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Wittenberg University - 2010 Sensation and Perception: Test4
Wittenberg University - Dr. Jo Wilson - Material for Test 4
113
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/12/2010

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Term
Auditory sensory process
Definition
responds to sound; sound only exists in the brain— it is just vibration
Term
Sound wave
Definition
a pattern of compression and decompression
In a vacuum, there are no molecules, so there is no sound
Term
Pure tone
Definition
a tone with only one frequency; does not occur in nature
Term
Frequency
Definition
the number of vibrations per second; measured in Hertz (Hz)
Human ASP can sense vibrations between 20-20,000 Hz
Male voices— 50-500 Hz
Female voices— 200-1000 Hz
Dogs can hear up to 100,000 Hz
Rats can hear up to 300,000 Hz
Term
Wavelength
Definition
distance between two corresponding peaks (or valleys) in a sound wave; not used when talking about the auditory system
Term
Amplitude
Definition
the height of the vibration; the larger the amplitude, the louder the sound; measured in deciBels (dB)
Term
Hair cells
Definition
the “rods and cones” of the ear; transducers
Located in the cochlea, meaning “snail”; found in the temporal bone
Cochlea is filled with liquid that is the same composition of the ocean
Vibrating air → vibrating liquid → action potential
Term
Impedance mismatch
Definition
must convert vibrations in the air to vibrations in liquid; air is more elastic than water; vibrating air is incompatible with vibrating water
Term
Pinna
Definition
only mammals have this; outer ear; fleshy sound collector that gathers sound; also used to localize sound; our pinnae are fairly crappy compared to other animals
Most other animals have movable pinnae
Term
External auditory meatus
Definition
auditory canal; where you stick a q-tip
35 mm long
Helps the middle ear by protecting it and warming the eardrum, and producing waxy insecticide; improves resonance
Sounds between 2000-5000 Hz are amplified, so we hear these best; screams, metal screeching, sirens, whistles
Term
Resonance
Definition
vibrational ability
Term
Middle ear
Definition
cavity located inside the temporal bone
2 cm3
Term
Tympanic membrane
Definition
middle ear; the ear drum; flexible membrane at the end of the auditory canal; .4 cm2
Term
Ossicles
Definition
middle ear; three tiny bones attached to the ear drum
Protect hair cells
The muscles attached to the bones contract and relax to created vibration
Term
Malleus
Definition
ossicle; means "hammer"
Term
Incus
Definition
ossicle; means "anvil"
Term
Stapes
Definition
ossicle; means "stirrup"
Term
Decoupling
Definition
pulling the bones apart from each other
After a loud concert, your bones are still pulled apart, so you cannot hear well
Term
Eustachian tube
Definition
middle ear; tube that connects the middle ear with the throat
Ear drums need to vibrate as freely as possible; allows us to continually put air into the middle ear
This is why swallowing helps pop our ears
Sometimes, bacteria from the throat enters the middle ear, and white blood cells (pus and blood) enter the ear and burst the ear drum
Term
Oval window
Definition
middle ear; membrane doorway into the cochlea; .032 cm2; more pressure on this than on the ear drum because it is smaller; vibrates liquid
Term
Scala tympani
Definition
inner ear; one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth
Term
Round window
Definition
inner ear > scala tympani; bulges outward to relieve pressure, vibrates liquid in scala tympani
Term
Scala vestibuli
Definition
inner ear; oval window opens into this, which causes fluid in this to vibrate
Term
Helicotrema
Definition
inner ear; space in apex of cochlea where scala vestibuli meets scala tympani
Term
Scala media
Definition
contains cochlear duct which contains hair cells
Term
Bone conduction
Definition
Enhances low frequency
Underwater: can pick up up to 100,000 Hz
Cannot hear it, will not produce pain, but will destroy the auditory system
Hold tuning fork up to their skull
If cannot pass air conduction test, but can pass bone conduction test
Term
Air conduction
Definition
Typical hearing test
Term
Ohm's Acoustical Law
Definition
a musical sound is perceived by the ear as a set of a number of constituent pure harmonic tones.
Term
Fourier analysis
Definition
type of analysis that is performed that can break up a complex waveform into its various frequencies
Used to match voices to suspects
Term
Aperiodic sounds
Definition
noises; booms, hisses, bangs, etc.; involve all frequencies within a large range; white noise is included in this
Term
Periodic sounds
Definition
more musical noises; complex waveforms; based on particular frequencies within a very narrow range
Term
Fundamental
Definition
lowest frequency
Term
Harmonics
Definition
overtones; higher tones above the fundamental; multiples of the fundamental
Term
Timbre
Definition
the pattern of harmonics an instrument has
Term
Pitch
Definition
related to frequency
Term
Octave
Definition
double the frequency; ex. 440 Hz - 880 Hz
12 semitones (“half tones”; c#, d#, etc.)
