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Women's Health Exam
Definitions, S/S, Treatments, nursing care
95
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
04/08/2014

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define Gynecology
Definition
The study of the diseases of the female reproductive organs and breasts
Term
Define Papanicolaou Test (PAP SMEAR)
Definition
Microscopic examination of cells scraped from the opening of the cervix (cervical os)
Term
Purpose of Papanicolaou Test (PAP SMEAR)
Definition
1)Detects cervical cancer and precancerous lesions
2)Identify presence sexually transmitted infections
3) Increased incidence of Cervical Cancer in those who have had/have Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Term
Frequency of Papanicolaou Test (PAP SMEAR) in relation to early cancer detection
Definition
1)Start at age 21
2)After first test: every two years to check for cervical cancer
3)Over age 30 or negative Pap smears for 3 years in a row, practitioner may recommend Pap smears every 3 years
4)If new sexual partner(s), you should have a Pap smear every 2 years.
5)After age 65-70: Most women can stop having Pap smears as long as they have had three negative tests within the past 10 years
6)New sexual partner after age 65 -begin having Pap smear screening again…
Term
Facts about Cervical Cancer
Definition
1)Unregulated growth of abnormal cells in the cervix

2)Most common cancer of reproductive system

3)May become invasive and spread to tissue outside cervix, fundus of uterus, and lymph glands
Term
Therapeutic Measures - Cervical Cancer
Definition
1)Treatment depends on extent of disease
2)Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of cervical cancers
3)Gradual onset
4)Spreads by direct invasion of accessory structures
Term
Pelvic Exam - Pre-Exam
Definition
1)Explain procedure and answer questions
2)Instruct patient to empty bladder
3)Assemble equipment –maintain sterility
4)Position patient on stirrups or foot pedals –so knees fall outward
5)Drape patient with sheet for privacy –cover abdomen leaving peri-area exposed
6)Assisting physician by opening packaging as needed
Term
Pelvic Exam - Post-Exam (Responsibilities of LVN)
Definition
1)Encourage patient to relax and provide support as practitioner collects specimen.
2)Specimen collection –transfer specimen to slide and spray with fixative; label and prepare for transport to lab (Ricci, 2013).
3)Post examination care –Gently assist patient to remove feet from stirrups and into a sitting position; provide tissue for quick clean up; provide privacy for getting dressed
Term
Pelvic Exam - EXAMINATION ETIQUETTE AND COMMUNICATION
Definition
1)Language and technique should avoid sexual innuendo and maximize patient control and comfort.
2)Positioning on the table should be accomplished with verbal cues and need only include physical contact if patient requests assistance.

A)We dislike the common practice of indicating optimal positioning by contact with the examiners hand at the end of the table and instead provide a verbal signal –”move down to the end of the table” (Bates, Carroll, & Potter, 2011).
3)To respect modesty and maintain warmth, torso and legs are kept draped. We alert patients of examiner and instrument touch before they occur

B)Many women, especially adolescents, worry that their genitalia are abnormal. We therefore reassure with normal findings throughout the exam and inform the patient that the procedure may cause short-term spotting (Bates, Carroll, & Potter, 2011).
Term
Define Amenorrhea and provide primary and secondary causes
Definition
Absence of menstruation.

Primary:
Structural abnormality
Hormonal imbalances
Polycystic ovary disease
Imperforate hymen

Secondary:
Absence of menstruation in previously menstruating woman.

Anorexia nervosa
Excessive athletic activity
Hormonal imbalance
Pregnancy
Ovarian tumors
Term
Define Dysmenorrhea and provide primary and secondary causes
Definition
Pain associated with menstruation.

Primary:
Excess prostaglandins cause uterine muscle fibers to contract, producing uterine ischemia and painful cramps.
Onset is just prior or at start of first menstrual flow –lasting from a few hours to several days.

Secondary:
Related to underlying conditions that cause scarring or injury to reproductive tract:
Endometriosis
Fibroid tumors
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Ovarian cancer.
Term
Define Menorrhagia and what are its causes
Definition
Excessive or prolonged menstruation.

Thyroid disorders
Endometriosis
PID
Ovarian cysts
Uterine fibroids
Term
Define Metrorrhagia and what are its causes
Definition
Bleeding between menstrual periods.

