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WSU Pathophysiology Unit 7 Chapter 36
Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Function
94
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
07/22/2011

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Term
Glomerular Filtration is
Definition
Filtration of waste laden blood in the glomerulus.
Term
Glomerular Filtrate is located in
Definition
Bowmans capsule
Term
Glomerular Filtrate is
Definition
Blood minus the formed elements and the majority of the plasma proteins.
Term
Tubular secretion is
Definition
Movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate.
Term
Fenestration (pore) of glomerular endothelial cell (center layer):
Definition
Prevents filtration of blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass through.
Term
Basal lamina of glomerulus (middle layer)
Definition
Prevents filtration of larger proteins.
Term
Slit membrane between pedicels (outer layer):
Definition
Prevents filtration of medium sized proteins.
Term
Tubular Re-absorption is
Definition
Process of returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body.
Term
What percent of solutes are reabsorbed?
Definition
99% (reabsorption can be active or passive)
Term
What solutes are reabsorbed?
Definition
Glucose, Na+, K+, vitamins, water, amino acids, and proteins
Term
In filtration and re-absorption...
Definition
Water follows solutes
Term
What must be maintained in both extracellular and intracellular compartments?
Definition
Electrolyte neutrality. The number of cations (+ ions) and anions (- ions) must be equal.
Term
What are the solute amounts in Plasma?
(Water, Protein, Glucose, Urea and Creatinine)
Definition
Water is 3L
Protein is 200g
Glucose is 3g
Urea is 1 g
Creatinine is 0.3g
Term
What are the solute amounts in 180L of filtrate a day?
(Water, Protein, Glucose, Urea and Creatinine)
Definition
Water is 180L
Protein is 10-20g
Glucose is 180g
Urea is 54g
Creatinine is 1.4g
Term
What are the solute amounts in urine a day?
(Water, Protein, Glucose, Urea and Creatinine)
Definition
Water is 1-2L
Protein is 0g
Glucose is 0g
Urea is 25g
Creatinine is 1.4g
Term
Increased blood concentration=
Definition
Decreased urine output.
Term
Increased ambient temperature=
Definition
Decreased urine output.
Term
Diuretics=
Definition
Increased urine production.
Term
What is renal threshold?
Definition
If the filtrate concentration of a substance cannot be reabsorbed fast enough then the renal threshold of that substance will be reached and the substance will spill into the urine.
Term
Normal Urine Output volume is
Definition
1-2L a day
Term
Normal color for urine is
Definition
Various shades of yellow.
Term
Turbidity for normal urine is
Definition
Clear
Term
Normal odor for urine is
Definition
Variable
Term
What is the normal pH for urine?
Definition
5.0-6.5(can vary depending on diet and disease 4.5-8.0)
Term
What is the Specific gravity of urine?
Definition
1.005 to 1.025
Term
What are the chemicals in urine?
Definition
Water, urea, creatinine, ketones, Na+, K+, bicarbinate, and small amounts of uric acid.
Term
What is a urinalysis?
Definition
Urine examination for presence of solutes. Microscopic analysis is a visualization of urinary sediment.
Term
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Definition
Albumin
Term
The glomerular filter blocks anything...
Definition
<10 kDa
Term
What is the tubular capacity for protein?
Definition
The system has limited protein absorption and is easily overwhelmed.
Term
What is Proteinuria?
Definition
When protein cannot be absorbed and is excreted by urine.
Term
Proteinuria usually means...
Definition
There is damage to the glomeruli.
Term
What is the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) looking for?
Definition
Urea, ammonia, and other nitrogen based compounds.
Term
How does kidney failure affect your BUN?
Definition
These nitrogen compounds can't pass through the filter and build up in the blood.
Term
Creatinine is a waste product of?
Definition
Muscle metabolism.
Term
Creatinine is directly related to?
Definition
Muscle Mass.
Term
Creatinine clearance rate per min?
Definition
Men 97-137 mL
Women 88-128 mL
Term
Glomerular Filtration Rate measures...
Definition
This is a measurement of how much blood is filtered through the glomerulus and becomes filtrate.
Term
Normal Glomerular Filtration rate =
Definition
> 90 mL a min
Term
What is the GFR for kidney failure?
Definition
< 15 mL a min
Term
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) are caused by?
Definition
Underlying disorders (infections or obstructions), increased dietary intake of specific chemicals (Ca++ and PO4), high or low pH levels and dehydration.
Term
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Definition
Flank pain radiating to the groin area, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Term
What are the lab findings of kidney stones?
Definition
High urine specific gravity, hematuria (bloody urine), and possible crystals on microscopic exam.
Term
How are kidney stones diagnosed?
Definition
By performing an IV Pyelogram (IVP).
Term
What is the treatment of kidney stones?
Definition
High fluid intake, stone extraction, and stone fragmentation (laser or ultrasound).
Term
Kidney stones can cause...
Definition
Renal failure and predispose to infections.
Term
Neurogenic Bladder is an
Definition
Obstructive uropathy cause by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder. Both CNS or spinal cord damage can be a cause.
Term
What causes a Pt's loss in Voluntary voiding?
Definition
Loss of upper motor neuron function in the primary neuron between the cortex and sacrum.
Term
What causes a Pt's loss of both Voluntary and involuntary urination?
Definition
Loss of lower motor neurons in the peripheral nerves from the sacrum due to disruption of the sacral reflex.
Term
What is the main pathogen that causes urinary tract infections?
Definition
E. coli
Term
What are other causes of UTI's?
