladder of Citizen Participation (1969). She delineates what it means to have different levels of engagement from “Citizen Power” to “Non-participation.” At that non-participation level – you have, for instance, the 1909 Chicago plan that was already completed and published and you pushed it out via elementary schools and pamphlets and ‘forced’ it on the population through ‘Therapy or Manipulation.’ (you educate them – if you just give people the right information, they will agree with what we are looking for). With Arnstein’s ladder- there are 8 topics divided into 3 ‘levels’ 0- (1.Citizen Power, 2.Tokenism, 3.Nonparticipation). |
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Term
| BOOK: Garden Cities of To-Morrow |
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Definition
| Ebenezer Howard – Garden Cities of To-Morrow (1898) Garden Cities; Cities of To-Morrow. Helped shape the concept of the neighborhood unit as the basic building block of the American City. Self-sufficient towns w/ mixed economies. Early predecessor for new town. (Btw – “Victory Gardens” were a part of WWII and were an effort to get people to grow their own food – not related to Garden Cities) |
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Term
| BOOK: The Culture of Cities (1970) |
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Definition
| Lewis Mumford - This offers the first broad treatment of the city in both its historic and its contemporary aspects. “For distinction, entertainment, information, scholarship, and general human interest [this] is one of the most distinguished books” (Forum). Index; photographs. |
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Term
| BOOKS: Regional Survey of New York and its Environs (1929) and Housing for the Machine Age |
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Definition
| Clarence Perry – Regional Survey of New York and its Environs (1929) and Housing for the Machine Age and codified Unwin’s w/ the “neighborhood unit” as the basic building block of the city (school the center w/n comfortable walking distance for school-age child) and no through traffic or mixed uses {school-centered development w/ segregation of uses}. Stated that the true neighborhood unit would bring together people of identical background & interest (and modified that single-family detached home was the only way to cure juvenile delinquency and should be the basic building block of the city – this became the model for post WWII development). This straightforward idea is that each neighborhood is built on a 1-square mile model w/ separation of uses (retail on the outside, then residences, then community centers at the center (school, rec centers, etc). Focuses on the maximum walkability w/ the quiet spaces on the interior and the most active spaces on the exterior. This protects the community from noise impacts wherein the major traffic stays at the exterior. A # of US communities built based on Perry’s ideas – Amarillo, TX. (all arterial streets are 1 mile apart) – very square type development pattern. Perry’s plans were largely the result of all the fatalities incurred due to the rapid rise of autos |
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Term
| BOOK: The Urban and Regional Planning Reader (2009) |
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Definition
| Eugenie Birch (Ed) – The Urban and Regional Planning Reader (2009) – Birch edited. The book focuses on regionalism. Regional Planning Association of America formed in the 1920’s – but this is not the same regionalism we have today. Contemporary Regionalism was more of a result of large growth (Regional tax based sharing, regional growth belts, etc). This book deals with sprawl and its causes due to housing market. |
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Term
| BOOK: Introduction to Planning History (1983/1997) |
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Definition
| Donald Kruckenburg (Ed) – Introduction to Planning History (1983/1997) – Hx of City Planning (City Beautiful / Radburn) |
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Term
| BOOK: American City Planning Since 1890 (1969) |
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Definition
| Mel Scott – American City Planning Since 1890 (1969) – Hx of city Planning (City Functional/City Efficient) – still relevant. One of the key stories of the early 1900s was that the city was a problem to solve so in 1909 Feileen & Brandeis came up with the Boston 16 point plan to correct the city (target dates to achieve goals). They recognized that cities were “regions of people” rather than just those living in the actual city limits. This was notable b/c it linked planning w/ other fields such as public health, schools, etc. It was a problem for many sides. Also the rise of zoning & a scientific shift led planners in the mid 20th century to believe that cities could be perfect or ‘solved.’ More practical versus aesthetic. |
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Term
| BOOKS: How the Other Half Lives (Photography of tenement housing) in 1890 & The Children of the Poor in 1892 |
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Definition
| Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (Photography of tenement housing) in 1890 & The Children of the Poor in 1892 |
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Term
| BOOK: Searching for the Good Plan (2009) |
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Definition
| Philip Berke & David Godschalk – Comprehensive Plan Evaluation. Came up with a set of criteria for judging how good a plan is/was. They developed a criteria that divides things into internal characteristics & external characteristics. |
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Term
| BOOK: Applied Statistics for Public and Nonprofit Administration (2006/2009) |
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Definition
| o Applied Statistics for Public and Nonprofit Administration (2006/2009) – Kenneth Meier, Jeffrey Brudney, John Bohte – looked at statistical techniques & dispersion. Dispersion – the simplest measure of dispersion is the Range. (We might look at the # of building permits issued by a city over a period of time – we find that it varies each year. You get a mean and then a range wherein the differing years numbers fall. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to evaluate a point in time.
A snapshot a particular instance in time (E.g., a planner goes out and interviews people in a shopping district) |
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Term
| Weighted cross-sectional survey |
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Definition
| This targets specific sub-groups of population withing a point in time (E.g., attending an ethnic fair to get more Hispanics to respond to a particular survey) |
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Term
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Definition
| one that looks over a period of time to see changing conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the sample size representative of the city? You need a larger sample for a homogeneous population but not drastically larger (than a heterogenous) (Unclear what size sample size provides the level of significance/confidence you need – posted it via email) |
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Term
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Definition
| how confident are we that this relationship exists |
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Term
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Definition
A given population is divided into multiple strata (classes) from which sampling is conducted.
In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently (e.g., differences in public health across states). Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling. The strata should be mutually exclusive: every element in the population must be assigned to only one stratum. The strata should also be collectively exhaustive: no population element can be excluded. Then simple random sampling or systematic sampling is applied within each stratum. This often improves the representativeness of the sample by reducing sampling error. It can produce a weighted mean that has less variability than the arithmetic mean of a simple random sample of the population. |
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Term
| BOOK: Design with Nature (1971) |
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Definition
| Ian McHarg – Environmental Planning – Design with Nature (1971) – also deals w/ suitability of urban land for design. Really suitability analysis for land Development. How do we layer maps to understand the suitability of land for development? (precursor to GIS) – topography, environmentally sensitive lands, etc. What are the best uses in the best areas (So we don’t build a library on top of a wetland) – now it is in use in everyday planning but it was pioneering in the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| filed in support of Village of Euclid (for zoning) in the 1926’s SCOTUS case; 1st president of American Society of Planning Officials in 1978; worked on Cincy’s 1925 comp plan |
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Term
| BOOK: A Pattern Language (1977) |
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Definition
| Christopher Alexander – A Pattern Language (1977) documented several formal design principles relating to towns, buildings, and construction. Guidelines for what makes a great city. An environment fit for human use is not possible if you have an environment with more than 9% parking. Communities of 7K. Web of shopping – corner stores, promenades, regional shopping centers (different venues and retail opportunities reach different amounts of people). At the time of the book – downtown LA had ~60% of land for parking. (Shoup – Alexander w/ parking in LA). Said smaller communities can have greater impact on government – an area of local involvement & control through area commissions is discussed relevant to Jennifer C-E’s hometown of Columbus. |
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Term
| BOOK: The Image of the City |
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Definition
| Kevin Lynch – The Image of the City (Paths, edges, districts, landmarks and nodes) dealing with the urban morphology or Changes over time in cities. Deals with urban form in the city. |
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Term
| BOOK: Site Planning (1984) |
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Definition
| Kevin Lynch & Gary Hack – Site Planning (1984) - Deals with site planning details (again with form). Walks you through the site design process (# and size of parking spaces, utility placement, etc) for designing cities |
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Term
| BOOK: Smart Growth in a Changing World (2007) |
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Definition
| 5 people including Kaid Benfield & Paul Farmer. Growth Trends & Smart Growth Solutions. B/n 2000 – 2050 w/ additional 130 million people in the US – largely in the urban area. Their plans call for more green streets & green spaces and they highlight areas like Omaha w/ its building around creek systems & green focus. |
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Term
| BOOK: Local Planning Administration |
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Definition
| Ladislas Segoe – Local Planning Administration – published b/n the Great Depression and WWII and became primary text for students in planning programs at American universities & basic municipal reference work that guided community development during the postwar era |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with community organizing – wrote Rules for Radicals – taught people ways they could organize in their own communities. (Example – if the city says they will respond to every letter w/n 24 hours – you flood the city w/ letters). |
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Term
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Definition
| He wrote The Zoning Game. (updated as The Zoning Game Revisited in the 1980s). Deals w/ many cities and really how land development happens from a political perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more MSA’s (Economic Interdependence; overlapping commuting patterns) |
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Term
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Definition
To predict travel patterns
o Income
o Average Household size
o # of cars |
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Term
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Definition
| The program (or project) evaluation and review technique, commonly abbreviated PERT, is a statistical tool, used in project management, which was designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project. First developed by the United States Navy in the 1950s, it is commonly used in conjunction with the critical path method (CPM). |
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Term
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Definition
| or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo "whiteness" (or reflected sunlight) in turn from albus "white", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface. It is the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it. Its dimensionless nature lets it be expressed as a percentage and is measured on a scale from zero for no reflection of a perfectly black surface to 1 for perfect reflection of a white surface. |
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Term
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Definition
(December 29, 1907 – July 17, 1997) served as the first United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (also known as HUD) from 1966 to 1968. He was the first African American to hold a cabinet-level position in the United States.
As a young man, Weaver had been one of 45 prominent African Americans appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to his Black Cabinet. He acted as an informal adviser to Roosevelt as well as directing federal programs during the New Deal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calthorpe is the founder of the Congress for New Urbanism and designed TOD |
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Term
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Definition
The adjective oligotrophic may be used to refer to environments that offer little to sustain life, organisms that survive in such environments, or the adaptations that support survival. Etymologically, the word "oligotroph" is a combination of the Greek adjective oligos (ὀλίγος)[1] meaning "few" and the adjective trophikos (τροφικός)[2]) meaning "feeding".
Oligotrophic environments include deep oceanic sediments, caves, glacial and polar ice, deep subsurface soil, aquifers, ocean waters, and leached soils. |
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Term
| Tribal Designated Statistical Area (TDSA) |
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Definition
| Tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs) are statistical entities identified and delineated for the U.S. Census Bureau by federally recognized American Indian tribes that do not currently have a federally recognized land base (reservation or off-reservation trust land). A TDSA encompasses a compact and contiguous area that contains a concentration of individuals who identify with a federally recognized American Indian tribe and in which there is structured or organized tribal activity. A TDSA may be located in more than one state, and it may not include area within an American Indian reservation, off-reservation trust land, Alaska Native village statistical area, state designated American Indian statistical area (SDAISA), or Oklahoma tribal statistical area. The U.S. Census Bureau first reported data for TDSAs in conjunction with the 1990 census, when both federally and state recognized tribes could identify and delineate TDSAs. TDSAs now apply only to federally recognized tribes. State recognized tribes without a land base, including those that were TDSAs in 1990, are identified as state designated American Indian statistical areas (SDAISAs), a new geographic entity for Census 2000. |
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Term
| The HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) |
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Definition
is a type of United States Federal assistance provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to States in order to provide decent and affordable housing, particularly housing for low- and very low-income Americans.[1] It is the largest Federal block grant to States and local governments designed exclusively to create affordable housing for low-income families, providing approximately US$2 billion each year.[2]
The program is commonly referred to as the Home Investment or Home Partnership Program, and is often operating in conjunction with other housing and other urban development programs, such as the CDBG program. homeownership and affordable housing opportunities for low and very low-income Americans. |
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Term
| Stewart McKinney Act (1987) |
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Definition
| In July 1987, Congress enacted the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act (P.L. 100-77) to establish distinct assistance programs for the growing numbers of homeless persons. Recognizing the variety of causes of homelessness, the original McKinney Act authorized 20 programs offering a multitude of services, including emergency food and shelter, transitional and permanent housing, education, job training, mental |
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Term
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Definition
| (LIHTC - often pronounced "lie-tech", Housing Credit) is a dollar-for-dollar tax credit in the United States for affordable housing investments. It was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) that gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in the development of affordable housing aimed at low-income Americans. LIHTC accounts for the majority - approximately 90 percent - of all affordable rental housing created in the United States today.[1] As the maximum rent that can be charged is based upon the Area Median Income ("AMI"), LIHTC housing remains unaffordable to many low-income (<30% AMI) renters. The credits are also commonly called Section 42 credits in reference to the applicable section of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax credits are more attractive than tax deductions as they provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's federal income tax, whereas a tax deduction only provides a reduction in taxable income. The "passive loss rules" and similar tax changes made by TRA86 greatly reduced the value of tax credits and deductions to individual taxpayers. As a result, almost all investors in LIHTC projects are corporations. |
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Term
| Fair Housing Amendments (1988) |
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Definition
o Fair Housing Amendments (1988) - The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 establishes an administrative enforcement mechanism, provides stiffer penalties than the present act, and expands its coverage to include disabled persons and families with children. The act, among its more important provisions:
bars discrimination in the sale or rental of housing on the basis of a disability, and requires the design and construction of new covered multifamily dwellings to meet certain adaptability and accessibility requirements |
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Term
| Cranston-Gonzales National Affordable Housing Act (1990) |
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Definition
(1) to help families not owning a home to save for a down payment for the purchase of a home;
(2) to retain wherever feasible as housing affordable to low-income families those dwelling units produced for such purpose with Federal assistance;
(3) to extend and strengthen partnerships among all levels of government and the private sector, including for-profit and nonprofit organizations, in the production and operation of housing affordable to low-income and moderate-income families;
(4) to expand and improve Federal rental assistance for very low-income families; and
(5) to increase the supply of supportive housing, which combines structural features and services needed to enable persons with special needs to live with dignity and independence. |
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Term
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Definition
The North American Industry Classification System or NAICS (pronounced "nakes"[1]) is used by business and government to classify business establishments according to type of economic activity (process of production) in Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America. It has largely replaced the older Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system; however, certain government departments and agencies, such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), still use the SIC codes.
An establishment is typically a single physical location, though administratively distinct operations at a single location may be treated as distinct establishments. Each establishment is classified to an industry according to the primary business activity taking place there. |
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Term
| The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)(1934) |
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Definition
| The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, sometimes known as the Indian New Deal, was U.S. federal legislation that secured certain rights to Native Americans (known in law as American Indians or Indians), including Alaska Natives.[1] These include actions that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of communal holdings of American Indian tribes and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Indians the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. |
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Term
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Definition
Critical Infrastructure Protection - is a concept that relates to the preparedness and response to serious incidents that involve the critical infrastructure of a region or nation.
The American Presidential directive PDD-63 of May 1998 set up a national program of "Critical Infrastructure Protection".[1] |
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Term
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Definition
is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.
Wood remains the largest biomass energy source to date;[2] examples include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. |
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Term
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Definition
| variable can take only some values in range (E.g.- # of children in household or # of fire stations in town or # of people in a car (only whole numbers – not fractions) |
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Term
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Definition
| variable can take any value w/n range (E.g., commuting distance could be 5 miles or 5.25 miles or 5.678345.. miles or rate of speed of a car) |
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Term
| # of Native American recognized reservations / # of recognized tribes |
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Definition
| There are about 310 Indian reservations in the United States, meaning not all of the country's 550-plus recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, some share reservations, while others have none |
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Term
| Total acreage of tribal land in the US |
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Definition
| The collective geographical area of all reservations is 55,700,000 acres (22,500,000 ha; 87,000 sq mi; 225,000 km2), representing 2.3% of the area of the United States 2,379,400,204 acres |
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Term
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Definition
| marine vegetation like kelp that washes up on a beach |
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Term
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Definition
Drosscape is an urban design framework that looks at urbanized regions as the waste product of defunct economic and industrial processes. The concept was realized by Alan Berger, professor of urban design at MIT, and is part of a new vocabulary and aesthetic that could be useful for the redesign and adaptive re-use of ‘waste landscapes’ within urbanized regions.