Hormonal imbalances
PID
Cervical or uterine
Polyps or cancer

Early evaluation for cancer is important!
Term
Risk Factors of Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)
Definition
1)Constant downward gravity due to erect human posture
2)Atrophy of supporting tissues with aging and decline of estrogen levels
3)Weakening of pelvic support related to childbirth trauma
4)Reproductive surgery
5)Family history of POP
6)Connective tissue disorders
7)Pelvic radiation
8)Increased abdominal pressure secondary to:

a)Lifting of children or heavy objects
b)Straining due to chronic constipation
c)Respiratory problems or chronic coughing
d)Obesity
Term
Define cystocele
Definition
A bulging of the bladder into the vagina
Term
Define rectocele
Definition
A herniation of the rectum into the vagina
Term
Define enterocele
Definition
Occurs when the uterus descends through the posterior vaginal wall
Term
Symptoms associated with Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)
Definition
Urinary symptoms:
1)Stress incontinence
2)Frequency (day and night)
3)Urgency and urge incontinence
4)Hesitancy
5)Poor or prolonged stream
6)Feeling of incomplete emptying

Bowel symptoms:
1)Difficulty in defecation
2)Incontinence of flatus
3)Feeling of incomplete evacuation
4)Rectal protrusion or prolapse after defecation
Term
Sexual and Local symptoms of POP
Definition
Sexual symptoms:
1)Inability to have frequent intercourse
2)Dyspareunia
3)Lack of satisfaction of orgasm
4)Incontinence during sexual activity

Other local symptoms:
1)Pressure or heaviness in vagina
2)Pain in vagina or perineum
3)Low back pain after long periods of standing
4)Palpable bulge in vaginal vault
5)Difficulty inserting or keeping a tampon in place
6)Vaginal-cervical mucosa hypertrophy, excoriation, ulceration, and bleeding
Abdominal pressure or pain
Term
Define Uterine prolapse and describe by degree.
Definition
Uterus descends through the pelvic floor and into the vagina canal

Multiparous women are at particular risk

Extent of uterine prolapse is described in terms of degree:

First degree:
Prolapse of the organ into the vaginal canal
Second degree:
Cervix descends into the vaginal introitus
Third degree:
Cervix is below the vaginal introitus
Term
Define stress incontinence
Definition
Accidental leakage of urine that occurs with increased pressure on the bladder from:

Coughing
Sneezing
Laughing
Physical exertion

Develops commonly in women in 40s-50s usually as result of weakened pelvic floor muscles following childbirth

Involuntary loss of small amount of urine in response to physical activity that raises intra-abdominal pressure
Term
Assessment for POP:
Definition
Thorough health history and physical exam:

OB history:
Number of pregnancies
Weight of newborn(s)
Pregnancy spacing

Chronic respiratory condition:
Chronic coughing

Menopausal status

Weight history:
Loss or gain

Constipation:
Frequency
Chronicity

Age

Family history:
Family member with POP

Urinary incontinence

Previous pelvic surgeries
Term
POP: Nursing Care Plan
Definition
Nursing Dx:
PAIN r/t RELAXATION of PELVIC SUPPORT & ELIMINATION DIFFICULTIES.

Outcome Identification and Evaluation:
Patient reports <4/10 pain level within 1-2 hours of intervention.

Interventions:
Providing pain management:
Term
Define Colporrhaphy
Definition
Colporrhaphy (also vaginal wall repair, anterior and/or posterior colporrhaphy, anterior and/or posterior vaginal wall repair, or simply A/P repair or A&P repair) is a surgical procedure in humans that repairs a defect in the wall of the vagina. It is the surgical intervention for both cystocele (protrusion of the urinary bladder into the vagina) and rectocele (protrusion of the rectum into the vagina)
Term
POP treatment options
Definition
Kegel exercises:
Strengthen pelvic floor muscles –UP elevator…
Estrogen replacement therapy:
May improve tone and vascularity of supporting tissue in peri-menopausal/menopausal women by increasing blood perfusion and elasticity of vaginal wall
Dietary and lifestyle changes:
Intended to decrease constipation and straining at stool
Use of pessary:
Plastic or silicone device placed into vagina to support uterus, bladder, and rectum as a space-filling device
Replaces normal pressure on vaginal walls
Most commonly used pessary: FIRM RING
Fitted by trial and error

Surgery
Not an option for all women, especially:
High-risk of recurrent prolapse
Morbid obesity
COPD
High-risk of complications from general anesthesia.

