Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Z332
Endocrine / Reproductive
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
08/11/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the posterior pituitary controlled by?
Definition
The Brain
Term
What is the anterior pituitary controlled by?
Definition
The Portal Venous System
Term
What is another name for TSH?
Definition
Thyrotropin
Term
What is another name for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Definition
corticotropin
Term
What makes thyroglobulin?
Definition
Follicle cells in the Thyroid Gland
Term
What cells do thyroid hormes affect?
Definition
Most cells
Term
What is the effect of released thyroid cells?
Definition
Strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in cellular metabolism rate.
Term
What do C, clear, cells produce?
Definition
Calcitonin
Term
What is calcitonin's function?
Definition
To increase calcium bone absorption.
Term
What cells produce PTH?
Definition
Chief Cells
Term
What are 4 effects of PTH?
Definition
1. To stimulate osteoclasts
2. inhibit osteoblasts
3. urinary loss of calcium
4. stimulates formation of calcitrol
Term
What are the primary regulators of blood calcium levels in adults?
Definition
The Parathyroid Glands
Term
What does the adrenal cortex sectrete?
Definition
Steroids, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids.
Term
What is an example of mineralcorticoids
Definition
aldosterone, conserves sodium levlels
Term
What is a negative side affect of glucocorticoids?
Definition
It lowers white blood cell activity.
Term
What does the zona reticularis produce?
Definition
androgens when under stimulation by ACTH.
Term
What are three functions of the pineal gland?
Definition
1. inhibit reproductive functions
2. protects against free radicals
3. circadian rhythms
Term
What hormones are bound directly?
Definition
Steroid - diffussion
Thyroid Hormones - mitochondria
Term
What hormones are bound indirectly?
Definition
E, NE, dopamine, peptide hormones, eicosanoids
Term
Does FSH stimulate estrogen production?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What is another name for growth hormone?
Definition
Somatotropin.
Term
What are the two mechanisms that GH works?
Definition
1. Liver responds to GH by releasing IGH - almost immediately rate of amino acid uptake increases.
2. Stimulates stem cell divisions, breakdown of stored triglycerides - glucose sparing effect, and blood sugar levels rise when liver breaks down glucose.
Term
What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Definition
Neurohypophysis
Term
Does the neurohypophysis contain axons of hypothalamic neurons that are myelinated or unmyelinated?
Definition
Unmyelinated
Term
Is the release of ADH inhibited or increased with the consuption of alcohol?
Definition
Inhibited - you urinate more.
Term
What are the mediator molecules for the nervous system?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
What are the mediator molecules for the endocrine system?
Definition
Hormones
Term
Where are the sites of the mediator action in the nervous system?
Definition
Close to site of release
Term
Where are the sites of mediator actions in the endocrine system?
Definition
Far away from the site of release
Term
What are target cells of the nervous system?
Definition
Muscle cells, gland cells, and neurons
Term
What are the target cells of the endocrine system?
Definition
virtually all body cells.
Term
Does the nervous system or the endrocrine system respond faster?
Definition
The nervous system responds faster - within minutes.
Term
What is the endocrine and nervous system's common goal?
Definition
To preserve homeostatis.
Term
Definition: Portal System
Definition
blood vessels that link 2 capillary networks: example - hypophyseal portal system
Term
Where do the adrenal glands lie?
Definition
Along the superior border of each kidney.
Term
Where is the pancreas located?
Definition
between the inferior border of the stomach and prixmal portion of small intestine.
Term
Does the pacreas contain exocrine or endocrine cells?
Definition
Both! islets of Langerhands / digestive enzyme delivers to duodenum
Term
What do alpha cells make?
Definition
glucagon
Term
What do beta cells make?
Definition
insulin
Term
What type of hormone is insulin?
Definition
A peptide hormone.
Term
What are the 5 effects of insulin?
Definition
1. increase glucose uptake
2. increase glucose utilization / ATP production
3. stimulate glycogen formation
4. stimulate amino acid absorption / protein synthesis
5. increase triglyceride formation in adipose.