According to Berger, drosscape, as a concept, implies that dross, or waste, may be "scaped", or resurfaced, and reprogrammed for adaptive reuse. Berger goes on to explain that this phenomenon emerges from two primary processes. Firstly, Drosscape surfaces as a byproduct of rapid urbanization and horizontal growth urban sprawl. Secondly, these spaces arise as a consequence of defunct economic and production systems.[2] For urban planners, architects and other design professionals, drosscape may offer another creative way to envision space and landscape design in a city. According to Berger, “Adaptively reusing this waste landscape figures to be one of the twenty-first century’s great infrastructural design challenges.” |
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Term
| Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) |
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Definition
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA) is a law that was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990. Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA) authored the bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand. It was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush, and later amended with changes effective January 1, 2009.[3]
The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[4] which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. In addition, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations.[5] |
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Term
| The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (1970) |
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Definition
| The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that established a U.S. national policy promoting the enhancement of the environment. Additionally, it established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The law was enacted on January 1,1970. Its short title is National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. NEPA is one of the most emulated statutes in the world and it is often referred to as the modern-day “environmental Magna Carta”. NEPA's most significant effect was setting up procedural requirements for all federal government agencies to prepare environmental assessments (EAs) and environmental impact statements (EISs). EAs and EISs contain statements about the environmental effects of proposed federal agency actions.[2] NEPA's procedural requirements apply to all federal agencies in the executive branch. NEPA does not apply to the President, Congress, or the federal courts. The law has since been applied to any major project––federal, state, or local––that involves federal funding, work performed by the federal government, or permits issued by a federal agency. Court decisions throughout the law's history have expanded the requirement for NEPA-related environmental studies to include actions where permits from a federal agency are required regardless of whether federal funds are spent to implement the action. |
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Term
| BOOK: Edgeless Cities (2003) |
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Definition
Robert Lang:
Edgeless cities are a sprawling form of development that accounts for the bulk of office space found outside of downtowns. Every major metropolitan area has them: vast swaths of isolated buildings that are neither pedestrian friendly, nor easily accessible by public transit, and do not lend themselves to mixed use. While critics of urban sprawl tend to focus on the social impact of "edge cities"—developments that combine large-scale office parks with major retail and housing—edgeless cities, despite their ubiquity, are difficult to define or even locate. While they stay under the radar of critics, they represent a significant departure in the way American cities are built and are very likely the harbingers of a suburban future almost no one has anticipated. |
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Term
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Definition
A cadastre commonly includes details of the ownership, the tenure, the precise location (some include GPS coordinates), the dimensions (and area), the cultivations if rural, and the value of individual parcels of land. Cadastres are used by many nations around the world, some in conjunction with other records, such as a title register.[1]
In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels described in legal documentation. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and lawsuits between landowners |
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Term
| Public Land Survey System (AKA Systems Survey) |
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Definition
| The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is the surveying method used historically over the largest fraction of the United States to survey and spatially identify land parcels before designation of eventual ownership, particularly for rural, wild or undeveloped land. It is sometimes referred to as the rectangular survey system (although non rectangular methods such as meandering can also be used). The survey was "the first mathematically designed system and nationally conducted cadastral survey in any modern country" and has been cited as "an object of study by public officials of foreign countries as a basis for land reform."[1] Much of the actual surveying was done in the nineteenth century under a contract system managed by the General Land Office (GLO) resulting in the eventual creation of the State Plane Coordinate System. Required and suggested survey methods have changed over time, as described in a series of Instructions and Manuals issued by the GLO beginning in 1851, although the basic framework has remained substantially unchanged since several experimental methods were first used in Ohio, the first state surveyed under the system (and site of the Beginning Point of the U.S). |
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Term
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Definition
| A casual social gathering for coffee and conversation (informal way to involve stakeholders). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters |
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Definition
| A publication released in 1977. Report allows states to quickly implement passenger components when there were data deficiencies as to local traffic patterns in urban areas. Thus the reports provides transferable parameters for trip production estimation, gravity expressions for trip distribution, time-of-day, automobile occupancy, etc. |
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Term
| A wellhead protection area |
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Definition
| A wellhead protection area is a surface and subsurface land area regulated to prevent contamination of a well or well-field supplying a public water system. This program, established under the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 330f-300j), is implemented through state governments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oregon Ballot Measure 37 is a controversial land-use ballot initiative that passed in the U.S. state of Oregon in 2004 and is now codified as Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) 195.305. Measure 37 has figured prominently in debates about the rights of property owners versus the public's right to enforce environmental and other land use regulations. Voters passed Measure 49 in 2007, substantially reducing the impact of Measure 37.The law enacted by Measure 37 allows property owners whose property value is reduced by environmental or other land use regulations to claim compensation from state or local government. If the government fails to compensate a claimant within two years of the claim, the law allows the claimant to use the property under only the regulations in place at the time he/she purchased the property. Certain types of regulations, however, are exempt from this. |
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Term
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Definition
| A census block is the smallest geographic unit used by the United States Census Bureau for tabulation of 100-percent data (data collected from all houses, rather than a sample of houses). The number of blocks in the United States, including Puerto Rico, for the 2010 Census was 11,155,486. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Census Block Group is a geographical unit used by the United States Census Bureau which is between the Census Tract and the Census Block. It is the smallest geographical unit for which the bureau publishes sample data, i.e. data which is only collected from a fraction of all households. |
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Term
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Definition
A census tract, census area, or census district is a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census. Usually these coincide with the limits of cities, towns or other administrative areas and several tracts commonly exist within a county. A census tract, census area, or census district is a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census.[1] Usually these coincide with the limits of cities, towns or other administrative areas[1] and several tracts commonly exist within a county. In unincorporated areas of the United States these are often arbitrary, except for coinciding with political lines. Census tracts represent the smallest territorial unit for which population data are available in many countries.[2] In the United States, census tracts are subdivided into block groups and census blocks. In Canada they are divided into dissemination areas. In the U.S., Census tracts are "Designed to be relatively homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions, census tracts average about 4,000 inhabitants."
They are the smallest areas for which you can collect 100% data. |
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Term
| National Marriage Rates in 2010 (historical trends) |
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Definition
| (September 2010) Marriage rates have dropped precipitously among young adults ages 25 to 34 during the past decade and the decline has accelerated since the onset of the recession, according to PRB's analysis of new data from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2009 American Community Survey (ACS) and 2010 Current Population Survey (CPS). The data suggest that more young couples are delaying marriage or foregoing matrimony altogether, likely as an adaptive response to the economic downturn and decline in the housing market. |
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Term
| BOOK: Should Trees Have Standing (1972) |
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Definition
| Christopher Stone: Originally published in 1972, Should Trees Have Standing? was a rallying point for the then burgeoning environmental movement, launching a worldwide debate on the basic nature of legal rights that reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Now, in the 35th anniversary edition of this remarkably influential book, Christopher D. Stone updates his original thesis and explores the impact his ideas have had on the courts, the academy, and society as a whole. At the heart of the book is an eminently sensible, legally sound, and compelling argument that the environment should be granted legal rights. For the new edition, Stone explores a variety of recent cases and current events-and related topics such as climate change and protecting the oceans-providing a thoughtful survey of the past and an insightful glimpse at the future of the environmental movement. This enduring work continues to serve as the definitive statement as to why trees, oceans, animals, and the environment as a whole should be bestowed with legal rights, so that the voiceless elements in nature are protected for future generations. |
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Term
| US Oldest Skyscraper (generally held) |
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Definition
| The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, opened in 1884, is, however, most often labelled the first skyscraper because of its innovative use of structural steel in a metal frame design. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Plat in the U.S. (plan or cadastral map) is a map, drawn to scale, showing the divisions of a piece of land |
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Term
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Definition
| Known for Equity Planning and did planning work in Cleveland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model Industrial Town by George Pullman (1880) |
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Term
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Definition
| Model curved street "Suburb" - 1869 by FL Olmsted SR. |
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Term
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Definition
| Key player for Garden city Movement (along with Howard) |
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Term
| First city with public water system |
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Definition
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Term
| First city with Planning Commission |
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Definition
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Term
| Erie Canal completed (year?) |
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Definition
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Term
| First US city with a subway (and year) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The City Beautiful and City Efficient movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of efforts to use comprehensive planning to deal with a rapidly urbanizing nation. Whether seeking greater beautification or greater pragmatism, both movements assumed that a well-designed physical environment could improve city aesthetics while serving as a means of social control in response to the changes wrought by industrialization and urban growth.
. New emphasis on technical details. City engineers, lawyers, administrator
replace architects and landscape architects.
b. New laws and court cases resulted in land use zoning, land subdivision
control, administrative regulative devices.
c. Advent of the automobile required many public work projects.
d. Depression forced this movement to stop because of (1) weakness of the
American business leadership (2) emphasized awareness of the multitude
of real socio-economic problems. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Developed in 1930s as a result of depression
b. Focus on jobs and housing as a part of social policy |
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Term
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Definition
| ZIP codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS) since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan |
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Term
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Definition
| Satisficing is a decision-making strategy or cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met.[1] This is contrasted with optimal decision making, an approach that specifically attempts to find the best alternative available. The term satisficing, a portmanteau of satisfy and suffice,[2] was introduced by Herbert A. Simon in 1956,[3] although the concept "was first posited in Administrative Behavior, published in 1947."[4][5] Simon used satisficing to explain the behavior of decision makers under circumstances in which an optimal solution cannot be determined. He pointed out that human beings lack the cognitive resources to optimize: We can rarely evaluate all outcomes with sufficient precision, usually do not know the relevant probabilities of outcomes, and possess only limited memory. Simon formulated the concept within a novel approach to rationality, which takes into account these limitations. He referred to this approach as bounded rationality. |
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Term
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Definition
| The guy who coined the term satisficing in 1956 |
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Term
| First National Park (and year) |
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Definition
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Term
| First National Wildlife Refuge (and year) |
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Definition
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Term
| First historic Preservation Commission (and year) |
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Definition
New Orleans (1921)
the Vieux Carre Commission |
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Term
| First off-street parking regulations (and year) |
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Definition
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Term
| First limited access highway (and year) |
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Definition
| Bronx River Parkway, 1926 |
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Term
| What two railroads joined at Promontory Point, Utah to form the first transcontinental railroad? (and year) |
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Definition
| Union Pacific and Central Pacific (1869) |
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Term
| Transportation demand management |
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Definition
Transportation demand management, traffic demand management or travel demand management (all TDM) is the application of strategies and policies to reduce travel demand (specifically that of single-occupancy private vehicles), or to redistribute this demand in space or in time.[1][2]
In transport, as in any network, managing demand can be a cost-effective alternative to increasing capacity. A demand management approach to transport also has the potential to deliver better environmental outcomes, improved public health, stronger communities, and more prosperous and livable cities. TDM techniques link with and support community movements for sustainable transport.
The term TDM has its origins in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, and is linked to the economic impacts of the sharp increase in oil prices during the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis. When long lines appeared at gas stations, it became self-evident that alternatives to single-occupancy commuter travel needed to be provided in order to save energy, improve air quality, and reduce peak period congestion.[3]
The concepts of TDM borrowed from mainstream transport planning in Europe, which had never been based on assumptions that the private car was the best or only solution for urban mobility. For example, the Dutch Transport Structure Scheme has since the 1970s required that demand for additional vehicle capacity be met only "if the contribution to societal welfare is positive" and since 1990 has included an explicit target to halve the rate of growth in vehicle traffic.[4]
Some cities outside Europe have also consistently taken a demand management approach to transport and land use planning, notably Curitiba, Brazil, Portland, Oregon, USA, Arlington, Virginia, USA,[5] and Vancouver, Canada.
Oil price trend, 1861–2007, both nominal and adjusted to inflation.
Vehicle miles travelled in the United States to March 2009.
Relatively low and stable oil prices during the 1980s and 1990s led to significant increases in vehicle travel, both directly because people chose to travel by car more often and for greater distances, and indirectly because cities developed tracts of suburban housing, distant from shops and from workplaces, now referred to as urban sprawl. Trends in freight logistics, including a movement from rail and coastal shipping to road freight and a requirement for just in time deliveries, meant that freight traffic grew faster than general vehicle traffic.
Because vehicle travel was increasing rapidly from 1980–2000, it follows that (with a few exceptions) the techniques of demand management were not widely or successfully applied during this period. Small-scale projects to provide alternatives to single occupant commuter travel were common, but generally were led from outside the mainstream of transport planning. However many of the techniques in the demand management toolbox were developed during this period. |
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Term
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Definition
Strategic planning is short term in focus and is specific in accomplishing certain objectives.
Strategic planning is sometimes used instead of comprehensive planning, yet it is not comprehensive in scope. Strategic planning is helpful in looking at the needed organizational changes or a particular issue, but it cannot be used to effectively plan a city as a whole. |
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Term
| Difference b/n goals & objectives |
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Definition
A goal is a general statement that may not be realized, but is something towards which to strive. An example would be a healthy environment.
An objective is a more specific and attainable statement. An example would be to increase the riparian buffer along the rivers and streams. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time. For example, planners might conduct a survey on how parents feel about the quality of recreation facilities as of today. |
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Term
| Small-scale v. Large-scale map |
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Definition
| A small-scale map displays a large land area with very little detail. A large-scale map shows a limited land area in great detail. |
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Term
| Converting scales to feet and miles |
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Definition
| To convert the 1:2,000,000 scale into a distance in linear miles, you would divide 2,000,000 inches by 12 since there are 12 inches in a foot. Then you divide the number by 5,280 since there are 5,280 feet in a mile, which equals 31.57 miles. If you have a scale that is in miles and you want to convert inches you would multiply 31.57 miles by 5,280 and 12 inches to equal 2,000,000. |
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Term
| 3 basic types of map projections |
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Definition
| conic, cylindrical, and planar |
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Term
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Definition
| Contour lines are the lines of equal elevation. A contour interval is the distance between contour lines. The closer together the contour lines are, the steeper the terrain. |
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Term
| general slope guidelines for urban development: |
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Definition
0-0.5% = no drainage, not suited for development;
0.5-1% = no problems, ideal for all types of development;
1-3% = slight problems for large commercial areas; acceptable for residential;
3-5% = major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential;
5-10% = suitable only for specially designed development. |
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Definition
| count of occurrences (cases) in each category |
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Term
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Definition
| count of cases up to and including this category |
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Definition
| each category’s proportion of the total. Sums to 1.0 |
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Term
| Cumulative Relative Frequency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Central tendency is the typical or representative value of a dataset. There are several ways to report central tendency, including mean, median, and mode. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nominal data is classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order. Race, social security number, and sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for nominal data. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordinal data has values that are ranked so that inferences can be made regarding the magnitude. However, ordinal data has no fixed interval between values. Educational attainment or a letter grade on a test are examples of ordinal data. Mode and median are the only measures of central tendency that can be used for ordinal data. Another example is Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree rankings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interval data – know order and size of gap (E.g., temperature) is data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude. For temperature, 30 degrees is not twice as cold as 60 degrees. Mean is the best measure of interval data. Where the data is skewed median can be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio data has true zero. It has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example of ratio data because 3.2 miles is twice as long as 1.6 miles. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data. |
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Term
| Variance & Standard Deviation |
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Definition
| Variance is the average squared difference of scores from the mean score. The Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance. |
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Term
| Compute Variance (process) |
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Definition
| Square each difference and sum it. Then divide the sum by the # of samples minus 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard Error is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error. |
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Term
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Definition
| Z tables give you the needed sample sizes for certain confidence levels desired (if a population of 10K drivers is being evaluated for a particular section of road then what is the sample size needed to produce results w/n a 95% confidence level?) |
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Definition
| Chi Square is a non-parametric test statistic that provides a measure of the amount of difference between two frequency distributions. Chi Square is commonly used for probability distributions in inferential statistics. This Chi Square distribution is used to test the goodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Null Hypothesis always contains the form of = or no change. So what we want to do is disprove the null hypothesis. We are never able to disprove the alternatives but we are able to disprove the null hypothesis to show an effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regression Analysis uses the OLS linear relationship to show statistical relationship (never causality) b/n an independent and a dependent variable. For instance – you have a relationship b/n the independent variable (# of cars on a particular part of roadway) and dependent variable (speed of car) and have a null hypothesis that the number of cars doesn’t affect the speed and you are working to disprove that null. You find that the # of cars decreases the speed so you say that “speed as a function of # of cars.” This can show a linear relationship and what type of relationship it is (positive correlation or inverse). This is measured w/ a R squared that shows us what portion of this particular dependent variable is accountable to the independent variable. (An R squared of 0.96 would say that 96% of the speed of a car is determined by the # of cars on a roadway). |
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Term
| 4 major methods for each of the four major population estimate & projection methods |
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Definition
Linear
Symptomatic
Step-Down Ratio
Cohort Survival |
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Term
| Linear Method (of population estimate & projection) |
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Definition
Same curve that has been occurring (10K people added last year – 10K this year – keep going w/ this)
The linear method uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population. For example, if the population of Plannersville has grown an average of 2% per year over the last 20 years, this same rate of growth would be applied to the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gompertz Curve – You will have rapid growth but at some point that will level off – your community will be as big as its going to be and at that point it will level off. |
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Term
| Symptomatic Method (of population estimate and projection) |
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Definition
| The symptomatic method uses available data to estimate the current population. For instance, the average household size is 2.5 according to the U.S. Census. If 100 new single-family building permits are issued this year, approximately 250 new people will be added to the community. |
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Term
| Step-Down Ratio Method (of population estimate & projection) |
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Definition
A proportion (City X is a certain % of County Y). Then we can project by this proportion. (Today we are 20% of the county’s population – they have estimated that their population will be X by 2020 – so {using the proportion} -here is what we expect ours to be.