Anterior and posterior colporrhaphy:
Tightens anterior and posterior vaginal wall
Repairs rectocele or cystocele
Supportive tissue between vagina and bladder is folded and sutured to bring bladder and urethra into proper position.

Vaginal hysterectomy:
Treatment of choice for uterine prolapse
Term
Define Obstetrical Fistulas
Definition
Abnormal openings between a genital tract organ and another organ, such as the urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract

Majority are due to obstetrical trauma…

Obstructed or prolonged labor prolonged compression between fetal head and posterior pubis ischemia pressure necrosis fistula formation.
Term
Common types of fistulas
Definition
Vesicovaginal:
Between bladder and genital tract
Urethrovaginal:
Between urethra and vagina
Rectovaginal:
Between rectum OR sigmoid colon and vagina
Term
Vaginal hysterectomy
Definition
Treatment of choice for uterine prolapse
Term
STIs
Definition
Two most common causative organisms:
Term
Chlamydia Anti-infectives
Definition
o Azithromycin
o Doxycycline
o Erythromycin
o Ofloxacin
Term
Gonorrhea Anti-infectives
Definition
o Cefiximine
o Ciprofloxacin
o Ceftriaxone
o Ofloxacin
o Levofloxin
o Azithromycin
o Doxycycline
Term
Characteristics of Syphilis
Definition
• Complex
• Curable
• Bacterial –Treponema pallidum
• Systemic:
• May lead to disability and death if untreated.
• Important STI:
• Biological effect on HIV acquisition and
transmission.
• Impact on infant health.
Term
What was the Tuskegee Syphilus Study
Definition
Conducted 1932-1974
In the 1930s the U. S. Public
Health Service began studying
the effects of syphilis on
African-American men
The men were given periodic
medical examinations but were
not treated
Term
Caring for the patent with gynecological
infection:
Definition
o Strict-medical-ASEPSIS!
o Peri-pad application: Change every 4 hours
o Removal and disposal of peri-pad:
o Peri care: - Wipe front to back
o Use of tampons and diaphragm: Not recommended during course of infection
Term
Best time to take have your mammogram
Definition
Pick a day and schedule for same day everytime
Term
Abortion
Definition
o Expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is viable
o Termination of pregnancy
o Medical or surgical:
• Safe in the U.S.
• Medical –medication to induce miscarriage.
• Surgical –usually vacuum extraction or suction
curettage.
o Surgical abortion is the most common procedure
performed in U.S. –perhaps, the world.
Term
Dilation and curettage (D&C:
Definition
o Surgical procedure that expands the cervical canal
of the uterus –dilation, so that the surface lining of the
uterine wall can be scraped –curettage
Term
Endometriosis:
Definition
o Bits of functioning endometrial tissue are located outside of
their normal site, the uterine cavity.
• Commonly found attached to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the
outer surface of uterus, area between vagina and rectum
(rectovaginal septum), and pelvic side wall.
• Where the tissue attaches –implants, or lesions.
• Responds to hormones released during
menstrual cycle in same way.
• Beginning of menstrual cycle, implants swell
and bleed just as endometrial lining inside
uterus.
o Mini-periods throughout abdomen
Term
Endometriosis - Risk Factors & Clinical Manifestations
Definition
o Risk factors:
• Increasing age
• Family history in first-degree relative
• Short cycles (< 28 days)
• Prolonged flow (> 1 week)
• Young age at menarche (< 12 years)
• Few (1-2) or no pregnancies

o Clinical manifestations:
• Infertility
• Pain before /after periods
• Pain before/after sexual intercourse
• Depression
• Fatigue
• Painful bowel movements
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Heavy menses
• Pelvic adhesions
• Irregular/frequent periods
• Premenstrual spotting
Term
Endometriosis - Diagnosing
Definition
o Pelvic or transvaginal ultrasound:
• Assess pelvic organ structures.
o Laparoscopy:
• Required to diagnose endometriosis.
o Only certain method of diagnosing is by seeing it
Term
Endometriosis - Therapy Options
Definition
Surgical interventions:

o Conservative surgery
Removal of implants/lesions using laser, cautery, or small surgical instruments. This intervention will reduce pain and allows pregnancy to occur in the future

o Definitive surgery
Abdominal hysterectomy, with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Will eliminate pain but will leave woman unable to become pregnant in the future

