King Henry IV

Info about the king

What country was he king of? 

When did he become king of that country?

King Henry IV became king in the middle of the conflict between the Catholics and the Huguenots. Henry was a Huguenot when Catholics were in control of France. He denied being a Huguenot to avoid death. He became king after converting to Catholisism. Once he was crowned king, he gave Huguenots more rights by issuing the Edict of Nantes. He died after about 10 years in office by being stabbed while his carrage was stopped in trafic.

King Henry IV was the king of France.

He became king in 1593

Louis XIV

What country was he king of?

What was he known as?

He was the king of France after his father, Louis XII died.

He was known as the Sun King.

Restoratrion

When did this happen in Great Britain?

Who wanted the return of the monarchy?

This happened in Great Britain in 1660 when Cromwell's son's lack of leadership skills caused the government to collapse.

Parliament wanted the return of the monarchy.

The Great Northern War

What countries were involved?

Why was the war being fought?

What was Russia's main goal in the war?

Russia, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, and Saxony-Poland-Lithuania were involved in the war.

Russia didn't like the fact that the Swedish Empire had so much power and territory and they wanted to get some for themselves. In the end the Swedish Empire declined and Russia gained 3 Swedish domains.

Russia's main goal was to get more territory.

Ivan the Terrible

What was he known for?

What did he create in order to demolish his opposition?

Ivan the Terrible was known for being extremely paranoid. He thoght everyone was out to get him and as a result he became really violent and harsh.

Ivan created a police force consisiting of 6,000 men who wore all black and rode black horses. The police force controlled half of Russia's territory and punished anyone who spoke against Ivan.

Catherine II

Who is she?

What did she do after Pugachev's rebellion?

Catherine II, or Catherine the Great was a German princess who married the grandson of Peter the Great. When her husband was murdered, she took control of the country.

Pugachev was a man who claimed to be Peter III, Catherine's dead husband. He gained a lot of followers but was eventually caught and beheaded. As a result, Catherine reorganized local government and put administration in the hands of landowners and nobles in order to strengthen her authority. In return for their service, Catherine lowered taxes.

Galileo

What were his scientific contributions?

Galileo was an Italian scientist who built the first telescope. As a result, he observed Saturn, the craters on the moon, sunspots, and the moons of Jupiter. He also discovered that the milky way was made up of stars.

Newton

What were his contributions to science?

Sir Issac Newton combined astronomy, physics, and math to explain the universal law of gravitation . He also developed calculus.

John Locke

What were his main political ideas?

What is government by consent?

Locke believed that all people were born with the rights of life, libery, and property. He believed that monarchs were not chosen by God and if the government failed to protect people's natural rights, the people had the right to overthrow it.

Government by consent was Locke's belief that monarchs were not chosen by God and instead the people consented to the government who's power was limited by laws. It also included the idea that people had the right to overthrow corupt government.

The Stamp Act

Who enforced the Stamp Act on the American colonists?

What was the American colonist's reaction to the Stamp Act?

Parliament passed the Stamp Act which required colonists to pay a tax for every official stamp on public papers.

Americans were outraged by the Stamp Act and after a boycott on English goods, Parliament repealed the act.

The Declaration of Independence.

What are the unalienable rights given by the Declaration of Independence?

Why was the Declaration of Independence created?

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness were the unalienable rights.

The Declaration was created to declare independence from Great Britain.

The French Revolution

What was the main cause of the French Revolution?

The main cause of the French Revolution was the enormous debt the city was in that was causin suffering for the First, Second, and Third Estates.

Declaration of Man and of the Citizen

What does this document state?

What inspired the French to lay out these principles?

The document states that all men are created equal and were guarenteed freedom of speech, the press, and religion.

The French Declaration was inspired by the English Bill of Rights and the U.S. Declaration of Independence as well as the writings of Enlightenment philosophers.

The National Convention

What was the purpose of the National Convention?

What was the 1st act of the National Convention?

The purpose of the National Convention was to serve as the new legislature.

One of the first acts of the National Convention was abolishing monarchy and declaring France a republic.

Reign of Terror

What was the Reign of Terror?

What happened as a result of the reign of terror?

The Reign of Terror was a series of accusations, trials, and executions.

As a result, the National Convention rewrote the constitution stating that only men who owned property could vote.

Coup d'etat

What happened?

Who was the leader of this event?

Armed supporters of Napoleon forced the Directory legislature to turn the government over to Napoleon.

Napoleon was the leader of this event.

Napoleonic Wars 

What was the purpose behind the wars?

What was the outcome of the wars?

Napoleon wanted to gain more territory for France and for a short period, France was the greatest power in Europe.

France became the greatest nation in Europe and prospered under Napoleon.

Continental System

What was the purpose of the ContinentalSystem?

What did it restrcit?

The purpose of the Continental System was to weaken Britain

The Continental System prohibited French or allied ships from trading with Britain.