The step-down ratio method is a relatively simple way to estimate or project population. This method uses the ratio of the population in a city and a county (or a larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial Census. |
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Term
| Cohort Survival Method (of population estimate & projection) |
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Definition
A proportion (City X is a certain % of County Y). Then we can project by this proportion. (Today we are 20% of the county’s population – they have estimated that their population will be X by 2020 – so {using the proportion} -here is what we expect ours to be.
The step-down ratio method is a relatively simple way to estimate or project population. This method uses the ratio of the population in a city and a county (or a larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial Census.
The cohort survival method provides the most accurate population projection, but requires a large amount of data. This includes birth & death rates & migration rates. This includes death rates for different age groups & different death rates for male or female. This also uses the birth rate per 1,000 women (in age-bearing cohort). This often results in a Population Pyramid. |
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Term
| Birth Rate required to sustain a population |
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Definition
| In order to sustain a population – you need a birth rate of 2.1 to maintain a population size. (If you want the same population that you have today – you have to make sure that you are maintaining a birth rate of 2.1 people or more). Birth rates have generally been going down across the globe. Europe’s birth rate has been significantly below 2. So Europe has more deaths than births and their population is not being maintained. In the US – we are right at 2. We are just under the 2.1. In developing countries – typically higher. |
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Term
| 3 major economic analysis methods |
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Definition
Economic Base
Shift-Share
Input-Output Analysis |
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Term
| Economic Base Model (of economic analysis) |
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Definition
Economic Base Model – A couple of key concepts associated w/ this:
• Multiplier Effect - If a business is coming into our community – then how many jobs are going to be created. (If GM comes into a community it is said that X amount of jobs will be added to a community. What is really happening is not that GM is creating those jobs – there is a multiplier effect – based on additional jobs created through GM’s presence)
• Economic base analysis – Tries to determine the multiplier effect. This looks at the Location Quotient. (How much regional employment is there in a particular industry relative to the national employment). Economic Base Analysis also looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region. |
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Term
| Location Quotient & Basic/Non-Basic Industries |
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Definition
| With the Location Quotient w/ have Basic & Non-Basic Industries or Activities but the Location Quotient only works for Basic Activities. Basic Activities can be exported (E.g., Manufacturing). Non-basic (E.g., Hair Dressers) cannot. This is the main limitation of Location Quotient – only limited to Basic Activities. |
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Term
| Shift-share analysis of economic analysis |
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Definition
Shift share analysis looks at the change in the share of employment in an industry over time.
Shift-share analysis analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. This analysis looks at the differential shift, proportional shift, and economic growth. The example given in the video is the employment industry in Hollywood. Is the proportion of employment industry in the country in Hollywood going up or down over time? So.. – if an industry is growing nationally – is my industry also growing at the same rate or do we see differences. So we are looking at 2 different time periods. (E.g, b/n 1990 & 2000 the chemical industry grew 3% in Columbus, 5% nationally while the national employment growth rate was 20% - so this industry is growing slower in my region than nationally) |
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Term
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Definition
Input-output analysis is a quantitative method that links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. The key here is that different types of jobs are going to have different types of impact. So the US Bureau of Economics comes up with different multipliers for different industries. The example given in the video is gaming in Vegas. If a new casino comes in you can look at the regional IO table by US Bureu of Economic Analysis – what is the regional impact by sector? | Input-output analysis is similar to economic base analysis in that it uses an economy’s structure to determine the economy in the future. This form of analysis requires a very large quantity of data, which makes it costly. Today, input-output analysis is conducted using a computer software, so it is no longer necessary to know the precise formulas. However, one should be familiar with the components of the analysis.
Input-output analysis can be used to determine the employment effect that a particular project has on a local economy. For instance, the construction of a major league football stadium in the City of Industry, CA. This analysis can also be used to look at the economy of the region as a whole. |
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Term
| How many jobs are created from a base industry employment of 1? |
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Definition
| Every Basic Employee – exportable industry - generates 3.4 employees = That person plus 2.4 employees. If I create 1 new manufacturing job in the community – the total impact would be that job plus an additional 2.4 jobs in the community for a total economic impact of 3.4 jobs |
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Term
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Definition
In doing your annual 1040 federal income tax return, you’ll record your rent and all expenses on a Schedule E form. The net amount of gain or (loss) is then recorded on your 1040 form and can shield your income from taxes if you had a loss. One of the bigger expenses on most rental property owners’ Schedule E is something called depreciation. Here’s how it works.
When you own property, each year you write off costs for money you expend where the cost is a one-year expense, such as gardening, general maintenance, repairs and HOA fees. But what if the cost is for an improvement such as a new kitchen or new sidewalks? Because those costs have a useful life beyond one year, you must “capitalize” and depreciate those costs. That means you divide the total cost by the useful life of the improvement, and write off 1/nth of the cost per year. For example, you do $15,000 worth of driveway and sidewalks, with a 15-year useful life, so you can write off $1,000 per year ($15,000 divided by 15 years).
The biggest capital asset of any property is the actual purchase of the house. When you buy a rental property and will own it for longer than one year, you can depreciate the structure. First you must divide the purchase price of the property between the land and the building. You can use your tax assessor’s estimate of the cost of each of those components, an appraisal or an insurance agent’s estimate of the cost of the building. Either way, you can only depreciate the building, as theoretically the land portion of your purchase price is not “used” up and cannot be depreciated. |
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Term
| Real Estate Acquisition Cost |
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Definition
| Total price of purchasing property, including the amount of the property, cost of appraisal fees, attorney's fee, commission, credit report, hazard insurance, document preparation fee, loan application fee, mortgage insurance application fee, mortgage insurance premium, mortgage taxes, pest inspection, property survey, tax stamps. And title insurance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount that could be received on the sale of real estate when there exists a willing buyer and a willing seller. |
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Term
| What percentage of households received the long-form version of the Census in 2000? (the last year of the long-form) |
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Definition
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Term
| Urbanized Area (Census Definition) |
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Definition
| The Census Bureau defines an urbanized area wherever it finds an urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people. These urbanized areas may or may not contain any individual cities of 50,000 or more. In general, they must have a core with a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile and may contain adjoining territory with at least 500 persons per square mile. Urbanized areas have been delineated using the same basic threshold (50,000 population) for each decennial Census since 1950, but procedures for delineating the urban fringe are more liberal today. In 2000, 68% of Americans lived in 452 urbanized areas. (Baltimore Density is 7,600 per square mile) |
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Term
| Short term census in 2000 (important facts) |
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Definition
| Approximately 83% of households received the short form. The 2000 Census short form was the "shortest" since 1820. It addressed only seven subjects: name, age, gender, race, Hispanic ethnicity, relationships between household members, and whether the home was rented or owned by the householder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. This term was added to the 2000 Census. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters. |
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Term
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Definition
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.
federally designated geographical unit consisting of an urbanized area with a central city of at least 50,000 residents and a regional population of 100,000. Federal banking regulations permit financial institutions doing business within an MSA to use a single master account in dealing with the Federal Reserve for computing reserve requirements, processing checks, and sending electronic fund transfers. Information about Community Reinvestment Act-related lending to local communities, compiled for each MSA, is available from federal banking regulators. |
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Term
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Definition
Primary MSA (PMSA) is an area that meets the requirements for an MSA and has a population of one million or more and separate component areas that can be identified within the entire area.
U.S. Government term for a major urban area within a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA). A PMSA is an urbanized county or set of counties with strong social and economic ties to neighboring communities. PMSAs are identified within areas of one million-plus populations. For example, Long Island's Nassau and Suffolk counties form part of the New York CMSA; Oxnard-Ventura forms part of the Los Angeles CMSA, and Aurora-Elgin forms part of the Chicago CMSA. |
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Term
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Definition
| U.S. government classification term for an area consisting of two or more overlapping or interlocking urban communities (known as primary metropolitan statistical areas) with a total population of at least one million. CMSAs comprise the 25 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The New York CMSA, for example, includes the primary metropolitan statistical areas of New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island and New York-New Jersey-Connecticut. |
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Term
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Definition
| Census Block Group is a group of Census Blocks |
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Term
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Definition
| Minor Civil Division (MCD) is a unit only used in 29 states and usually corresponds to a municipality. Census County Divisions are used in the 21 states that do not have MCD's. |
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Term
| Top 10 fastest growing metro areas 2000-2010 |
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Definition
1. Palm Coast, Florida
2. St. George, Utah
3. Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada
4. Raleigh-Cary, North Carolina
5. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida
6. Provo-Orem, Utah
7. Greeley, Colorado
8. Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, Texas
9. Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, South Carolina
10. Bend, Oregon |
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Term
| Average Household size 1970-2000 |
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Definition
| the average household size went down from 3.1 in 1970 to 2.59 in 2010. |
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Term
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Definition
| In addition to the decennial Census, the Census has now instituted the American Community Survey. This survey, which replaces the long form in the decennial Census, takes a sample of the population and projects the findings to the population as a whole. The ACS began on a nationwide basis back in 2005. The survey reaches 2.5% of the nation's population each year (1 in 40 addresses, approximately 3 million households). The survey rotates annually so that no household receives the survey more than once every five years. Starting in 2006, data was available on an annual basis for all areas with a population of 65,000 or more. For smaller areas, data is reported every three to five years. |
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Term
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Definition
| TIGER is the acronym for Topographically Integrated Geographical Encoding and Referencing map, which is used for Census data. A TIGER map includes streets, railroads, zip codes, and landmarks. TIGER maps are used by the U.S. Census Bureau and can be downloaded into a GIS system, where they are often used as base layers upon which local information is added |
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Term
| Fiscal Impact Analysis (AKA: Cost-Revenue Analysis) |
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Definition
Fiscal Impact Analysis, also known as cost-revenue analysis, measures profitability of a proposed project (is used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government). For example, if a developer plans to build a regional shopping mall, what will be the cost to extend and maintain infrastructure, provide police service, and transit access? The answers are then compared to the sales, property, and income tax generated from this new development. The fiscal impact is the difference between the revenues and expenditures generated by a proposed development. This is also known as the net fiscal impact. If revenues are greater than expenditures, a development has a positive fiscal impact. If expenditures exceed revenues, a negative fiscal impact results. If revenues and expenditures are equal, the impact is neutral. The most common form of fiscal impact analysis is the development project. However, fiscal impact analysis can also be used to examine the cumulative impact of land use decisions. For example, if a city is considering an annexation or new zoning policy, a fiscal impact analysis may be conducted.