• Medication therapy:
o NSAIDS
o Oral contraceptives
o Progestin
o Anti-estrogens
o Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues
o Danazol
Term
There has been an
increased incidence of infection of the Bartholin’s
glands due to which trend among young women?
Definition
Waxing and shaving
Term
Which type of ovarian cysts is caused by the failure
of the ovarian follicle to rupture at the time of ovulation?
Definition
Follicular cyst
Term
When advising a woman of methods of managing
urinary incontinence, the nurse may include control
of blood glucose levels to prevent which condition?
Definition
Polyuria
Term
Cervical polyps often appear at what time during puberty?
Definition
After menarche
Term
The incidence of endometrial polyps peaks in which decade of a woman’s life?
Definition
The fifth decade of life
Term
Leiomyoma refers to which benign proliferations of composed of smooth muscle and fibrous
connective tissue in the uterus?
Definition
Submucosal, intramural, and subserosal fibroids
Term
Identify predisposing factors associated with the cause of fibroids.
Definition
Age (late reproductive years)
Genetic predisposition
African American ethnicity
Hypertension
Nulliparity
Obesity
Term
Laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy has many advantages. Disadvantages may include injury to which genitourinary organ?
Definition
The bladder
Term
The nurse is teaching a patient scheduled for cryosurgery –she explains that the the affected tissue will be removed by which method?
Definition
cryoablation
Term
What does the term “in-situ” refer to if a patient is
diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the
endometrium in-situ?
Definition
It hasn't metastasized to other organs
Term
Which medical interventions may be included in the treatment of osteoporosis in the postmenopausal
woman?
Definition
weight-bearing exercise
increase vitamin D & calcium intake
avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
Monitor bone density with testing
Term
Which educational guidelines would the nurse emphasize to a patient diagnosed with vaginitis?
Definition
Avoid douching
Use condoms
avoid tights, nylon underpants, & tight clothes
Wipe from front to back
avoid powders, bubble baths, & perfumed vaginal sprays
wear clean cotton underpants
Term
Name of surgical instrument that provides light and magnification during cervical biopsy.
Definition
Colposcope
Term
When should a Pap smear be scheduled for a patient?
Definition
Age 21
Term
A postmenopausal woman with a prolapsed uterus is being fitted with a pessary. Which potential side effects should the patient report to practitioner?
Definition
Vaginal discharge and odor, infection, & bleeding.
Term
Which GYN procedure is used to confirm a
diagnosis of endometrial cancer?
Definition
Laparoscopy
Term
A 54-year old woman reports an onset of painless red postmenopausal bleeding. The nurse suspects which GYN disorder?
Definition
Endometrial cancer (uterine cancer), polyps, endometrial atrophy
Term
63-year old patient with ovarian cancer is scheduled to receive chemotherapy. What adverse effect of the treatment should the nurse monitor for this patient?
Definition
Fatigue, pain, sores in throat and mouth, diarrhea, N/V, constipation, blood disorders, anorexia, hair loss, changes in memory and thinking, sexual and reproductive issues.
Term
Mammography
Definition
Radiographic technique:
• GOLD STANDARD for
detecting cysts or tumors
of the breast –some of
which may be too small to
palpate
—Screening test for breast
cancer
Term
Gynecomastia
Definition
Abnormal enlargement of one
or both breasts in males
◦ Usually temporary and benign
◦ May be caused by:
– Hormonal imbalance.
– Tumor of adrenal, testis, pituitary.
– Medications containing estrogen.
–Failure of liver to inactivate
circulating estrogen
alcoholic cirrhosis
Term
Lumpectomy
Definition
Only the tumor is
removed.
◦ Some axillary lymph nodes
may be excised at the same
time for microscopic
examination
Term
Mastectomy
Definition
Excision of breast tissue:
◦ Simple –only breast tissue
removed
◦ Radical –some chest muscle
and lymph nodes in axilla
◦ Modified radical –chest
muscles that move arm are
preserved
Term
Modified-radical mastectomy
Definition
The breast, some lymph
nodes, the lining over the
chest muscles, and the
pectoralis minor muscles
are removed
Term
Cyst
Definition
Cystic carcinoma –malignant
neoplasm containing closed
cavities or sac-like spaces
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
New growths of
abnormal tissue:
◦ Tumor(s)
Term
Metastasis
Definition
Spreading of cancer cells
to adjacent tissues:
◦ Lymph vessels into tissues
adjacent to lymphatic vessels
◦ Transport from blood or
lymph systems
◦ Diffusion within a body cavity
Term
Lymphedema
Definition
Disorder in which obstructed
lymph circulation causes an
accumulation of lymph within
soft tissue
Term
Biopsy
Definition
Removal of a small piece of
living tissue from an organ or
other part of the body fro
microscopic examination to
confirm or establish a
diagnosis, estimate prognosis,
or follow course of disease
Term
Augmentation
Definition
Surgical procedure to
enlarge the breast:
◦ Augmentation mammoplasty
Term
Reduction
Definition
Plastic reshaping of breasts:
◦ Reduce or lift large or sagging
breasts
◦ Reconstruct after removal of
tumor
Term
Cancer - Risk Factors
Definition
– One in eight women develops breast cancer
– Increases with age - > 50 years
– Family history.
– Radiation exposure during childhood/adolescence.
– Previous cancer:
– Breast, colon, endometrial.
– Chronic alcohol consumption.
– Early menarche-late menopause.
– Obesity
– No children or after 30 years of age.
– Caucasian –but more African-American die!
– Men also develop breast cancer –but less often