Term
What are 3 effects of glucagons?
Definition
1. breakdown of glycogen
2. breakdown tryiglycerides in adipose
3. increase production of glucose in liver
Term
Definition: Infundibulum
Definition
the stalk that connects the pituitary to the brain
Term
Definition: Posterior pituitary
Definition
extension of the neural tissue
Term
Definition: anterior pituitary
Definition
endocrine gland of epithelial origin.
Term
What does erythropoetin stimulate?
Definition
The production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
Term
When does renin become released?
Definition
When blood pressure or volume is low.
Term
What is another name for GAS (General Adaption Syndrome)
Definition
The stress response
Term
What organ does the GAS stimulate?
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
What are the three phases of GAS?
Definition
1. Alarm Phase
2. Resistance Phase
3. Exhaustion Phase
Term
What are the three phases of GAS?
Definition
1. Alarm Phase
2. Resistance Phase
3. Exhaustion Phase
Term
What hormones are involved in the resistance phase?
Definition
1. GH
2. glucocorticoids
3. adrenocorticotropic hormone
4. aldosterone
5. ADH
Term
What are some causes of the exhaustion phase?
Definition
1. exhaustion of lipid reserves
2. inability to produce glucocorticoids
3. failure of electrolyte balance
4. damage to vital organs.
Term
Definition: gonads
Definition
organs that produce gametes and hormones
Term
Definition: Ducts
Definition
they receive and transport gametes
Term
Definition: accessory glands
Definition
secrete fluids into ducts
Term
definition: perinieal structures
Definition
"external genitalia"
Term
How many gametes do females produce each month? Males?
Definition
Females: 1/month
Males: .5 billion/month
Term
When do the testes drop?
Definition
During the seventh month of life.
Term
Definition: Testes
Definition
where the sperm and testosterone are produced
Term
Definition: seminal vesicles
Definition
adds fluids that make up semen
Term
Definition: epididymis
Definition
where sperm are stored
Term
Definition: prostate gland
Definition
adds fluids that make up sperm
Term
definition: urethra
Definition
tube that carries urine and semen out of the body
Term
definition: vas deferens
Definition
tube that carries urine and semen out of the body
Term
definition: cowper's gland
Definition
secretes fluids that make up semen and lubricates the urethra
Term
What is the path of sperm?
Definition
1. testis
2. epididymis
3. ductus deferens
4. ejaculatory duct
5. urethra
Term
What tissue surrounds the urethra in the penis?
Definition
corpus spongiosm
Term
What tissue type contributes to erection?
Definition
Corpora cavernosa
Term
What is the dartos muscle for?
Definition
It wrinkles the scrotal surface
Term
What is the cremaster muscle for?
Definition
It pulls the testes closer to the body.
Term
Is the testes required temp lower or higher than the regular body temperature?
Definition
1.1 C lower.
Term
HOw long is each seminiferous tubule?
Definition
80 cm.
Term
What are the inguinal canals?
Definition
passageways through the abdominal musculature - a common place for Male INguinal Hernias to develop
Term
What does the spermatic cord enclose?
Definition
ductus deferenes, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels of testes.
Term
where is the bulbourethral gland located?
Definition
At the base of the penis
Term
What does the bulbourethral gland do?
Definition
neutralizes urinary acids in urethra
lubricate the glans
Term
How many chromosomes does a primary spermatocyte have?
Definition
46
Term
How many chromosomes does a secondary spermatocyte have?
Definition
23
Term
What is oocyte maturation directed by?
Definition
LH
Term
What is fillicle maturation directed by?
Definition
FSH
Term
What is ovulation triggered by?
Definition
LH Surge
Term
What does corpus leteum make?
Definition
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
Term
What does HCG do?
Definition
Stimulates the corpus luteum to survive and grow.
Term
What hormone stimulates the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Definition
Progesterone
Supporting users have an ad free experience!