Fiscal impact analysis generally refers to efforts to estimate the budgetary effects of various types of land uses on local governmental jurisdictions or other local service providers. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the early stages of preparing an Environmental Impact Statement, scoping must take place. Scoping is often the first contact between proponents of a proposal and the public. A scoping meeting introduces both sides of an issue and engages interested parties. The purpose of scoping is to assist the preparers of the EIS to explain the project to the public and affected agencies. The participants respond with their own concerns about significant issues and suggestions of alternatives. As the EIS is prepared, it will include, from the beginning, a reflection or at least an acknowledgement of the cooperating agencies' and the public's concerns. |
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Term
| Capital Improvement Program |
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Definition
| Capital Improvement Program is a guide to the provision of capital improvements (major expenditure with long life involving nonrecurring expenditures) by balancing revenues, expenditures, and sequencing of acquisition actions such as acquisition of land, grading & prep of land, installation, etc.. (E.g., a park improvement, a water main, etc). The major function of the CIP is link the comp plan to the fiscal plan to support physical development. It estimates capital requirements as well (expanding water system needed for example). It is over a period of time and budgets priority projects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A capital budget includes long-term purchases, such as a new building, recreation center, water main, or major equipment. A capital budget is a one-year budget for capital expenditures, while a Capital Improvements Program (CIP) is a longer range (5-10 year) look at the capital needs of a community. A CIP includes project descriptions, estimated costs, construction timelines, and sources of funding. |
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Term
| 4 major types of budgeting employed by government agencies: |
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Definition
1.Line-item budgeting
2.Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS)
3.Management by Objectives
4.Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB) |
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Term
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Definition
| In line-item budgeting the emphasis is on projecting the budget for the next year while adding in inflationary costs. (We are spending X amounts for each department or X amount for each service). Similar to personal budgets. This is the most common form. There is no priority or performance standards established. There is no analysis of what is needed – a certain amount is allocated. The advantage of this method is that it does not require any evaluation of existing services, it is easy to prepare and justify. Line-item budgeting is also easy for public officials to understand. However, its disadvantages include a lack of flexibility and a lack of relationship between budget requests and the objectives of an organization. This type of budget has a short-term focus. Line-item budget only looks one-year into the future and is not linked with strategic, comprehensive, or capital improvement plans. It lacks focus on programs, looking at individual expenditures rather than how those expenditures fund programs and/or the results of those programs. |
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Term
| Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS) |
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Definition
| PPBS is focused on planning through accomplishing goals set by a department. It was developed by the Defense Dept in the 1960s. The advantage of this method is that it helps departments place their programs in perspective and evaluate efforts and accomplishments. It organizes spending by program rather than functional objects. It extended programs far enough into the future to determine spending implications. All programs are subject to explicit quantitative analysis. Emphasizes planning and not budgeting. The disadvantage is that it is time-consuming to prepare and requires that goals and objectives be stated in measurable terms. For example, a department may evaluate the number of permits that are issued per month rather than the satisfaction of applicants. PPBS effectively asks how our budgeting affects or helps us carry out our strategic/comprehensive planning process? |
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Term
Management by Objectives
(Office Administration) |
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Definition
A Collaborative goal-setting process (not purely hierarchy)
Developed in 1954 by Peter Drunker. The goal & objective setting process b/n individual administrator and subordinates. Determination & communication of organizational goals which are translated into performance objectives for individuals. It involves a measurement of performance against stated results or standards. E.g. – W/n a planning Department our priorities are to decrease the turnaround time for development permits (this is our performance objective). Measurement is then against the performance – so maybe we should hire another staff member to reach our measurement standard or maybe we should re-allocate staff time. It is the same as Performance-based budgeting – which is focused on linking funding to performance measures. For example, funding could be tied to the amount of time it takes to process plat applications or building permits. Meeting performance goals results in funding increases. The advantage of this method is that it helps departments develop and evaluate performance standards. The disadvantage is that it is time-consuming to prepare and requires that goals and objectives be stated in measurable terms. For example, a department may evaluate the number of permits that are issued per month rather than the satisfaction of applicants. |
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Term
| Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB) |
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Definition
| ZBB emphasizes planning and fosters understanding within all units of an organization. It requires each manager to break up their portion of the budget into small decision packages. Each package contains an outline of what the manager wants to do, how to do it, other ways of doing it, the cost, how it will benefit the organization, and what will happen if it is not done. Packages are tied to long-range planning objectives and then ranked and approved up to the level of affordability. The advantage of this method is that it requires a department to consider every aspect of its operation and concentrate on why it does things the way it does. This is also the disadvantage, because it is time consuming to justify every activity. This method essentially assumes that you start at zero and then you have to break up or justify your budget into smaller decision packages. (E.g., “What does it cost to process a development permit?” And then the packages are tied to the long-range planning objectives. What decision packages that are key to the planning object of, say, reducing traffic congestion? These are ranked and approved up to affordability). You don’t use this on annual basis b/c of its time consuming. Zero Base Budgeting uses decision packages that can be independently decided upon for funding purposes. |
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Term
| Certificate of Obligation (CO) loan |
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Definition
| In contrast to a bond, cities can take out Certificates of Obligation (CO) which are shorter-term loans at higher interest rates but it does not have to be voter-approved. These are typically used for smaller purchases such as fleet replacement of police cars that it is something that needs to be done on a fairly regular basis (E.g., 5 years) and we don’t have the cash in hand but we need to do it – so we take out a CO. |
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Term
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Definition
| Revenue Bonds use a fixed source of revenue to pay back the debt. For example, revenue bonds could be issued to pay for a new water Tx plant. The debt would be paid back through the water use fees. Revenue bonds are commonly used to finance utility improvements and special facilities, such as baseball stadiums. These are a bit more risky than GO Bonds b/c, say, what if the attendance at the baseball stadium is not what it was projected to be? |
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Term
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Definition
| Special Assessments allow a particular group of people to assess the cost of a public improvement. For example, in Columbus, Ohio, the City has a plan to have every street lit by 2020. Property owners are offered the option of having regular street lights for free or ornamental street lights at their expense. In the latter case, all of the property owners on the street are assessed a fee to pay for the ornamental street lights. This is a little different b/c it is an assessed value to be paid by the property owner (based on, for instance, the linear foot of the property in the area) instead of the Special District in which it is an increased tax rate. A special assessment can be an increase in the taxable assessment on a property. |
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Term
| Hx of Cost-Benefit Analysis |
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Definition
| This analysis was originated by the French engineer Jules Dupuit in 1848. In the United States, cost-benefit analysis became common as a result of the Federal Navigation Act of 1936. This act required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the costs of the project. Cost-benefit analysis requires that all costs and benefits be converted to a monetary value. This means that social and environmental benefits, such as the preservation of open space, have a monetary value. This is one of the biggest challenges in conducting cost-benefit analyses. The costs and benefits must be set for a particular time and for a specified location. In order to determine the cost-benefit, the proposed project is compared against the current situation without the project. If the ratio of benefits over costs is greater than one, then the monetary benefits of the project outweigh its monetary costs. In comparing multiple project alternatives, the largest ratio creates the highest net monetary value. |
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Term
| Cost-effectiveness Aanalysis |
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Definition
| Cost-effectiveness analysis, a method for selecting among competing projects when resources are limited, was developed by the military. For example, if a community has $50,000 to spend on park improvements then several different projects can be prepared, such as adding playground equipment or purchasing a new lawn mower. This method evaluates alternatives with the goal of choosing the alternative that accomplishes the goal w/ the least cost. The cost-effectiveness ratio is CE Ratio = (cost new strategy - cost current practice)/(effect new strategy – effect current practice). |
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Term
| Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM) (Project Management Technique) |
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Definition
| Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM) is a comprehensive way to evaluate a project. The GAM is a chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project’s goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Gantt Chart was developed in 1917 by Charles Gantt. This chart focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a single horizontal bar on an X-Y chart. The X-axis is the time scale over which the project will endure. The length of each task bar corresponds to the duration of each task. The relationship usually shows dependency, where one task cannot begin until another is completed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a project management technique that defines shared activities and creates a sequence of events. (PERT can be thought of as a scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks. PERT is a good choice when precise time estimates are not available for project tasks). The U.S. Navy developed this method in the 1950s and it is now used widely in the defense industry. |
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Term
| Critical Path Method (CPM) {Project Management} |
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Definition
CPM is used to determine the “optimal solution:”
i.e., the allocation of resources (e.g., time, labor, materials, etc…) among a project’s
constituent tasks that will complete the project using a minimal amount of each
resource. CPM accomplishes this by estimating – for each task – a crash cost
(finishing the task in a minimum amount of time by using unlimited labor and
materials) and a crash time (finishing the task with minimum amounts of labor and
materials by using an unlimited amount of time). CPM can be used within a PERT
system.
3. Computer softCritical Path Method (CPM) is the critical path of activities needed to complete a project. It is a tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a “critical path” through the project tasks. Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway. (What are all the individual tasks that need to happen for a goal to occur and how long is it going to take?) PERT and CPM work when a project is of a large-scale. Typically, project management software is used to perform this kind of analysis. Over time these two methods evolved and are now considered one method, PERT/CPM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A section of land is a square unit of land (almost) surveyed as one mile on each side (this is equal to 640 acres in a section) |
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Term
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Definition
| A township is a square grouping of 36 sections - (usually) 6x6 miles or 36 square miles – total – it is not a political township |
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Term
| How many acres are in the south 1/2 of the southwest 1/4 of the southwest 1/4 |
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Definition
| Start backward. 640 acres in a section, then 640/4 = 160, then 160/4 = 40 then 1/2 of 40 = 20 |
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Term
| What is the surficial estate/rights |
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Definition
| The property itself (this is usually what you think of when you buy a house - the surficial and development rights |
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Term
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Definition
| rights to the water (who owns the water beneath your property?) |
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Term
| Deed Restrictions (AKA: Restrictive Covenants) |
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Definition
Deed Restrictions (AKA: Restrictive Covenants): Deed Restrictions are a part of the deed of the property. They can control almost anything. Must serve a substantial purpose and not violate a protected constitutional right (E.g., at the turn of the 20th century there were deed restrictions that only whites could buy property in certain areas and this violated constitutional rights). Very popular in upscale neighborhoods and rural areas where developers and homeowners want to protect themselves from the potential actions of their neighbors (E.g., for a certain quality control that is above & beyond what is in the city zoning regulations. I only want houses that are painted red).
Examples include: You must have a 2-car garage, no business in homes, no external color change, no metal roofs, pickup trucks must be screened, etc.)
Only enforcement for deed restrictions is civil lawsuits |
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Term
| Performance Bond (subdivision) |
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Definition
| After the plat has been in place and recorded, the community usually requires the developer to post a Performance Bond. This is an agreement w/ the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period. If the developer fails to meet the requirements, the govt may use the bond to cover the cost of constructing the improvements. |
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Term
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Definition
| After the plat has been in place and recorded, the community usually requires the developer to post a Performance Bond. This is an agreement w/ the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period. If the developer fails to meet the requirements, the govt may use the bond to cover the cost of constructing the improvements. |
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Term
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Definition
| We have the most restrictive land use requirements in one district and as you move up it becomes progressively less restrictive. So, for instance, if you start in a rural residential district that only allows that large lot residential development. But by the time you get up to the commercial zoning district, it allows all of the other uses (E.g., multifamily, small retail, midsize commercial) but still not allow something like industrial |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to Cumulative but it is restricted by use types (E.g, your residential districts are cumulative and your commercial districts are cumulative so your most intense residential type, it would allow all types of residential uses but it would not allow commercial uses). |
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Term
| Overlay Districts (AKA: Special District) |
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Definition
| A special district is used in order to capture the problem w/ zoning of “one size doesn’t fit all.” A Special District is often called an Overlay District and these districts carry a special set of regulations that are particular to the special district. The underlying or base district is the “parent” district and the parent district regulations apply and additional regulations are provided by the overlay district. Examples of overlay districts include Historic Preservation District, Floodplain District, University Overlay District, Watershed & Lake Protection, TOD, Airport Overlay, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Planned Unit Developments (PUD) – The purpose is to encourage innovative approaches to development, both residential & commercial. Can be in the form of floating zoning or conditional use. Allows negotiation of the site zoning requirements (E.g., may allow increased density in return for increased open space). Such flexibility is permitted through a process which relates approval to a specific site plan. It is negotiated zoning for each individual development. A drawback is that you offer the flexibility up front but then land uses change over time and if you want to change the land use later, you have to go back & amend the unit development code. This is confusing to the property owner. |
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Term
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Definition
Conditional Uses generally mean that each district typically has lists of permitted & conditional uses and a conditional use is generally one that would not be permitted except for a special characteristics of the activity. In addition to the building permit – a conditional use permit or special use permit is required. (E.g., in a residential district – it might be appropriate to have a Bed & Breakfast – it may be reasonable to allow. A frat house is similar.
These would have a conditional use process review:
• In the normal mode, the conditions must be met (the base conditions for the residential area met)
• Independent hearing is required w/ the P & Z Commission |
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Term
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Definition
Variance (helpful to think of w/ a setback) is an authorization to depart or vary from the strict terms of the zoning ordinance when specially authorized to do so by the regulations. This can include use variance (from permitted uses) or area variances (a variance in the physical characteristics of the lot development so for example one would be for the 5-foot yard setback variance b/c most people have detached parking garages in the 5-foot area). Variance Requirements must be
• unique to that property (E.g, odd shaped lot),
• it must prove to be a hardship
o Economic Hardship (no viable use can be made of the property as zoned & configured)
o Physical Hardship (resulting from a unique configuration of the land)
• it must not cause a reduction in property values surrounding (putting a parking lot in the front yard where nobody else has this)
• it must not have been what caused the need for the variance (E.g., a garage made out of code and then asked for the variance OR I need a larger garage b/c “I have a lot of stuff.” Well – you caused that need brother!),
• It is not contrary to the spirit of the original zoning ordinance.
A variance does not change the underlying zoning! |
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Term
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Definition
Spot Zoning is not justifiable – it is signaling out a piece of property for preferential Tx. It is often called something else since it is negatively looked upon by the courts. In other words – “Spot zoning is the application of zoning to a specific parcel or parcels of land within a larger zoned area when the rezoning is usually at odds with a city's master plan and current zoning restrictions. Spot zoning may be ruled invalid as an "arbitrary, capricious and unreasonable treatment" of a limited parcel of land by a local zoning ordinance.[1] While zoning regulates the land use in whole districts, spot zoning makes unjustified exceptions for a parcel or parcels within a district. The small size of the parcel is not the sole defining characteristic of a spot zone. Rather, the defining characteristic is the narrowness and unjustified nature of the benefit to the particular property owner, to the detriment of a general land use plan or public goals. The rezoning may provide unjustified special treatment that benefits a particular owner, while undermining the pre-existing rights and uses of adjacent property owners. This would be called an instance of spot zoning. On the other hand, a change in zoning for a small land area may not be a spot zone, if it is consistent with, and furthers the purposes of the general area plan
Spot zoning changes the underlying zoning! |
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Term
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Definition
| these are zones/land uses that a government wants and knows will exist but they do not know where so they create the zone and then later drop it down on a map (E.g., hospital, airport, a multifamily unit in an otherwise single family residential area – the apartments near the golf course in Wyoming – area is fascinating) |
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Term
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Definition
| With contract zoning, the jurisdiction has the power to negotiate with the property owner to depart from uniform regulation. “It is rezoning of a property subject to the terms of a contract.” The city will rezone the property if the property owner agrees to do something in return – certain conditions must be met |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster Zoning is provided by development only on one part of a site and leaving the rest of the site for open space, recreation, amenity preservation, etc. Homes are thus on smaller parcels of land and while the overall density of the site is unchanged – the density of the developed part is higher |
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Term
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Definition
Performance Zoning deals with the intensity of land use and is more concerned with the impacts or effects rather than the use of the property. The impacts could be on the environment or the public services required.
Performance Zoning – We want to control outcomes associated w/ particular uses. Whereas traditional zoning specifies what uses land can be put to within specified districts, performance zoning specifies the intensity of land use that is acceptable. In other words – it deals not with the use of a parcel, but the performance of a parcel and how it impacts surrounding areas. This was first developed in Bucks County, PA in 1973. An example would be in industrial areas related to glare, to noise, to particulate matter, etc. So the glare would be okay for one industrial use but not for another (say a solar farm in which the glare could go off site and blind motorists driving by. |
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Term
| What is the difference b/n a variance and a zoning amendment? |
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Definition
o Both permit a use that was not previously allowed by the provisions of the zoning ordinance.
o Use variance grants the owner an exemption but leaves the ordinance intact and amendment changes the property |
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Term
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Definition
| new development has impacts beyond the site being developed – conditions were imposed relating to sewer, schools, etc. So there are impact fees (Steph’s house pays fees in perpetuity to pay back for extending the sewer service). Once a land is subdivided – this increases the demand on a community. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development agreement is simply a placemarker in time so that the zoning (rules and regulations) will not change before a development is completed. |
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Term
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Definition
The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act passed in 2000 provides protections for the practice of region in land use contexts.
Following the Supreme Court's ruling in City of Boerne v. Flores, Congress passed the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. The new act declares that no government may implement land use regulation in a manner that imposes substantial burden on the religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of burden both is in furtherance of compelling government interest and is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest. This act has been challenged in several legal cases, for example in Civil Liberties for Urban Believers v. the City of Chicago. In this case, the Court found that changes that the City made to their zoning ordinance brought the ordinance into compliance with RLUIPA. This act was also challenged in Cutter v. Wilkinson, U.S. Supreme Court (2005). The Court ruled that the Act is a constitutional religious accommodation under the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Land Based Classification Standards - The Land Based Classification Standards help planners with a model for classifying land uses. LBCS Classifies land uses across five dimensions. For local planning purposes, LBCS calls for classifying land uses in the following dimensions: Activity, Function, Structure Type, Site Development Character, and Ownership |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California |
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Definition
| The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was created in 1927 in order to create the Colorado River Aqueduct. It was built between 1933 and 1941 and is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. It ran a water pipeline to Los Angeles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potable Water is water that is safe to drink. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a shallow body of water that is located alongside a coast |
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Term
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Definition
| is an area where fresh water meets salt water |
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Term
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Definition
| Marsh is a type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Swamp is a freshwater wetland that has spongy, muddy land and a lot of water |
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Term
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Definition
| Wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas. They are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands can be natural or constructed |
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Term
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Definition
The Clean Water Act was passed in 1977, as an amendment to the Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972. This Act requires anyone wanting to discharge pollutants into a body of water to obtain a permit to do so. It also regulates the amount of water that may be discharged and the types of pollutants that may be released.
