Term
The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except |
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Definition
the venae cavae. The lymphoid system is composed of the lymph nodes, lymph, the spleen, and the lymphatic vessels. |
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Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
transporting respiratory gases. The functions of the lymphatic system include: transporting dietary fats, draining excess interstitial fluid, and carrying out immune responses. |
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The thymus is most active during ________. |
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Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ________. |
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Definition
skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement |
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Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones? |
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The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________. |
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Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? |
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Definition
red blood cells. The normal components of lymph include: water, ions, and plasma proteins. |
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The lymphocytes are most important in |
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Definition
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Term
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the |
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Definition
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Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except |
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Definition
the brain. Lymphocytes are produced and stored in the lymphoid nodules, the spleen, the thymus, and the lymph node organs. |
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Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with |
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Lymphocyte production involves |
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T is to ________ as B is to ________. |
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Definition
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived. |
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Term
Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they |
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Definition
produce antibodies. Lymph nodes remove excess nutrients from the lymph, remove debris and pathogens from the lymph, monitor the contents of lymph, and detect pathogens. |
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Term
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as |
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Definition
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Term
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except |
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Definition
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Term
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the |
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Definition
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Term
Nonspecific defenses include |
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Definition
all of the above: A) phagocytic cells. B) physical barriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. |
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Term
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except |
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Definition
inhibition of the immune response. The effects of activating the immune system include: enhancing phagocytosis, histamine release, stimulation of inflammation, and destruction of target cell plasma membranes. |
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Term
Inflammation produces localized |
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Definition
all of the above: A) swelling. B) redness. C) heat. D) pain. |
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Term
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by |
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Definition
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Term
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. |
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Definition
naturally acquired active |
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Term
The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to |
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Definition
all of the above: A) activate T cells. B) display antigen fragments. C) process antigens. |
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Term
Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is not true? |
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Definition
bind complement. MHC proteins: A) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells B) function in antigen presentation C) fall into two major classes D) are found on all nucleated cells |
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Term
The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. |
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Term
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons? |
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Definition
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Term
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. |
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Definition
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Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of |
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Definition
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Term
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection and also are the class that characterize anti-A and anti-B antibodies, are |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, except that |
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Definition
it is delayed by the memory cell stage. The primary response of humoral immunity requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells, it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell, circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise, and it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. |
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Term
Enhanced immune responses to subsequent exposures to an antigen to which the body has already been exposed are known as |
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Definition
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Term
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably |
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Definition
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Term
Diapedesis is the process in which |
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Definition
cells squeeze through the lining of capillaries to attack invading microbes. |
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Term
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in |
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Definition
none of these: neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, or complement activation and opsonization. |
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Term
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Definition
the end result of complement system. |
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Term
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Definition
the coating of a pathogen by complement. |
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Term
The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes |
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Definition
are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. |
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Term
The complement cascade results in |
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Definition
damage resulting in cell lysis. |
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Term
Class II MHC (major histocompatibility antigens) are found on |
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Definition
antigen-presenting cells. |
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Term
The perforin-granzyme pathway involves |
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Definition
the synthesis of special cell-killing proteins that act on infected or abnormal cells and the D) binding CD95L to infected cells, which eventually leads to cell apoptosis. |
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Term
Activation of tBid protein leads to |
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Definition
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Term
CD4 recognizes and binds to MHC II antigens and helps stabilize the binding of antigenic determinants to which T cell receptors? CD4 is a marker found on what cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine. |
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Term
What is the purpose of lacteals? |
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Definition
Absorb lipids from the digestive tract. |
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Term
Structurally, lymph vessels are most similar to |
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Definition
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Term