Russian Campaigm

Describe what happened.

Did it go well?

Why or why not?

Napoleon sent new recruits to conquer Russia, but the troops felt no loyalty to Napoleon because they were from captured territories. While in Russia, Russian troops and peasants set fire to their cities and retreated east, so there was no one for Napoleon's army to fight. Eventually, the French troops had to turn back because there was no way Napoleon could support his troops in a burned down city through the winter.

The Russian Campaign did not go well.

Many troops died and there were no victories for France. Russia also lost a great deal of property from the fies.

Congress of Vienna

What was the purpose?

The congress of Vienna met to try to restore order to Europe after Napoleon escaped. About 700 diplomats attended.

Industrial Revolution

What was it?

What countries had it?

What changes did it bring?

What were bussinesses primarily investing?

What factors gave Great Britain the need to open new factories?

The I.R. was an era when power-driven machines were developed.

Great Britain, America, Belgium, France, Germanyt, Japan

The I.R. made life easier and more efficient. Clothes were cheaper and food was easier to get. As well as the good changes, life in factories was dangerous.

Bussinesses were primarily investing in agriculture.

Land, labor, and capitol.

Labor Strikes

What are they?

Why did they occur?

What was the purpose?

Labor strikes were when people refused to work until their working conditions got better.

Laissez-faire Economy

Describe.

What system did this replace?

The idea that the government should not interfere in bussiness.

Socialism.

Socialism

Describe characteristics

What does society initally control?

The idea that society or government should own property and control industy.

Electric Power

How did it change industry and daily life?

Industry- no longer relied on steam engines, waterways, or sunlight.

Daily Life- light and other electrical devices made life easier.

Bessemer Process

Describe.

What possiblities did it achieve?

What industry benifited the most?

Bessemer process involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon and other impurities in order to make metal brittle.

Stronger metals, increased production of locomotives and railroad tracks.

Transportation.

Emmeline Pankhurst

What is she known for?

How did she contribute to society?

What type of crimes did she advocate?

Known for founding the Woman's Social and Political Union.

She helped make it so women could vote.

Breaking windows, arson.

Charles Darwin

What concept did he develop?

What did his theory include?

Darwin developed the concept of evolution.

His theory included natural selection.

Romanticism

What is it?

How did William Wordsworth define the romantic spirit?

What was it a direct reaction of?

A literary and artistic development with emphasis on intuition and feeling.

"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from the emotions recollected in tranquility"

The new discoveries and inventions.

The suburbs

What made migration to the suburbs possible.

Public transportation.

Chartism

Describe the goals.

Universal men's voting rights

Dreyfus Affair

Describe it and the impact it had on a group of people.

The Dreyfus affair was consisted of the trial of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army. Even though he was innocent, he was found guilty and publically humiliated. Jews across France were outraged at the anti-Semitism and Zionism was born.

Haiti

Describe what happened politically in 1804.

In 1804, revolutionaries in Saint Dominque declared their independence from France and named their new nation Haiti.

U.S. Cival War

What was it mainly about?

Slavery, the south wasn pro slavery and the north was anti slavery.

Unification of Italy

Who were the key players involved?

Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi

realpolitik

What goal did Bismark want to achieve?

Unification in Germany

Franco-Prussian War

What were the causes? 

What was the result?

To win the provinces Alsace and Lorraine.

Unified German Empire.

Vladamir Lenin

Lenin published a work that supported what?

Communism

British East India Company

Describe.

What was it's role?

A company created to control trade in India but eventually took over.

Sepoy Mutiny

What was the ending result?

Distrust between to British and Indians, and the end of the BEIC. India became a colony.

Britain's intrest in Egypt

Why was Britain so concerned with ruling Egypt in 1882?

The Suez Canal. A canal that conected the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

Spanish-American War

What were the causes?

What was the result?

Yellow journalism which included stories to make the U.S. want to save Cuba from Spain.

The U.S. gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Europe of the brink of war

What were the 4 factors that led to WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

What countries formed these alliances?

Why did these alliances increase the likliness of a large scale war?

Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente- France, Russia, and Great Britain

If one of the Alliances declared war on one of the Entente, all the other countries would join the wat because of their alliances with the other countries.

Allied Powers

Name the Allied Powers.

Great Britain, Russia, France, and Serbia.

New Weapons

What was the main cause of the stalemate?

Both sides of the war built trenches.

Russia and WWI

What results were Czar Nicolas hoping for?

The Czar was hoping for nationalism.

The U.S. enters the war

What attack from Germany led to the U.S. entering the war?

The attacks on boats containing American citizens and the Zimmermann Note

The Treaty of Versailes

Define.

How did this document contribute to the end of the war?

The treaty combining what all the allies wanted for the peace treaty with Germany.

After Germany surrendered, the treaty was made for Germany to sign.