In order to discharge pollutants into the water, a Point Source Discharge Permit must be obtained from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES |
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Term
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Definition
| The Clean Air Act was passed in 1970 with major amendments in 1977 and 1990. The federal government sets ambient standards and the states must devise methods that enables these standards to be met. Air cannot be contained in one location, so Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) were created to measure air quality in airsheds. The Air Quality Index measures the concentration level of six pollutants. An overall rating of 101 to 150 is harmful for people with respiratory problems but little risk for most of the population. Like the Clean Water Act, the law requires a permit to release pollutants into the air. |
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Term
| Clean Air Act monitors these 6 pollutants: |
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Definition
Ozone
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Lead |
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Term
| Prevention of Significant Deterioration |
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Definition
| Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment. |
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Term
| The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 |
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Definition
| The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway in the U.S. without Congressional approval. The Act also required Congressional approval for all wharfs, piers, or jetties, and the excavation or fill of navigable waters. |
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Term
| The Water Pollutant Control Act of 1948 |
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Definition
| The Water Pollutant Control Act of 1948 allowed the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in cooperation with other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters. The Act allowed the Federal Works Administrator to assist government agencies in constructing treatment plants that could help to prevent discharges of inadequately treated sewage and other wastes into interstate waters or tributaries. |
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Term
| The Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972 |
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Definition
| The Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972 amended the Water Pollutant Act of 1948. The amendments broadened the government’s authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The Act changed the enforcement from water quality standards to regulating the amount of pollutants being discharged from particular point sources. |
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Term
| The Water Quality Act of 1965 |
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Definition
| The Water Quality Act of 1965 established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern. |
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Term
| The Clean Water Act of 1966 |
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Definition
| The Clean Water Act of 1966 provided construction grants for wastewater treatment facilities. |
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Term
| The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 |
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Definition
| The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, later amended in 1990, focused efforts to reduce polluted runoff in 29 coastal states. |
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Term
| The Endangered Species Act of 1973 |
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Definition
| The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provided protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designate as threatened or endangered. This act was later amended in 1988. |
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Term
| The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978 |
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Definition
| The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978 promoted alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on foreign oil. It also created a market for non-utility power producers and requires competition in the utility industry. |
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Term
| R Value (Installation). Min for residential |
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Definition
| In order to make a building more energy efficient, builders use insulation. Insulation allows for more efficient heating of a building. Insulation is rated in terms of thermal resistance, called R-value. This indicates the resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation. A minimum R-value of 20 is recommended for residential use. |
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Term
| R Value (Installation). Min for residential |
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Definition
| In order to make a building more energy efficient, builders use insulation. Insulation allows for more efficient heating of a building. Insulation is rated in terms of thermal resistance, called R-value. This indicates the resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation. A minimum R-value of 20 is recommended for residential use. |
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Term
| Energy Policy Conservation Act of 1975 |
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Definition
| The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) is a United States Act of Congress that responded to the 1973 oil crisis by creating a comprehensive approach to federal energy policy. The primary goals of EPCA are to increase energy production and supply, reduce energy demand, provide energy efficiency, and give the executive branch additional powers to respond to disruptions in energy supply.[1] Most notably, EPCA established the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, the Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, and Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations. |
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Term
| Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 |
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Definition
| the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 established vehicle manufacturer incentives in the form of CAFE credits |
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Term
| The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) |
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Definition
| The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) laid the foundation for highway construction and safety programs. |
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Term
| Energy Policy Act of 2005 |
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Definition
| Amended from original in 1992: Energy Policy Act in 2005, which emphasized alternative fuel use and infrastructure development. |
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Term
| The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 |
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Definition
| The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 included provisions to increase the supply of renewable fuel sources and raise CAFE standards to 35 miles per gallon by 2020 |
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Term
| Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 |
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Definition
| Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, which provided several provisions related to tax credits and exemptions for alternative fuels and fuel-efficient technologies |
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Term
| The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 |
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Definition
| The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 appropriated nearly $800 billion towards the creation of jobs, economic growth, tax relief, improvements in education and healthcare, infrastructure modernization, and investments in energy independence and renewable energy technologies |
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Term
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Definition
| Trip generation deals with the number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate. Thus, it is a byproduct of land use and intensity of use, factors which "induce" people to travel. The propensity to make trips is also dependent on the characteristics of the journey, trip purpose, and socioeconomic characteristics of the person making the trip (income, age, auto ownership). |
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Term
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Definition
| Imaginary line set up during Origin-Destination Transportation surveys in which motorists are sampled to determine where they are coming from and where they are going. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross tabulation models can also be used to estimate trip generation. They allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics. Needless to say, trip generation estimates based on current data becomes less and less valid with age. When local surveys are unavailable due to time or monetary constraints, published rates are used to derive estimates. One must keep in mind that trip generation models, tables, and surveys all have their own sources of error and are good for only providing estimates. |
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Term
| Traffic Trip Distribution |
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Definition
| Traffic Trip Distribution examines where people are going. A region or area is often divided into traffic zones. Trip distribution information generally provides information on how many trips are made between each zone and every other zone. The trip distribution component of the planning process also provides information on trip distances, time and cost, the nature of the trip, socioeconomic characteristics, and the nature of the transportation system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gravity model is a rather simple tool that attempts to quantify the rather complex trip generation relationships. It provides trip estimates based directly on the proportional attractiveness of the zone and inversely proportional to the trip length. |
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Term
| AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) |
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Definition
| AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) is the amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year |
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Term
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Definition
| Design Hour Volume (DHV) is the capacity of the roadway to handle traffic. |
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Term
| Traffic assignment, also known as trip assignment, allows us to use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway by the hour. It basically gives us the information on the routes that will be used. Peak volumes can then be compared with DHV to see which, if any, roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity; i.e., where the congestion is going to be. |
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Definition
| Traffic assignment, also known as trip assignment, allows us to use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway by the hour. It basically gives us the information on the routes that will be used. Peak volumes can then be compared with DHV to see which, if any, roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity; i.e., where the congestion is going to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1952, the Federal-Aid Highway Act authorized $25 million for the construction of interstate highways and another $175 million two years later. However, the major funding came under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which authorized $25 billion between 1957 and 1969. |
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Term
| The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 |
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Definition
| The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 required that urbanized areas with populations of 50,000 or more develop comprehensive urban transportation plans in order to receive federal financial assistance for road construction projects. |
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Term
| Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP) |
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Definition
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), and a unified planning work program for areas with populations of 200,000 or more. These items are prepared by the MPOs. The TIP lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated, along with non-federally funded projects that are regionally significant.
The TIP shows estimated costs and schedules by project phase. The TIP not only lists the specific projects, but also documents the anticipated schedules and costs for each project phase (preliminary engineering, final design, right-of-way acquisition, and construction). Inclusion of a project phase in the TIP means that it is seriously expected to be implemented during the TIP time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chicane is a series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway. |
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Term
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Definition
| Choker is a curb extension in the middle of a block. They narrow the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction. |
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Term
| Size of a standard parking stall (space) |
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Definition
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Term
| Early Housing and the integration of housing & public health |
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Definition
The second half of the 1800's was the time of the Public Health Movement. In 1855, the first model tenement was built in New York City. In 1879, the first dumbbell tenement was built. This form of housing was built throughout New York City but often had poor lighting, little air, and little space. New York City passed the Tenement House Act of 1867. This ordinance required new tenement buildings to provide a narrow air shaft between adjacent structures, windows that open into the shaft, two toilets on each floor, and a one square yard window in each room. This represented the first major housing code in the United States.
New York State passed the Tenement House Law of 1901, which outlawed dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced by the City. The City required inspection and permits for construction and alterations. It also required wide light and air areas between buildings and toilets and running water in each apartment unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clarence Perry in 1920 defined the Neighborhood Unit Concept as part of the New York Regional Plan. The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five minute walking radius. At the center is a school. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres. |
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Term
| National Housing Act of 1934 |
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Definition
| In 1934, the National Housing Act was passed by Congress. It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1944, the Serviceman's Readjustment Act, commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Housing Act of 1954 called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the Act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning. |
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Term
| The National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974 |
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Definition
| The National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974 regulated manufactured housing units and prohibited municipalities from regulating manufactured homes through the building code. The homes could be regulated in terms of location, size, and appearance. This act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Created with the CDBG program in 1974 |
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Term
| The Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG) |
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Definition
| The Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG) was authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. The UDAG program promoted public-private partnerships for redevelopment of urban areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects. Finally, it cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1992, HOPE VI was passed by Congress. The HOPE VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing. The result has been a deconcentration of public housing. |
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Term
| extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ). |
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Definition
| The ETJ is a distance outside of the city limits where the subdivision regulations apply. The distance is specified under state law. |
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Term
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Definition
Yellow = Single Family Residential
Orange/Brown = Multifamily Residential
Red = Retail & general commercial
Green = Open Spaces & Parks
Purple = Industrial
Blue = Institutional |
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Term
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Definition
| Euclidean zoning is named after the City of Euclid, Ohio. It places the most protective restrictions on residential land uses, less on commercial uses, and virtually none on industrial uses. This concept places the most restrictive zoning category, single-family residential, at the top of the pyramid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditional use permits allow a certain use in a district only when it is compatible with its surroundings. The conditional use permit is also known as a special use permit or specific use permit. As an example, a church might be acceptable in any district but a single-family district (the location and traffic generation would need to be considered). Another example is a bar. A bar may be a general retail use but it can often impose additional burdens that most retail uses do not. This can include increased noise at late hours and excessive litter. When located in the middle of a retail area these conditions may not be offensive, but when on the edge of a retail zone adjacent to a residential area, this use may not be appropriate. |
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Term
| National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act (1977) |
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Definition
| Has resulted in changes that have made San Fran safer from damages from earthquakes through different building standards & other development standards |
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Term
| Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) |
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Definition
| Put in place limitations on what development was occurring on barrier islands & barrier resources |
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Term
| National Flood Insurance Act (1968) |
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Definition
| Provided for a system for national flood insurance which protects the nation in the event of a natural flood disaster (Army Corps of Engineers has a core responsibility to manage flood risk across the population) |
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Term
| Disaster Mitigation Act (2000) |
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Definition
| mandates county-level disaster mitigation planning for every county in the country. (e.g., polar vortexes swept across the country in 2014). Risks can be weather-related, chemical spills, etc. Identify the risks and assess the level of risk and then how can we mitigate against the damage. |
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Term
| Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS |
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Definition
| One of the ways we understand the level of health in our communities – a national survey that is conducted to assess the degree to which people are sedentary, risky behaviors undertaken, etc. This info feeds into our planning processes and helps develop initiatives to put into our Public Health in Comprehensive Planning (integrated system) |
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Term
| Homelessness Increase (cause) |
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Definition
| The principal cause of the increase in homelessness was cuts in federal aid programs. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program was replaced with the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. This program helps only a portion of the families that AFDC reached. The amount paid to persons receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) has not increased at a rate that keeps up with the cost of living. The SSI payment, which supports the disabled, is less than the average monthly rent for a studio apartment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) is a process by a United States federal government commission to increase United States Department of Defense efficiency by planning end of the Cold War realignment and closure of military installations. More than 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. |
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Term
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Definition
Superfund is the Federal government's program to clean up the nation's uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Under the Superfund program, abandoned, accidentally spilled, or illegally dumped hazardous waste that pose a current or future threat to human health or the environment are cleaned up.
To accomplish its mission, EPA works closely with communities, Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs), scientists, researchers, contractors, and state, local, tribal, and Federal authorities. Together with these groups, EPA identifies hazardous waste sites, tests the conditions of the sites, formulates cleanup plans, and cleans up the sites. The Superfund Trust Fund was set up to pay for the cleanup of these sites. The money comes mainly from taxes on the chemical and petroleum industries. The Trust Fund is used primarily when those companies or people responsible for contamination at Superfund sites cannot be found, or cannot perform or pay for the cleanup work |
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Term
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Definition
| Dillon’s Rule relates to the rights of the local government within a state. So many people live in a home rule state. In a home-rule state, cities are allowed to do whatever they want unless they are specifically told by a state that they cannot do that. Dillon’s Rule states that a city can only do what a state says it can do. Most states are hybrids such as a home rule state if your municipality has a threshold of 5,000 people. In Dillon’s Rule states it is more difficult to be innovative b/c you don’t have permission to try things. You have to go the state and lobby the legislation to put in place any policy regulations or anything else that you may want to do. |
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Term
| The National Corridor Planning and Development Program |
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Definition
| The National Corridor Planning and Development Program is a grant program that is funded as part of MAP-21. This program provides funding for planning, project development, construction, and operation of projects in border regions near Mexico and Canada. This program funds corridor planning and multi-state coordination among other things |
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Term
| The National Scenic Byways Program |
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Definition
| The Federal Highway Administration developed the National Scenic Byways Program in 1992. The purpose of the program is to designate and fund enhancements of scenic highways across the U.S. In order to receive Scenic Byway Designation, the roadway must have archaeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and/or scenic qualities. As part of the designation process, a Corridor Management Plan must be prepared. This plan documents the roadway's intrinsic qualities, identifies goals and strategies, includes an implementation timeline, and identifies responsible parties. To learn more about the National Scenic Byways Program, visit America's Byways. |
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Term
| Robert Park and E.W. Burgess |
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Definition
| Introduced the idea of a neighborhood in 1915 |
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Term
| First historic district (location) |
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Definition
| Charleston, South Carolina |
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Term
| First historic Preservation Commission (place & year) |
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Definition
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Term
| National Register of Historic Places |
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Definition
The National Register was created in 1966. In order to be designated on the National Register, the building, property or site must have historic significance. For example, George Washington's homestead would be considered nationally significant.
Being listed on the National Register allows properties to qualify for federal tax incentives. Being listed also provides protection, should the federal government plan to alter the site. |
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Term
| Business Improvement Districts |
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Definition
| Business Improvement Districts provides funds to clean sidewalks, police the streets, and keep the appearance of downtown up. |
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Term
| Garden City (Key Numbers) |
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Definition
| A Garden City is self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas. The Garden City was intended to bring about economic and social reform. Land ownership would be held by a corporation. |
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Term
| Radburn (year & designers) |
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Definition
| In 1928, the construction of the first American Garden City in Radburn, New Jersey began. It was designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. |
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Term
| The Land Ordinance of 1785 |
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Definition
| The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The survey was completed following the end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, which provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. The result was the settlement of 270 million acres, or 10% of the land area of the United States. In the same year, Congress passed the Morrill Act, which allowed new western states to establish colleges. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1897, Congress passed the Forest Management Act, which allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1902, the U.S. Reclamation Act was passed. It allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1906, the Antiquities Act was the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments. |
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Term
| Regional Plan for New York and Environs |
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Definition
| Between 1922 and 1929, the Regional Plan for New York and Environs was created. The plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein and Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan. |
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Term
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Definition
| The McMillan Plan of 1901 incorporated many of the principles of the City Beautiful movement. The focus of the plan was on boulevards and civic center spaces. |
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Term
| Cincinnati's Comp Plan of 1925 |
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Definition
| The first comprehensive plan was developed in Cincinnati in 1925, under the direction of Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe. The Cincinnati Plan focused on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Chicago Plan of 1909, developed by Daniel Burnham, was the first regional plan. It focused on incorporating ideas from the City Beautiful movement. It also focused on riverfront development and civic center spaces. |
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Term
| the U.S. Housing Act of 1954 |
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Definition
| the U.S. Housing Act of 1954 was the largest impetus for comprehensive planning. This Act required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. One of the problems with the 701 plan is that it led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than to truly plan for communities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentric Circle Theory was developed by Ernest Burgess in 1925. Burgess was a sociologist who studied the growth of Chicago. He believed that cities grow in a series of outward rings. Land use is based on the distance from the downtown. There were five rings to his theory. The first is the central business district, which houses a concentration of governmental, office, and commercial uses. The second ring is industrial uses. The third ring is the zone of transition. This area is a mix of industrial and low-income housing. At one time this ring had high-income, large houses. The fourth ring is the zone of independent working men's homes, and the fifth is for high-class residential. |
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Term
| Central Place Theory (Theory of Urban Development) |
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Definition
| Central Place Theory was developed by Walter Christaller in 1933. This theory explains the size and spacing of cities. The theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range of people who are willing to travel to receive goods and services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sector Theory was developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939. Hoyt was in the real estate business in Chicago and was interested in high-end residential development. Hoyt disagreed with Burgess' conception of city growth. He argued that land uses vary based on transportation routes. The city, as a result, was a series of sectors radiating out from the center of the city. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple Nuclei Theory was developed by Harris and Ullman in 1945. They argued that cities develop a series of specific land use nuclei. A land use nucleus is formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar uses, land prices, and the repelling power of land uses. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the criticisms of the rational model is that it cannot be used when we have "wicked" problems. Wicked problems are those that are complicated and difficult to solve. For example, homelessness is a wicked problem. It is wicked because there is not one root cause and no one alternative could eliminate the problem. Rational planning can only work when the problem can be easily defined and there can be a best solution. |
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Term
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Definition
In 1959, Charles Lindblom published the article "The Science of Muddling Through", which first introduces the concept of incrementalism. Lindblom argues that people make their plans and decisions in an incremental manner. He argues that people accomplish goals through a series of successive, limited comparisons.