A woman has her right breast and right axillary lymph nodes removed. Which of the following might occur? |
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Definition
Right lymphatic duct drainage decreases causing edema in the right arm. |
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Term
Which of the following organs does NOT contain lymphatic tissue? |
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Definition
liver. The organs that contain lymphatic tissue includes: the spleen, lingual tonsils, thymus, and the pharyngeal tonsils. |
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Term
Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to |
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Definition
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Definition
provide protection against bacteria entering the oral and nasal cavities. |
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Term
Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by _____ in the sinuses of lymph nodes. |
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Definition
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Term
Lymph exits a lymph node via the |
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Definition
efferent lymphatic vessels. |
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Term
The only structures that filter lymph is/are the |
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Definition
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Definition
filters damaged red blood cells from the blood. |
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Term
The white pulp of the spleen |
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Definition
contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response. |
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Term
What is the function of thymosin? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
You are born with it. The characteristics of adaptive immunity include: it has memory, specificity, and it is acquired throughout your lifetime. |
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Term
Which of the following is true of adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
The second response is faster and stronger than the first response. |
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Term
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Definition
can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells. |
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Term
Which of the following most accurately describes how foreign substances can activate complement? |
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Definition
Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens and activate complement through the classical pathway and foreign substances can bind to spontaneously activated C3 and stabilize it. |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of complement action? |
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Definition
produces cytokines. The mechanisms of complement action include: opsonization, attracts other immune cells to the site of infection, and forms a MAC that leads to cell lysis. |
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Term
Interferon production is stimulated by |
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Definition
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Term
The movement of leukocytes to the source of certain chemicals is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
an enzyme found in body fluids that destroys certain bacteria. |
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Term
Which of the following statements concerning neutrophils and macrophages is false? |
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Definition
Both release histamine when activated. |
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Term
Histamine and leukotrienes are released from |
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Definition
basophils and mast cells. |
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Term
Which of the following is usually the first cell type to leave the blood and enter infected tissues |
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Definition
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Term
Natural Killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
secrete enzymes that kill tumor or virus-infected cells. |
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Term
During the inflammatory response, |
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Definition
chemical mediators are released. |
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Term
In systemic inflammation, pyrogens |
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Definition
stimulate fever production. |
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Term
Adaptive immunity is stimulated by |
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Definition
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Term
____ are part of cell-mediated immunity while ____ are part of antibody-mediated immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a subpopulation of T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
T cells are divided into two primary groups, effector and regulatory. Which of the following are regulatory T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
The MHC class I antigen complex displays a foreign antigen on the cell surface. This prompts the immune system to destroy |
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Definition
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Term
MHC class II molecules are found on |
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Definition
B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. |
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Term
Cells that process antigen and present antigens to other immune cells are called |
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Definition
antigen-presenting cells. |
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Term
Frequently, several different signals or molecules are needed in order to produce an immune response by a B cell or T cell. The second signal in this process is called |
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Definition
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Term
T helper cells possess a glycoprotein called CD4. This molecule binds to |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following might occur after a helper T cell is presented with a processed antigen and costimulated? |
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Definition
Helper T cells release interleukins that stimulate B cells to clone. |
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Term
Once cytotoxic T cells are produced, which of the following is (are) consistent with their ability to attack intracellular viruses? |
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Definition
Most nucleated cells process antigens through the MHC class I mechanisms, viral antigens are processed by the MHC class I mechanism and are presented to the cell surface, and cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC class I processed antigens. D. Cytotoxic T cells bound to the MHC class I processed antigens release lymphokines. |
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Term
Lymphocyte proliferation begins by increasing the number of |
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Definition
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Term
Antibodies are produced by |
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Definition
B cells that differentiate to form plasma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic determinant. |
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Term
Antibodies secreted in breast milk |
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Definition
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Term
As a result of opsonization, |
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Definition
antigens are more susceptible to phagocytosis. |
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Term
Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody blood levels increases. This is a |
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Definition
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Term
The secondary or memory response |
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Definition
provides better protection than the primary response. |
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Term
In the cell-mediated immune response, T cells secrete ___, which activate additional components of the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
Cell-mediated immunity would be least effective against |
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Definition
extracellular antigens. Cell-mediated immunity would be more effective against tumor cells, virally infected cells, intracellular bacteria, and intracellular parasites. |
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Definition
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Several research groups are working on vaccines that will be effective against the AIDS virus. When a successful vaccine is produced, it is likely to be injected to produce |
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Definition
active artificial immunity. |
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Term
An abnormal, exaggerated response of the immune system is called |
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Definition
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