MOST women diagnosed have NONE of the
identified risks EXCEPT being female over 50 years
old!
Term
Breast Cancer - S/S
Definition
– Painless mass in breast –most often in upper outer
quadrant
– In-situ –without invading surrounding tissue
– Bloody discharge from nipple
– Dimpling of skin over lesion
– Retraction of nipple
– Peau d’orange –orange peel appearance of skin
– Difference in size between breasts
– Lesion:
– Fixed or movable
– Enlarged lymph nodes
Many of these signs depend on several factors, such
as type, location, and duration of the tumor
Term
Fibrocystic Breast Disease:
Definition
– Benign breast disease (BBD)
– Benign breast condition that affects women primarily
between ages of 20-50 years old
– More accurately defined as a CHANGE rather than a
disease
– Cause is related to breast tissue responses to estrogen
and progesterone –enlargement and swelling of glands
and ducts
– Does not increase the risk of breast cancer
Fibrocystic changes make breast exams and mammograms more
difficult to interpret –early cancerous lesions may be overlooked
Term
Fibrocystic Breast Disease - S/S, diagnosis, & prevention
Definition
– Nipple discharge –may or may not be present
– Bilateral –upper, outer quadrant
– Lesions
– Tenderness!
◦ Diagnosis and Treatment:!
– Aspiration and biopsy
– Limit caffeine
– Ibuprofen
– Supportive bra
Term
Importance of monthly breast self-exam
Definition
Early detection
◦ Early diagnosis
◦ Early treatment
Term
Breast Cancer - Surgical Options
Definition
◦ Lumpectomy with radiation –breast-conserving
surgery:
– Least invasive
– Often used for early-stage localized tumors
– Results are less dramatic and emotionally less scarring
than mastectomy

Sentinel lymph node biopsy:
– May also be performed to prevent metastisis to other
parts of the body through the lymph system
– If malignant cells are found in nodes, more aggressive
treatment may be needed

◦ Mastectomy
– Simple mastectomy:
– Removal of all breast tissue, nipple, and areola
– Axillary nodes and pectoral muscles left intact
– When large tumor or NO METASTASIS

– Modified-radical mastectomy:
– Removal of breast tissue, and a few positive axillary nodes
– Conducive to breast reconstruction
– Results in greater mobility and less lymphadema
Term
Breast Cancer - Chemotherapy
Definition
Use of drugs that are toxic to ALL CELLS and interfere
with cell’s ability to reproduce –particularly effective
against malignant cells
– Affect all rapidly dividing cells, especially those of the skin,
hair follicles, mouth, GI tract, and bone marrow