As with rational planning, incrementalism does not specify whose values should be used in establishing goals. |
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Term
| Mixed Scanning (Urban Development Theory)(Person & Characteristics) |
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Definition
| Amitai Etzioni introduced the concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between the rational and incremental planning theories. Mixed scanning views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture. Etzioni argues that fundamental policy-shaping decisions should be based on a more careful rational analysis of alternatives. Implementation decisions should use an incremental approach. Mixed scanning improved upon incrementalism by recognizing the difference between policy-changing decisions and implementation decisions. As an example, a comprehensive plan would be created using the rational planning approach, while the implementation of the plan would use an incremental approach. Mixed scanning assumes that there is a centralized decision-making process. As with the rational and incremental approaches, it does not identify who is involved in the process or whose values are used. |
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Term
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Definition
Advocacy Planning was developed in the 1960s by Paul Davidoff as a way to represent the interests of groups within a community. Prior to the development of advocacy planning, planning practice was based on the public interest. The public interest was defined as the good of the whole. Planning for the good of the whole results in inadequate representation for many groups in planning. Davidoff argued that planners should represent special interest groups rather than acting for the good of the whole community.
The advocacy planner is responsible for a particular interest group in the community and would create plans that express that group’s values and objectives. Planners would either work directly for the interest group or as an inside advocate at city hall.
Advocacy planning shifted for whom the planner plans, but it did not change what the planner does. The planner would still utilize rational and incremental approaches to planning.
It should be noted that this was not necessarily planning for the underrepresented - it could be for profit. |
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Term
| Equity Planning (person & characteristics) |
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Definition
| Norman Krumholz adopted equity planning in Cleveland, during the 1970s and, as a result, helped make the needs of its low-income groups the highest priority. Krumholz's view on equity planning is that planners should work to redistribute power, resources, or participation away from the elite and toward the poor and working-class residents of the community. |
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Term
| Transactive Planning (Person & Characteristics) |
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Definition
In 1973, John Friedmann published a book titled Retracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning. While Advocacy Planning focused on working with specific groups in a community, the planner still serves as the technical expert that determines the alternatives. Transactive planning theory was developed in the 1970s as a way to get the public involved in the planning process.
The planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues. Through a process of "mutual learning" the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizen provide community knowledge. The planner meets with many people in the community in order to develop a plan. |
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Term
| Radical Planning (Person & Characteristics) |
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Definition
In 1987, John Friedmann published a book titled Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. In it he discusses the concept of radical planning.
Radical planning takes the power away from the government and gives it to the people. In this process, citizens get together and develop their own plans.
The problem with this form of planning is that it is not possible to implement as theorized. We do not have a governmental structure that would allow neighborhoods or individual groups to develop and implement their own plans.
While radical planning cannot be fully implemented, there are examples of the partial use of radical planning. Some public housing authorities have turned management decisions over to the tenants, who are responsible for proposing change in policy. This allows increased control by the people who live in public housing. |
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Term
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Definition
Communicative planning is currently the theory of choice among planning practitioners. Planners around the nation have moved towards more open planning that includes a much more intensive citizen participation process.
This theory recognizes that planning operates within the realm of politics, and that it contains a variety of stakeholder interests. The communicative approach tries to use a rational model as a basis for bringing mutual understanding among all stakeholders. Planners can provide the stakeholders with information and bring people together to discuss the issues.
Communicative planning grew out of American pragmatic philosophy and European critical theory, essentially considering how citizens and planners come together to create a plan (American pragmatism). Additionally, it evolved out of advocacy planning and transactive planning. However, it is a shift from planning for the different groups of people to a situation where the planner acts as a facilitator among stakeholders.
The communicative planner's primary function is to listen to people's stories and assist in forging a consensus among different viewpoints. The planner's role is to mediate among stakeholders through talk and discussion. Here, social interaction can be structured to foster group understanding and consensus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A design charrette is an intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a specific area. A charrette may be held over one or more days. This is an effective technique for quickly developing consensus. Typically, small groups are formed, with each group focusing on a design solution for an area. Each group has a facilitator who is typically a design professional. In many cases, the local chapter of the American Institute for Architects may be engaged to have members serve as facilitators. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Delphi Method is a structured process of public participation with the intent of coming to a consensus decision. The method was created in 1944 for the U.S. Army Air Force. A panel of selected, informed citizens and stakeholders are asked to complete a series of questionnaires. The questions are typically written as hypotheses. After each round of questioning, feedback on the responses is presented to the group anonymously. Participants are encouraged to revise their answers based on the replies heard. Over time, the range of answers decreases and the group converges towards a single solution. | Per the video: an iterative process where you ask a series of questions and come to a series of solutions and through this back-and-forth process you come to an agreement on what the best solution is to move forward. |
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Term
| The Nominal Group Technique |
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Definition
| The Nominal Group Technique is a group process involving problem identification, solution generation, and decision making that can be used for groups of any size that want to come to a decision by vote. This allows for everyone's opinions to be considered by starting with every group member sharing their ideas briefly. Someone is creating a list of the ideas. Duplicate solutions are deleted. Participants then rank the solutions. The rankings are then discussed. This can lead to further ideas or combinations of ideas. The solution with the highest ranking is selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilitation uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus. The facilitator is typically a volunteer from the community who is respected by all groups. In some cases, a professional facilitator is hired to assist in running the meeting (Presentation display, fact-sheets, having a presentation at a community event). |
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Term
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Definition
| Mediation is a method in which a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement. The mediator assists the parties in identifying and articulating their interests and priorities. The agreement typically specifies measurable, achievable, and realistic solutions. The final agreement is typically in writing. This is a dispute-resolution process that is typically used to help resolve conflict without involving the court system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A public hearing is typically associated with the Planning Commission, City Council, or other governing bodies. These meetings allow formal citizen input at the end of a planning process. Public hearings are typically mandated by law. Hearings are typically ineffective at building public participation and consensus. This is the final decision point and not effective for pure communication/consensus building. |
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Term
| A visual preference survey |
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Definition
| A visual preference survey is a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments. Citizens are asked to view and evaluate a wide variety of pictures depicting houses, sites, building styles, streetscapes, etc. Scores are used to indicate whether a design is what a citizen sees as appropriate for their community |
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Term
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Definition
1.Coalition Building (Find people who are supportive of your position & go forth with your shared goal)
2.Consensus Building (You have a diverse group of individuals with differing opinions & you want to bring the group together and get them to the same level of education & knowledge about the issue (a decision point). This may result in compromise/decision making in a different format than coalition building. Initially the groups may be in conflict with each other)
3.Conflict Resolution (In some cases, a resolution cannot be created even through the consensus building process. There is likely to be significant conflict so you need either a facilitator or mediator to help bring together a consensus on the conflict) |
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Term
| 1964 Economic Opportunity Act |
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Definition
| An indirect result of Saul Alinsky’s effort – the first one that specifically referenced engaging the public in decision making & this was part of the economic development programs that were making efforts at reducing poverty in our communities |
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Term
| The 3 categories of Arnstein's Ladder |
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Definition
1.Citizen Power (truly integrated & have an influence)
2.Tokenism (Consulted but don't have an influence)
3.Nonparticipation (Citizens are not engaged at all) |
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Term
| Citizen Advisory Committee |
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Definition
| a group of appointed citizens to advise the governing body |
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Term
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Definition
| It stands for Self-Esteem, Associate Strength, Resourcefulness, Action Planning, and Responsibility. A series of techniques designed to be highly visual and accessible to those who cannot read or write (examples include pocket charts, three pile sorting, picture stories with gaps). |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by development organizations such as the World Bank to make sure that the project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them, particularly the poor and those without political power. The technique solicits qualitative information about the development activity. This can include interviews, focus groups, and participant observations. |
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Term
| Appreciative Inquiry Summits |
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Definition
| Multi-day large events designed to bring people together to agree on changes that are needed in the community or organization. The summits last from 2-5 days and have b/n 100 and 250 people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A participatory process that allows the participants to assess project alternatives by weighing the alternatives according to a group of citizen goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to permit interaction that occurs in small groups but can be witnessed by a larger group. The meeting is setup with an inner circle of 5-6 chairs. The rest of the chairs are setup in concentric outer circles. Initially everyone is seated in the outer circles. People who wish to speak move to the inner circle. Once they speak they return to their original seat. The discussion continues as long as there are participants who wish to speak. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopted in 1978 when AIP & APA merged. Revisited in 2001 and appointed a committee to change the code but then in 2004 at the national conference decided not have the committee change it and then draft language adopted in 2005 and finally amended in October of 2009. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Hadacheck v. Sebastian case in LA was important – this is the brickyard case in which a brickyard existed in a residential district from 1909 and it went to the US Supreme Court – the court agreed with the city and thus strengthened municipal rights under the police power |
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Term
| Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987) |
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Definition
| Rational Nexus Case (AKA: Reasonably Related) (rational connection b/n the government action and its goal). Ruled in favor of Nollan - no connection between providing public beach access and enlarging his house. In this case – the CCC was requiring the dedication of an access easement to allow the public to walk along the beach. But they had not set up a substantial public interest in this case that was justified. You can’t require this easement b/c you haven’t demonstrated the relationship to a public purpose. |
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Term
| Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) |
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Definition
The U.S. Supreme Court limits local and
state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation. If the regulation is not based on a public nuisance statute, and the regulation causes the property to lose all economic value, then it is a taking. Ruled in favor of Lucas. State couldn’t block development on the seaward side of the setback line (he wanted to build 2 beachfront lots). It was ruled a taking. The Court found that there is a taking if there is a total reduction in value (no viable value left) after the regulation is in place, except where derived from the state’s law of property and nuisance. The court found that Lucas purchased the land prior to the development regulations being put in place and so constituted a taking.The city rezoned the beach property in such a way that there was literally no way to develop the property and regain economic value. B/c the property owner owned it before the regulations were put in place – that constituted a taking. |
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Term
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Definition
Rough Proportionality Case. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality." the property owner’s burden roughly proportional to the public benefit? Note that Dolan v. Tigard required municipalities to make precise and specific findings before imposing an
exaction on a proposed development’s impact. This This involved a case in which a hardware store wanted to expand a parking lot and the city wanted, in return, the store to dedicate land for a bike trail. The key issue was that the impact of the expansion of the hardware store was not going to create a sufficient impact to warrant the development of this bike trail on this property through this dedication of land. If the city wanted this dedication of land, it must purchase it themselves to make this bike trail happen. |
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Term
| Palazzolov v. Rhode Island (2001) |
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Definition
| The student should be aware of the investment-backed expectations consideration for a claim analyzed under Penn Central v. New York, especially the reasonableness of the expectations. Although prior enactment of the wetlands act is not a bar to a claim, one must question how much the Petitioner could have reasonably expected to gain from the property, which he succeeded to, in light of the regulation. fill in wetlands to build 74-unit housing development. Ruled that he could build on grounds that there was “investment backed” expectations- despite the fact that the regulations has been in place when he bought the property. 5-4 Dem Republican appointed split. Just like Gore-Bush. |
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Term
| Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (2002) |
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Definition
The US Supreme Court, in Sierra v. Tahoe
rules that a temporary building moratorium
for the purpose of conducting planning
studies to protect the public health, safety,
welfare, and morals is a legitimate use of
police power and does not constitute a
taking of any kind. Planners finally got relief – ruled that moratorium on development during the time of plan adoption was not a taking. |
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Term
| City of Monterey v. Del Monte Dunes; U.S. Supreme Court (1999) |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court upheld a jury award of $1.45 million in favor of the development based on the city's repeated denials of a development permit for a 190-unit residential complex on ocean front property. The development was in conformance with the city's comprehensive plan and zoning ordinance. The court found the repeated denials of permits deprived the owner of all economically viable use of the land. |
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Term
| Agins v. City of Tiburon; U.S. Supreme Court (1980) |
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Definition
5th Amendment Case.
The Court upheld a city's right to zone property at low-density and determined this zoning was not a taking. The appellants had acquired five acres of unimproved land for residential development. The City adopted zoning ordinances that placed the appellants' property in a zone where property may be devoted to one-family dwellings, with density restrictions permitting appellants to build between one and five single-family residences on their tract. Without having sought approval for development of their tract under the ordinances, appellants brought suit against the city in state court, alleging that the city had taken their property without just compensation in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, and seeking a declaration that the zoning ordinances were facially unconstitutional.
o The court said you don’t have the right to sue in this case. You have a property that is zoned for certain uses – you are free to develop them as they are currently zoned & the city has the right to determine what the particular zoning classification is.
In its Agins opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court never reached the issue of whether an as-applied taking occurred because Agins had failed to apply for the necessary development entitlement, and therefore the court thought this issue was not ripe for judicial decision. The court held that the zoning ordinance did not on its face deny Agins all use of the land, and hence there was no facial taking. Nor did the court reach the principal question submitted to it: whether in the context of an alleged regulatory taking, as is the case in physical takings, the aggrieved owner's remedy is "just compensation" as specified in the Fifth Amendment, or only a judgment declaring the regulation in question to be invalid. Eventually, in 1987, in the First English case, the Supreme Court overruled the California Supreme Court's Agins decision.
It took Ms. Agins over 30 years of administrative proceedings and litigation before she was finally permitted to build three houses on the subject 20-acre property. |
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Term
| Welch v. Swasey; 214 U.S. 91 (1909) |
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Definition
| The Court established the right of municipalities to regulate building height. |
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Term
| Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.; U.S. Supreme Court (1926) |
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Definition
| The Court found that as long as the community believed that there was a threat of a nuisance, the zoning ordinance should be upheld. The court first upheld modern zoning as a proper use of police power. Alfred Bettman filed an influential brief with the court. |
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Term
| Eubank v. City of Richmond; U.S. Supreme Court (1912) |
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Definition
| The Court first approved the use of setback regulations, although it overturned the setbacks in this case. |
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Term
| Nectow v. City of Cambridge; U.S. Supreme Court (1928) |
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Definition
The Supreme Court reversed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling, and found that the invasion of the plaintiff's property right was "serious and highly injurious," and that the placement of the locus of the zoning ordinance would not promote the health, safety, convenience or general welfare of the inhabitants of Cambridge. [1] It, along with Euclid v. Ambler, makes up the Supreme Court's case law on zoning.
Essentialy in Nectow v. City of Cambridge, the US Supreme Court struck down as
unconstitutional a local zoning ordinance that was not reasonably tied to a valid
public purpose under the police power. |
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Term
| Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo; New York State Court of Appeals (1972) |
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Definition
The court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses. A proposal would only be approved upon reaching a certain point level. Developers could increase their point total by providing the involved facilities themselves.
In Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, New York high court allows the use of
performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth. |
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Term
Construction Industry
Association of Sonoma County v. City of Petaluma. |
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Definition
Following the lead of Ramapo, the City of Petaluma, California (just north of
San Francisco) set a simple annual quota on building permits at 500 per year beginning
in 1971 (in 1970, Petaluma had issued over 2,000 building permits). In 1975, the Ninth
U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Petaluma’s quota system in Construction Industry
Association of Sonoma County v. City of Petaluma. |
|
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Term
| Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore; California Supreme Court (1976) |
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Definition
In 1976, the California Supreme Court upheld a temporary moratorium on building permits in Associated Home Builders of the Greater East Bay v. City
ofLivermore. Livermore had imposed the moratorium until certain performance criteria were met for the city as a whole.
The Associated Home Builders case was related to when building permits could be developed based on the availability of infrastructure. |
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Term
| Massachusetts v. EPA, Inc.; U.S. Supreme Court (2006) |
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Definition
| The Court held that the EPA must provide a reasonable justification for why they would not regulate greenhouse gases. |
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Term
| Rapanos v. United States; U.S. Supreme Court (2006) |
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Definition
| The Court found that the Army Corp of Engineers must determine whether there is a significant nexus between a wetland and a navigable waterway. |
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Term
| SD Warren v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection; U.S. Supreme Court (2006) |
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Definition
| The Court found that hydroelectric dams are subject to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within the framework of the First Amendment, freedom of speech applies to adult uses and signs. Freedom of religion applies to religious facilities. Freedom of association applies to group homes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Fifth Amendment requires just compensation for takings. This applies in cases of takings and eminent domain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Due process, substantive due process, procedural due process, and equal protection. The Fourteenth Amendment defines different types of due process. Due process can be applied to takings, eminent domain, and exactions. Substantive due process beyond the applications for due process includes aesthetics. Procedural due process applies to ordinances. Equal protection is applied to exclusionary zoning. |
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Term
| Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc.; U.S. Supreme Court (1976) |
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Definition
| The Court upheld a zoning scheme that decentralized sexually oriented businesses in Detroit. 2 adult theaters were opened by American Mini Theaters but there were restrictions on sex-based movies w/n 1,000 feet of businesses of regulated uses or w/n 500 feet of any residential districts. The Supreme Court found that Detroit’s ordinances were reasonable and although erotic material could not be completely suppressed, Detroit had adequate reasons to restrict the distribution of such material. It was NOT prohibiting free speech b/c there are areas in the city where erotic movies could be played. |
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Term
| Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego; U.S. Supreme Court (1981) |
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Definition
The Court found that commercial and non-commercial speech cannot be treated differently. The court overruled an ordinance that banned all off-premises signs because it effectively banned non-commercial signs. This case is unique b/c it deals with non-commercial signs. The case put
forward the rule that neither commercial nor non-commercial speech can be favored
over the other. |
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Term
| Members of City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent; U.S. Supreme Court (1984) |
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Definition
The Court found that the regulation of signs was valid for aesthetic reasons as long as the ordinance does not regulate the content of the sign. If the regulation is based on sign content, it must be justified by a compelling governmental interest. The Court found that aesthetics advance a legitimate state interest. The Court upheld a Los Angeles ordinance that banned attaching signs to utility poles.
Here, the Court upheld a Los Angeles ordinance that banned
attaching signs to utility poles. The ordinance passed the above test, and in doing
so, proved that aesthetics can satisfy the requirement of substantially advancing “a
legitimate state interest.” |
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Term
| Central Hudson v. Public Service Commission (1980) |
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Definition
First amendment case that creates the "test" for it to survive. The US Supreme Court finds in Central
Hudson v. Public Service Commission that
for a regulation involving first amendment
rights to survive, it must 1) advance a
compelling state interest, 2) allow a
reasonable alternative means of
communication, 3) is as narrowly defined as
possible, and 4) is a reasonable time, place,
and manner restriction.
Furthermore, the courts will strike down the regulation unless it (1) allows a reasonable
alternative means of communication, (2) is as narrowly defined as possible, and (3) is a
reasonable time, place, and manner restriction. Parts of this test (i.e., “A” and “B”) were
substantiated by CENTRAL HUDSON v. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (1980,
US Supreme Court). |
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Term
| City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.; U.S. Supreme Court (1986) |
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Definition
| Similar but a little different from Young Vs. American Mini Theaters. The Court found that placing restrictions on the time, place, and manner of adult entertainment is acceptable. The ordinance was treating the secondary effects (such as traffic and crime), not the content. The Court found that the city does not have to guarantee that there is land available, at a reasonable price, for this use. However, the city cannot entirely prohibit adult entertainment. The Court upheld a zoning ordinance that limited sexually oriented businesses to a single zoning district. Basically the city doesn’t have to say that there is a place that is affordable or reasonably located – just that they have the particular use in the city so it is not a violation of this amendment. |
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Term
| City of Boerne v. Flores; U.S. Supreme Court (1997) |
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Definition
| This case challenged the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The City of Boerne, Texas prohibited a church in a historic district from enlarging. The Supreme Court ruled that the act is an unconstitutional exercise of congressional powers that exceeded the enforcement powers of the fourteenth amendment. In the end, the city and church came to an agreement to leave 80 percent of the church intact and allow a new 750-seat auditorium on the rear of the auditorium. |
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Term
| United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Company; U.S. Supreme Court (1896) |
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Definition
| The Court ruled that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose. This was the first significant legal case dealing with historic preservation. |
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Term
| Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon; U.S. Supreme Court (1922) |
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Definition
| Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon. The first decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted "property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory taking." |
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Term
| Berman v. Parker; U.S. Supreme Court (1954) |
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Definition
| The court held that aesthetics is a valid public purpose. The court found that urban renewal was a valid public purpose w/ the intent of improving the visualization of blighted neighborhoods (the one takings case the court heard in 50 years – from PSUS class notes). Berman v. Parker; U.S. Supreme Court (1954) |
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Term
| Fred French Investing Co. v. City of New York; New York Court of Appeals (1976) |
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Definition
| In this case, the city had put in place a regulation that required the placement of a public park on private property, leaving no income producing use of the property. The Court invalidated the regulation, but it was not ruled as a taking that should receive compensation. |
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Term
| Penn Central Transportation Co. v. The City of New York; U.S. Supreme Court (1978) |
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Definition
The court found that a taking is based on the extent of the diminution of value, interference with investment backed expectations, and the character of the government action. The court weighed the economic impact of the regulation on investment backed expectations and the character of the regulation to determine whether the regulation deprives one of property rights. The court found that the New York City Landmark Preservation Law as applied to the Grand Central Terminal did not constitute a taking.
o In effect – Penn Central Transportation wanted to increase the size & height of the building and the city landmark commission found that it was a historic building and wanted to preserve it in its current state and it could be renovated but not expanded and so that the court found that this was not, in fact, a taking. The takeaway is that you can use historic preservation as a purpose that can advance and not constitute a taking. |
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Term
| Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corporation; U.S. Supreme Court (1982) |
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Definition
The court found that where there is a physical occupation, there is a taking. The cable television company installed cables on a building to serve the tenants of the building and to serve other buildings. The property owner brought a class action suit claiming that allowing the cable company to occupy the land was a taking.
The US Supreme Court confirms in Loretto
v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp. that
a physical invasion of a property is a taking. |
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Term
| First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles; U.S. Supreme Court (1987) |
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Definition
The court found that if a property is unusable for a period of time, then not only can the ordinance be set aside, but the property owner can subject the government to pay for damages. The court found that the County could either purchase the property out-right or revoke the ordinance and pay the church for its losses during the time of the trial.
Until FIRST ENGLISH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF GLENDALE v.
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES (1987, US Supreme Court), the only relief for a landowner
who had suffered a taking at the hands of a land use regulation was a writ of mandamus,
which simply struck down the regulation. However, the Court decided in First English that
the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment (U.S. Constitution) requires that
governments pay for the “temporary” taking in the time between the loss of property and
the writ of mandamus. |
|
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Term
| Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v. DeBenedictis; U.S. Supreme Court (1987) |
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Definition
| The Court found that the enactment of regulations did not constitute a taking. The Court found that the enactment of the Act was justified by the public interests protected by the Act. Pennsylvania's Bituminous Mine Subsidence and Land Conservation Act prohibits coal mining that causes subsidence damage to pre-existing public buildings, dwellings, and cemeteries. The Act requires that 50 percent of the coal beneath four protected structures be kept in place to provide surface support. The Coal Association alleged that this constituted a taking. Basically – if the protected structure sits on coal – 50% of the coal has to remain in place to help with support. The coal company alleged this was a taking. Court disagreed. This case found that “some state interests are more legitimate than others.” It is an important United States Supreme Court case interpreting the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause. In this case, the court upheld a Pennsylvania statute which limited coal mining causing damage to buildings, dwellings and cemeteries through subsidence. |
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Term
| FCC v. Florida Power Corporation; U.S. Supreme Court (1987) |
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Definition
| The Court found that a taking had not occurred. The public utilities challenged a federal statute that authorized the Federal Communications Commission to regulate rents charged by utilities to cable TV operators for the use of utility poles. |
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Term
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Definition
The Court found that a state law regulating pricing did not constitute a taking. The Court established the principle of public regulation of private businesses in the public interest.
Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1877),[1] was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn case opened the door for states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and was an important case in the struggle for public regulation of private enterprise in post-Civil War America. [2] Chief Justice Waite argued that the states may regulate the use of private property "when such regulation becomes necessary for the public good." Waite resurrected a latin legal doctrine to support his view: "When property is affected with a public interest, it ceases to be juris privati only." [3] Munn was one of six cases, the so-called Granger cases, all decided in the United States Supreme Court during the same term, all bearing on the same point, and all decided on the same principles.[4] Later court decisions, however, sharply curtailed the government’s power to regulate business. |
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Term
| Lingle v. Chevron USA, Inc.; U.S. Supreme Court (2005) |
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Definition
| The Court overturned a portion of the Agins v. City of Tiburon precedent, declaring that regulation of property effects a taking if it does not substantially advance legitimate state interests. The court found this prong of the formula imprecise and not appropriate for determining if a taking has occurred. The other prong of the formula under Agins related to denial of economically viable use is unaffected. |
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Term
| City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams; U.S. Supreme Court (2005) |
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Definition
| The Court ruled that a licensed radio operator that was denied conditional use permit for an antenna cannot seek damages because it would distort the congressional intent of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. |
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Term
| Kelo v. City of New London; US Supreme Court (2005) |
|
Definition
• The Supreme Court ruled that an economic development is a valid use of eminent domain. The court found that it is not in a position to determine the amount or character of land needed for a particular public project.
• We already had Berman Vs. Parker that said “aesthetics was a valid public purpose (that time in regards to Urban Renewal).” The Kelo case advances this. This was an economic development plan involving Pfizer (similar to the Rookwood development in Cincy). There were properties that were being acquired through eminent domain for economic redevelopment. This case advanced Berman Vs. Parker by stating that economic development was a valid public purpose (also in PSUS class notes). |
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Term
| Stop the Beach Renourishment Inc v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2009) |
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Definition
| The Littoral Rights case - Interesting case involving Florida homeowners that lived on a beach and due to the beach eroding yearly they found themselves with a waterfront view & home. The state of Florida then came in and said that they were going to replenish the beaches so now the homeowners weren’t right up on the water. The state of Florida claimed that they could do this b/c they had “littoral” rights – meaning that once land is submerged underwater – it becomes the property of the state. The supreme court agreed. This is important b/c of all of the coastal areas across the country. |
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Term
| Village of Belle Terre v. Boaraas; US Supreme Court (1974) |
|
Definition
The court found that a community has the power to control lifestyle and values. The court extended the concept of zoning under police power to include a community’s desire for certain types of lifestyles. The court upheld a regulation that prohibited more than two unrelated individuals from living together as a single family.
Essentially - Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas, 416 U.S. 1 (1974) is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the constitutionality of a residential zoning ordinance that limited the number of unrelated individuals who may inhabit a dwelling. |
|
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Term
| Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation; US Supreme Court (1977) |
|
Definition
The court reviewed a zoning case that denied a rezoning of a property from single-family to multi-family. The Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (MHDC), a nonprofit developer, contracted to purchase a 15-acre tract within Arlington Heights in order to build racially integrated low- and moderate-income housing. The contract was contingent upon securing rezoning as well as federal housing assistance. MHDC applied to the Village for the necessary rezoning from a single-family to a multiple-family (R-5) classification. The Village denied the rezoning request and MHDC and individual minority respondents filed suit for injunctive and declaratory relief, alleging that the denial was racially discriminatory and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Fair Housing Act. The District Court held that the Village's rezoning denial was motivated not by racial discrimination but by a desire to protect property values and maintain the Village's zoning plan. Though approving those conclusions, the Court of Appeals reversed, finding that the "ultimate effect" of the rezoning denial was racially discriminatory and observing that the denial would disproportionately affect blacks, particularly in view of the fact that the general suburban area, though economically expanding, continued to be marked by residential segregation. The US Supreme Court found that there was insufficient evidence to prove that the Village acted in a racially discriminatory manner and overturned the findings of the previous two courts. They reprimanded to the lower court for further consideration.
o This case really looks at the issue of whether or not denying rezonings can result in racial discrimination.
o (Cook County, Illinois) |
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Term
| Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel; New Jersey Supreme Court (1975) & (1983) – 2 cases. |
|
Definition
| Mount Laurel had a zoning ordinance setting the minimum lot size to 1/2 acres for the remaining undeveloped land. The Court found that Mount Laurel had exclusionary zoning that prohibited multifamily, mobile home, or low- to moderate-income housing. The court required the Town to open its doors to those of all income levels. In Mount Laurell II, 1983, the court required inclusionary zoning to produce affordable housing. |
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Term
| Texas v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc - (1985) |
|
Definition
| The CLC wanted to lease a building for the operation of a group home for the mentally disabled but a city ordinance required a special use permit for a group home of the mentally disabled but not for others. (Group home for the mentally disabled was labeled a hospital). The court ruled that the ordinance requiring a special use permit for the mentally retarded but not others was a violation of the equal protection clause. |
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Term
| RTM Media v. City of Houston (US Court of Appeals) (2009) |
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Definition
| City wanted to remove all billboards and had an ordinance to do so. RTM owned a bunch of billboards. They claimed this was free speech. Furthermore – the ordinance excluded non-commercial signs from the billboard ordinance so RTM said that the city was unjustly treating commercial speech differently than commercial speech. The court disagreed & sided with the city rationalizing that the government interest of removing traffic distractions and visually unappealing uses was a governmental interest and as long as its advancing “a substantial governmental interest,” then it can differentiate b/n commercial & non-commercial speech. |
|
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Term
| Midwest Media v. the City of Erlanger and City of Ft. Wright (US Court of Appeals) (2009) |
|
Definition
| The court upheld the signage restrictions in these 2 Kentucky cities near Cincinnati. Midwest Media applied for billboards/signs and were denied by the cities due to their ordinances but then the media company said that the ordinances didn’t have a statement of purpose that explicitly said what their intent or interest was. Court ruled that even though it didn’t explicitly state what the interests were – the policy itself of size and height – the intent – was clear to ameliorate aesthetic and traffic (lesson is though – make sure your ordinance says up front what the intention is) |
|
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Term
| Rocky Mountain Christian Church v. Board of County Commissioners (US Court of Apeals) (2010) |
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Definition
| She talks about this one: the Board of County Commissioners denied an application for the rezoning of a church. The church wanted to build a MegaChurch. The county said that the new church would bring traffic and go against the comp plan that stated that the area was rural in nature. The church sued saying it was a violation of the religious land use and institutionalized persons act of 2000 (RLUIPA – interesting act that ties planners & prisoners together forever) b/c they found that the county permitted a school to enlarge and stated that the 2 uses would have “comparable impacts” and the church won. The lesson being that you need to make sure that you are regulating like uses in a similar way so that you aren’t distinguishing them differently (e.g., religious uses versus educational) |
|
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Term
| West Linn Corporate Park v. City of West Linn (US Court of Appeals) (2011) |
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Definition
| Finally - the takeaway – you need to be really clear in the site plan approval process of what improvements are required AND you cannot vacate a street and then place an easement on it for public access on it w/o permission of the private property owner. You either need to keep it as a public street or get permission to put an easement on top of the street AND requiring off-site improvements does not constitute a taking (this is consistent w/ other cases) |
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Term
| Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District (2012) |
|
Definition
She doesn’t explain this case as much as she talks about the takeaways and impacts for planners. Basically the city didn’t have an ordinance in place for negotiations or regulations for development in place but when the developer came in for development on the water – the city tried to guide the development that it wanted. Developer said this was a taking and the court agreed. Takeaway for planners is that you really have to be clear and spell out the ordinance, direction, expectations, etc. This empowers planners but the case leaves some uncertainty – you can’t make up the rules as you go along.