Definition
Surgery, catheters, diabetes, ptosis, prostatic hyperplasia, and STD'd.
Term
How common are UTI's?
Definition
Common in females.
Uncommon in males.
STD's are common in both sexes.
Term
What are the signs and symptoms of an UTI?
Definition
Dysuria (burning urination, urgency and frequency), Incontinence, and lower back or flank pain.
Term
Cystitis is an?
Definition
Infectious or Non-infectious inflammation.
Term
Signs and symptoms of Cystitis?
Definition
Painful, burning urination, frequency, urgency, hematuria (not always), and foul smelling and cloudy urine.
Term
What are the lab findings for Cystitis?
Definition
WBC's with/without bacteria.
Term
Pyelonephritis is caused by?
Definition
Infections (but not always). Ascending microorganisms, urinary obstruction, condition that causes urinary reflux, or urine retention.
Term
What are the signs and symptoms of Pyelonephritis?
Definition
Fever, chills, back pain, dysuria, and frequency.
Term
What are the lab findings for Pyelonephritis?
Definition
WBC's and WBC casts, with/without bacteria.
Term
How is a renal cast formed?
Definition
A protein normally secreted by renal tubule cells accumulates and takes the form of the tubule. Indicates a decrease in GFR.
Term
What is glomerulonephritis?
Definition
Group of diseases of the glomerulus that are caused by immune responses, toxins, vascular disorders and other systemic diseases.
Term
What is the hallmark of glomerulonephritis?
Definition
Hemauria (blood in the urine).
Term
In glomerulonephritis, what causes the damage?
Definition
Activation of the inflammatory process (complement, WBC's and fibrin).
Term
The inflammation process changes what in glomerulonephritis?
Definition
The permeability of the glomerular membrane.
Term
Lab findings for Glomerulonephritis are?
Definition
RBC's in urine, Proteinuria, RBC casts, and increased serum BUN and creatinine levels.
Term
Lupus Nephritis is a form of...
Definition
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
Term
Systemic Lupus (SLE) is an...
Definition
Autoimmune disease that affects the kidneys.
Term
What are signs of kidney dysfunction due to SLE?
Definition
Proteinuria, edema, and nephrotic syndrome.
Term
What are treatments of SLE?
Definition
Corticosteroids to suppress autoimmunity and dialysis and or kidney transplant.
Term
What is nephrotic syndrome?
Definition
A group of symptoms including protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels and edema. Fat may also be in the urine.
Term
Nephrotic syndrome is secondary too...
Definition
Toxemia of pregnancy, diabetes, systemic lupus erythromatosis (SLE) or glomerulonephritis.
Term
Loss of various blood proteins affects blood pressure how...
Definition
Lowers blood pressure, allowing water to leave the capilaries, and encourages edema.
Term
What happens if too much albumin is lost because of nephrotic syndrome...
Definition
The liver will work overtime to replace the albumin. In the process the liver will create to many lipoproteins. This will be Hyperlipidemia.
Term
What are the 3 stages of renal failure?
Definition
Pre-renal, Intrarenal, and Post-renal.
Term
What is the Pre-renal stage?
Definition
(Renal Hypoperfusion) Hypovolemia, shock, cardac failure, and hypotension. (Problem is before the kidneys)
Term
What is the Intrarenal stage?
Definition
(In the kidneys) Renal ischemia, acute tubular necrosis, toxins, glomerulopathies, or malignancies.
Term
What is the Post-renal stage?
Definition
(urinary obstruction, after the kidneys) Tumors stones, clots and outlet obstructions.
Term
What is acute renal failure?
Definition
Rapid deterioration of renal function with an accompanying elevation of BUN and plasma creatinine. (Uremia)
Term
What are the 3 phases of renal failure?
Definition
Oliguria (1 day after hypotensive event, may last 1-3 weeks), Diuresis, Recovery.
Term
What is the most common cause of renal failure?
Definition
Acute Tubular Necrosis.
Term
Acute Tubular Necrosis is associated with...
Definition
Sepsis, burns, trauma, or severe hypotension.
Term
Acute Tubular Necrosis causes Ischemia and ...
Definition
Generates oxygen radicals and inflammatory mediators that cause swelling, injury and necrosis of renal cells.
Term
Chronic Renal Failure results in...
Definition
Progressive and irreversible loss of nephron mass (renal atrophy).
Term
Results in uremia are...
Definition
The decline of renal function and the accumulation and retention of toxic wastes (increasing BUN and creatinine) in the blood.
Term
Chronic renal failure also causes...
Definition
Anemia, Metabolic acidosis, Elevated BUN and creatinine, Hypertension due to electrolyte imbalance, and cardiovascular disturbances (from elevated K+)
Term
What is uremia?
Definition
It is the name associated with the illness that kidney failure brings.
Term
Effects of uremia on the skeletal system are...
Definition
Bone re-absorption.
Term
What is the effect of uremia on the cardiopulmonary system?
Definition
Hypertension.
Term
What are the effects of uremia on the Neurologic system?
Definition
Encephalopathy (uremic toxins).
Term
What is the effect of uremia on the Endocrine system?
Definition
Decreased growth hormone.
Term
What is the effect of uremia on the Hematologic system?
Definition
Reduced Erythropoietin (hormone that controls red blood cell production).
Term
What is the effect of uremia on the GI system?
Definition
Retention of urochromes, urea and acids.
Term
What is the effect of uremia on the Immune system?
Definition
Cell mediated immunity suppression.
Term
What is the effect of uremia on the Reproduction system?
Definition
Sexual dysfunction, amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle), infertility, and decreased libido.
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