Side Effects

Typical side effects:
– Nausea and vomiting
– Diarrhea or constipation
– Hair loss and weight loss
– Stomatitis
– Fatigue
– Immunosupression –bone marrow suppression
Term
Breast Cancer - Radiation
Definition
Radiation therapy:
– Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells that might
have been left behind in the breast, chest wall, and
axillary area after a tumor has been surgically removed
– Serial radiation doses given five days a week to tumor
site for 6-8 weeks postop
– Treatment only takes a few minutes, but dose is
cumulative

Delivered several ways:
– External beam –focused dose
– Internal –tiny pellets placed inside tumor

– Side effects:
– Inflammation
– Local edema
– Anorexia
– Swelling
– Heaviness in chest
– Sunburn-like skin changes in treated area
– Fatigue
Term
Breast Cancer - Hormonal Therapy
Definition
Hormonal therapy:
– aka: endocrine therapy
– Objective is to block or counter the effect of
estrogen
– Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs):
– Tamoxifen
– Raloxifene

– Side effects:
– Hot flashes
– Bone pain
– Fatigue
– Nausea
– Cough
– Dyspnea
– Headache
Term
Post-op (Mastectomy) prevention of Hematomas
Definition
Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain
Hemovac
Term
Menopause - "Change of Life" characterized by:
Definition
• Cessation of the menstrual cycle
• Perimenopause
• Ovarian function diminishes
• Levels of estrogen and progesterone reduced
• Ovulation gradually ceases
• Menstruation becomes irregular until it stops
• Natural reproductive capacity ends
Term
Perimenopausal
Definition
or climacteric period refers to time during which ovarian activity gradually ceases
Term
When does menopause happen
Definition
Menopause normally occurs as a natural physiologic process between 45 and 55 years of
age
Term
Postmenopausal
Definition
Postmenopausal period begins one year after
menstruation ceases
Term
Hormonal changes accompanying menopause
cause a variety of reproductive and
systemic effects
Definition
Hot flashes and sweats–especially night sweats
• Sleep disturbances
• Irritability
• Depression
• Vaginal dryness
• Diminished libido
• Dyspareunia
Term
Cascade effect of menopause hormonally
Definition
• Drop in hormones hypothalamus attempts to raise the levels releases GnRH stimulating anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
• The surge of hypothalamic-­‐pituitary stimulation is thought to be responsible for alterations in
• Temperature regulation
• Sleep disturbances
• Mood lability
Term
Menopause - S/S
Definition
Estrogen deficiency causes:

• Thinning of vaginal walls
• Breast and uterine atrophy
• Loss of bone density
• Increased risk of heart disease. Stroke, and depression
• Depression may be situational–perception OR hormonal imbalance
Term
Menopause - Medical Management
Definition
Decision is individualized–if indicated:

• Estrogen and progestin combination
• Lowest appropriate dose for shortest amount of time
• Can prevent osteoporosis
• Topicals to treat vaginal itching and dryness
• Androgens to restore sexual interest
• Biphosphonates to reduce potential for osteoporosis
• Diet rich in phytoestrogens
• Soy products–especially
hot flashes
• May relieve:

• Hot flashes
• Night sweats
• Vaginal dryness
Term
Menopause - Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy
Definition
• May increase the risk of

• Breast cancer
• Heart disease
• Blood clots
• Stroke

• Risks may outweigh potential benefit of preventing hip fractures and kyphosis
Term
Estrogen therapy may cause:
Definition
N/V
Dark pigmentation of nipples and areola
Stress incontinence
Swelling - edema
Term
Types of hysterectomies:
Definition
Total (TAH) - Removal of the entire uterus and cervix

Subtotal - Removal of the uterus only, with a stump of the cervix left intact

Panhysterectomy - Removal of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes

Radical - Removal of uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
- Part of the upper vagina and some pelvic lymph nodes may also be removed at the same time

Pelvic - Removal of all reproductive organs, rectum, colon, bladder, distal ureters, iliac blood vessels, and pelvic lymph nodes and peritoneum.
Term
Surgical menopause
Definition
Same as a Radical hysterectomy
Term
salpingectomy
Definition
Removal of fallopian tube(s)
Term
oophorectomy
Definition
Removal of ovary(s)
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