It is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that land-use agencies imposing conditions on the issuance of development permits must comply with the "nexus" and "rough proportionality" standards of Nollan v. California Coastal Commission and Dolan v. City of Tigard, even if the condition consists of a requirement to pay money, and even if the permit is denied for failure to agree to the condition. |
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Term
| Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 1997 |
|
Definition
| The Court in this case was answering the question of whether an owner must attempt to sell their development rights before claiming a regulatory taking of property without just compensation. The Court found that Suitum’s taking claim was ripe for adjudication. The petitioner owned an undeveloped lot near Lake Tahoe. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency found that the lot could not be developed under the agencies’ regulations, but that Suitum could sell the development rights under the Transfer of Development Rights program. Suitum sued claiming a taking requiring compensation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The court determined that a municipality cannot utilize criteria based on biological or legal relationships in able to limit the types of groups that may live within its borders. |
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Term
| A Future Search (Process Methodology) |
|
Definition
Future searches are likened to the 4-room apartment search in which we are denial until there is a crisis and then you work together to come up w/ plan
• Future search is a PLANNING MEETING that helps people transform their capability for action very quickly. The meeting is task-focused. It brings together 60 to 80 people in one room or hundreds in parallel rooms.
• Future search brings people from all walks of life into the same conversation - those with resources, expertise, formal authority and need. They meet for 16 hours spread across three days. People tell stories about their past, present and desired future. Through dialogue they discover their common ground. Only then do they make concrete action plans.
• The meeting design comes from theories and principles tested in many cultures for the past 50 years. It relies on mutual learning among stakeholders as a catalyst for voluntary action and follow-up. People devise new forms of cooperation that continue for months or years. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. A charette is a short, intense, collaborative process that is usually used to design projects,
plan communities, and/or build consensuses.
2. A charette involves a small group of professionals and/or citizens working in an informal
setting to produce a product. If the product is more professionally-oriented (e.g., a
subdivision), then the group should be mostly composed of professionals. If the product is
more consensus-oriented, then the group should be mostly composed of citizens.
3. There are five commonly used types of charettes.
• • Professional design charettes: These are used to design projects. The
involved group contains only professionals – such as planners, architects, landscape
architects, and engineers.
• • Participatory design charettes: A participatory design charette is identical to
a professional design charette, except that the group works in the full view of the public.
• • Academic design charettes: An academic design charette is similar to a
professional design charette, except that it takes place in an academic setting.
• • Professional planning charettes: A professional planning charette is identical
to a professional design charette, except that it addresses general planning concerns
instead of a specific project’s design. In a professional planning charette, pubic
participation typically consists of occasional meetings between the group and public
officials or citizens.
• • Participatory planning charettes: A participatory planning charette is entirely
composed of citizens – with the sole exception of a professional facilitator. The facilitator typically drafts a summary of consensus points at the conclusion of the process.
4. A “design-in” – in which professional planners (1) teach citizens how to design and/or plan communities, and (2) help the citizens design a project or develop a plan – is a close relative of the charettes. |
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Term
| Main Purpose of the Decennial Census |
|
Definition
| The fundamental reason for conducting the decennial census of the United States is to apportion the members of the House of Representatives among the 50 states. A state's resident population consists of those persons "usually resident" in that state (where they live and sleep most of the time). A state's apportionment population is the sum of its resident population and a count of overseas U.S. military and federal civilian employees (and their dependents living with them) allocated to the state, as reported by the employing federal agencies. |
|
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Term
| First indoor, climate controlled shopping mall (place and year) |
|
Definition
| Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall. (1956) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A metropolitan planning organization (MPO) is a transportation policy-making organization made up of representatives from local government and transportation authorities. In the early 1970s, the Congress of the United States passed legislation that required the formation of an MPO for any Urbanized Area (UZA) with a population greater than 50,000. Congress created MPOs in order to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transportation projects and programs are based on a continuing, cooperative and comprehensive (“3-C”) planning process. Federal funding for transportation projects and programs are channeled through this planning process. |
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Term
| The New York City Tenement House Law of 1901 |
|
Definition
| The passage of the 1901 Tenement Act resulted from deteriorating conditions in the increasingly overcrowded tenement districts of New York. The result was an increase in the # of windows, plumbing on each floor, and outlawing Dumbbell Tenements. Lawrence Veiller was a leader in this. |
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Term
| Participatory Rural Appraisal |
|
Definition
Participatory Rural Appraisal is a group of techniques that allow for the provision and analysis of information by the public. These are typically highly visual including creation of maps or picture cards.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.
To ensure that people are not excluded from participation, these techniques avoid writing wherever possible, relying instead on the tools of oral communication like pictures, symbols, physical objects and group memory. Efforts are made in many projects, however, to build a bridge to formal literacy; for example by teaching people how to sign their names or recognize their signatures. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Sometimes synonymous with a referendum)
A vote by which the people of an entire country or district express an opinion for or against a proposal especially on a choice of government or ruler |
|
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Term
| Which city was home to the first COG? |
|
Definition
| In 1954, the Council of Government movement (COGS) begins in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors' Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting area wide problems. It soon spreads nationwide. |
|
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Term
| national historic preservation act |
|
Definition
1966. National Historic Preservation Act passed. Establishes the National Register of
Historic Places and provides, through its Section 106, for the protection of
preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities. This act
also creates the national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that
each state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). |
|
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Term
| Management By Objective (MBO) |
|
Definition
Management By Objective (MBO) is a management model. The planning director and his subordinates set organizational goals and objectives, which are then transformed into performance measures for individual employees. Thus, it is a collaborative goals setting process (i.e., it is not purely hierarchical).
Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are. Management By Objectives term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book 'The Practice of Management'. |
|
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Term
| The National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 |
|
Definition
| This law initiated the HOME program for housing rehabilitation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| HOME program - is a type of United States Federal assistance provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to States in order to provide decent and affordable housing, particularly housing for low- and very low-income Americans.[1] It is the largest Federal block grant to States and local governments designed exclusively to create affordable housing for low-income families, providing approximately US$2 billion each year. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Methane is a chemical compound. It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas. It is a major contributor greenhouse gas and is explosive. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Right to farm laws in the United States (sometimes called nuisance laws) deny nuisance suits against farmers who use accepted and standard farming practices, even if these practices harm or bother adjacent property owners or the general public. Agricultural nuisances may include noise, odors, visual clutter and dangerous structures. Every state has some form of a right-to-farm law. |
|
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Term
| The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 |
|
Definition
| The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 is a United States federal law that established the General Services Administration which is responsible for managing, acquiring, and disposing of federal property. |
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Term
| Audience Response System (ARS) |
|
Definition
| ARS is instant polling software used in conjunction with a slide presentation. A USB receiver/base station retrieves the data provided by an audience using wireless hand-held devices and stores this information on the presenter’s computer. Some ARS programs offer the option of partici¬pating in the process via personal cellular phones or laptop computers. The most obvious benefit of ARS is the chance to receive instant and accurate feedback from the audience. This feedback is assumed to represent honest opinions because the answers are sent anonymously. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Groupware includes a variety of electronic technologies that support virtual collaboration. These techniques use hardware, software, and or internet technology to allow for sophisticated collaboration activities. |
|
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Term
| 6 transects used in New Urbanism |
|
Definition
| The six transects include natural, rural, sub-urban, general urban, urban center and urban core. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Locally Undesirable Land Use |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| American Society of Planning Officials (1934-1978) |
|
|
Term
| The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook |
|
Definition
| APA created this to encourage states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts. The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA's seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S. |
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Term
| Eliminated from the 2000 Census |
|
Definition
| source of water, sewage disposal, and condominium status were eliminated from the 2000 Census. |
|
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Term
| Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB) |
|
Definition
| This system was developed by Texas Instruments in the 1970s. ZBB works against the tradition of taking last year’s budget as a given, and adding a little for inflation and expanding programs. In a ZBB system, last year is a closed book, and every program must be justified as if it were brand new. The “Green Bible” lists four steps to ZBB: (1) “decision units” are isolated, (2) the decision units are analyzed into “decision packages,” (3) the decision packages are prioritized by management, and (4) the budget is compiled – based on the available resources and the above prioritization. Decision packages are associated with ZBB |
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Term
|
Definition
| He was the first paid planning commissioner, wrote comp plan for St. Louis, owned a planning consulting firm, first full-time planner for a city |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An empowerment zone is a federally designated distressed area in need of sustainable community development. EZ is designed to afford communities real opportunities for growth and revitalization.
Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC) proposal signed into law in 1993. Aims
tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low-interest financing to a
limited number of impoverished urban and rural communities to jumpstart their
economic and social recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). First U.S. comprehensive housing
legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban
redevelopment program.
This act also created the federal urban renewal program. This
program made federal funds available to “deteriorated” areas (initially) for slum clearance
and redevelopment (to any use). Note that the involved municipalities were required to
have comprehensive plans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Peter Calthorpe. In 1989, he proposed the concept of "Pedestrian Pocket" an up to 110 acres (45 ha) pedestrian friendly, transit linked, mixed-use urban area with a park at its centre. The Pedestrian Pocket mixes low-rise high-density housing, commercial and retail uses. The concept had a number of similarities with Ebenezer Howard's Garden City, and aimed to be an alternative to the then usual low-density residential suburban developments |
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Term
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Definition
A visual preference survey is a technique for obtaining public feedback on physical design alternatives. It is often used when designing zoning codes, planning redevelopment, and conducting urban planning research.
The survey consists of a series of images that participants must score according to their preference. The images may be actual photographs or computer-simulated images depicting potential urban environments.[1] The participants' input is then used to make decisions about the future built environment.
This technique was developed by urban planner Anton Tony Nelessen in the late 1970s,[2] and it grew in popularity during the 1990s. The method has been criticized on the basis that lighting, weather, and background activities might influence preferences. In part this is corrected by using simulated imagery,[3] but simulations themselves may be misleading when compared with actual photographs. Recent plans utilizing visual preference surveys include Denver,[4] Topeka,[5] New Castle,[6] and Orlando.[7] |
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Term
| Census Designated Place (CDP) |
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Definition
| A Census Designated place is recognized similar to a city, but it is not incorporated. Examples include a number of major master planned communities in unincorporated areas. |
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Term
| Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe (1960s) |
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Definition
| In the 1960s, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park filed suit against US Secretary of Transportation John Volpe after he announced plans to build Interstate 40 through Overton Park in Memphis. The suit claimed that he was violating section 4(f) of the Dept. of Transportation Act of 1966, which required the government to show there were no "feasible and prudent" alternatives to using public lands, such as parks, when building freeways. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park. This lead to a considerable increase in grassroots environmental organizing. |
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Term
| Open Space Participatory Method |
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Definition
Open Space is a large-group process that helps participants focus energy on issues or opportunities of interest, and collectively design appropriate courses of action. Although it works with as few as 8 participants, Open Space is considered a large-group intervention because it works equally well with hundreds of participants. The term "technology" can be misleading, because the process is anything but technical or linear. According to Harrison Owen, the originator, the "technology" term was added by the sponsors of a large event early on, and the name Open Space Technology has stuck ever since. Practitioners usually refer to the process simply as Open Space.
Open Space Technology is a workshop process to run creative and productive meetings. Open Space Technology is functional for five to 5000 participants. |
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Term
| Multiattribute Utility Analysis |
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Definition
| Multiattribute Utility Analysis allows for weighting of a series of values dimensions. For example, participants are given a number of points that can be allocated between the value dimensions or participants can be asked which of two values is more important. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Force field analysis – which is a variation of brainstorming – can be used to analyze and
select policies and programs from a known group of alternatives.
2. Force field analysis roughly works as follows.
• Alternative number one is presented.
• Each member of the group lists his or her likes and dislikes concerning this alternative.
• The complete set of dislikes is then prioritized by the group.
• The group members then make suggestions on how they would overcome the highest
priority dislikes.
• Then, alternative number two is presented – and so on… |
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Term
| COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS (CEA) |
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Definition
C/E (C is monteary costs | E is a composite measure of effectiveness and includes positive & negative impacts)
1. Cost effectiveness analysis (or CEA) is usually used to compare two competing projects
that will provide roughly the same benefits. However, it is more complex than merely
comparing the total or annualized costs of the projects over their lifetimes (see the previous
page).
2. Like cost benefit analysis, CEA discounts costs to present value.
3. CEA is based on a simple ratio: e/c. The “e” is a composite measure of effectiveness that
can consider direct impacts, secondary impacts, and negatives – such as the traffic
congestion that comes with economic growth. Note that metrics can be used to control for
both the differences in measurement units and the relative importances among variables.
The “c” addresses monetary costs.
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Term
| Line Functions (Office Administration) |
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Definition
| Line functions provide services directly to the public (e.g., fire and police departments). |
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Term
| Systematic Sampling (system) |
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Definition
| A list is developed and every Nth person is selected |
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Term
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Definition
| A frequency polygon that represents cumulative frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| A push analysis determines if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers. |
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Term
| Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope |
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Definition
| The Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifies the best combination of resources to obtain a desired outcome. Generally used when resources are scarce. |
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Term
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Definition
| annual rate of interest paid on a bond that a borrower pays to the bond holder |
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Term
| Certificate of Obligation |
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Definition
| Bond issues by the city w/o voter approval |
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Term
| Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) |
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Definition
| The Council on Environmental Quality coordinates federal environmental efforts and works with federal agencies on the development of environmental policies and initiatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enterprise fund is an account that manages the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a minor league baseball park, parking garage, zoo. |
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Term
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Definition
| . Agriculture is the most frequent use of land in the United States with 1/5 of land used for crops and just under 1/3 used for livestock grazing. Because of urbanization the amount of land in agriculture is declining and there is a trend towards larger farm operations, according to a report on land use produced by the EPA |
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Term
| National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) |
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Definition
| As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster sampling is a sampling technique used when "natural" but relatively homogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this technique, the total population is divided into these groups (or clusters) and a simple random sample of the groups is selected. |
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Term
| Systematic Random Sampling |
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Definition
| Systematic random sampling starts by selected a starting point at random and then selecting a consistent random number from that point. For example starting at person 434 and then taking every 10th person in the phone book from there to call to participate in a survey |
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Term
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Definition
| Channelization straightens and increases the volume of water delivered to streams. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century |
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Term
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Definition
| An extension above the roof for aesthetic purposes |
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Term
| Zero Lot Line Development |
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Definition
| A piece of residential real estate in which the structure comes up to or very near to the edge of the property line. Zero-lot-line house are built very close to the property line in order to create more usable space. Rowhouses, garden homes, patio homes and townhomes are all types of properties that may be zero-lot-line homes. They may be attached (as in a townhome) or detached, single story or multistory. |
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