Term
MEL
Definition
psychological distance between two notes
There are not equal distances between notes
Higher frequencies sound farther apart
Term
Piano
Definition
lowest note 27 Hz → middle C 262 Hz → highest note 4180 Hz
Term
Place theory
Definition
Helmholtz; the place on the basilar membrane that vibrates determines the frequency we hear
Explains frequencies of 5000 ↑
Term
Frequency theory
Definition
Helmholtz; frequency with which hair cell fires mirrors frequency of the sound
Explains how we hear pitch ↓ 100 Hz
Term
Volley principle
Definition
Von Bekesy; a number of hair cells fire at once, and the sum of the action potentials equal the frequency of the sound
Explains frequency between 100 Hz and 5000 Hz
Term
Absolute threshold
Definition
minimum amount (of intensity, deciBels, etc.) necessary in order to detect a sound
Term
Pain threshold
Definition
minimum amount (of intensity, deciBels, etc.) that causes pain (between 120-140 dB)
Term
Dynamic range
Definition
space between absolute and pain threshold; 150 dB for 1000 - 5000 Hz
Duration ↑, detection ↑
Number of tones ↑, detection ↑, threshold ↓
Term
Binaural
Definition
tone in both ears, makes it easier to detect, decrease absolute threshold
Term
Auditory masking
Definition
sounds covering up other sounds; when two sounds are the same frequency, they cancel each other
Can mask same or higher frequency, but not lower
Term
Click vs. Tone
Definition
To hear a tone, there must be 6-9 cycles; anything less is a click
Need at least 10 msec to perceive tone of 1000 Hz
Term
Volume detection
Definition
Number of action potentials per second encodes pitch
Term
Volume
Definition
space-filling quality of the sound; psychological
Term
Density
Definition
packed quality of the sound; higher frequencies perceived to be more dense; psychological
Term
Communication
Definition
Animals use different sound qualities to communicate
Low, deep, slow— ogreish
Frequency, intensity, duration
Power and confidence— low frequency, loud, long duration
Term
Growl vs. Yelp
Definition
Yelp is high frequency, short duration, low intensity— communicates fear, helplessness, defeat
Growl is low frequency, short duration, low intensity— communicates power, authority
Term
Speech perception
Definition
Listening is different from reading
Sounds flow together, letters are individual symbols
Term
Plosive consonants
Definition
stop the flow of air and then release it suddenly (b, p, g, k, d, t)
Term
Fricative consonants
Definition
almost impede the flow of air, but do not (f, v, th, s, z, sh)
Term
Nasal consonants
Definition
force the air out the nose (n, m, ng)
Term
Voiced consonants
Definition
make vocal cords work (b, g, d)
Term
Unvoiced consonants
Definition
do not use vocal cords (p, t, k)
Term
Semi-vowels
Definition
kind of like vowels because air is not completely impeded, only slightly (r, w, l, sometimes y, as in yesterday)
Term
Phonemes
Definition
English has 40 different ones
Spanish has fewer
Italian only has 17 of these, making it very easy to learn
Perception is conceptually driven— top-down, rather than data driven— bottom-up
Term
Somatosensation
Definition
sensations that arise from the body
Term
Von Frey’s 4 skin sensations
Definition
Touch
Warm
Cold
Pain
No R differences among receptors
Term
Kinesthesia (proprioception)
Definition
to feel movement
Term
Glabrous skin
Definition
palms and soles of feet; extra layers of tissue that provide protection; can feel things more sensitively
Term
Epidermis
Definition
top layer; dead cells; epidermis is thicker on glabrous skin
Term
Dermis
Definition
live skin; contains receptors, sweat glands, hair follicles; muscles that control hair positions
Term
Piloerection
Definition
hair standing on end; traps air between hair and body to keep the organism warm; in humans, causes goosebumps
Term
Subcutaneous fat
Definition
fat beneath the skin; more in women; greater pain tolerance
Term
End bulbs
Definition
allow us to feel cold
Term
Free nerve endings
Definition
feel pain
Term
Pacinian corpuscles
Definition
nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to pain and pressure.
Term
Meissner’s corpuscles
Definition
a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch
Term
Merkel’s disks
Definition
The information these provide are those regarding pressure and texture
Term
Ruffini’s endings
Definition
sensitive to skin stretch, and contributes to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement
Term
Krause end bulbs
Definition
These have the ability to detect low-frequency vibration
Term
Lemniscal system
Definition
A B (A beta) fibers (thick, myelinated fibers); spinal cord → hindbrain → midbrain → thalamus
Carries info about pressure and kinesthesia (movement)
200 meters/second
Most info is coming to brain via the spinal cord
Goes through...something nucleus
More modern than limbic system
Term
Primary somatosensory cortex
Definition
located in the front of the parietal lobe
Gets info from AB fibers nerves → midbrain → thalamus → primary somatosensory cortex
Term
Spinothalamic (extralemniscal) path
Definition
carries information about pain and temperature
Term
Paleospinothalamic pathway
Definition
travels through peripheral nervous system through c fibers (narrow and no myelin)
Half a meter/second
Evolved before...
Carries information about dull, burning pain that is hard to localize
Term
Neospinothalamic pathway
Definition
alpha delta; thin, myelinated axons
Travels 50 meters/second
Sharp pain
Limbic system (fight or flight/emotion) → thalamus → posterior nucleus → secondary somatosensory cortex
Term
Adaptation
Definition
decrease in sensitivity to repeated stimuli
Takes longer to adapt to something heavy than to something light
Adapt to larger areas faster than smaller areas
Term
Receptive fields
Definition
area on the skin that stimulates one neuron
Positive center, inhibitory surrounding area
To feel two points, one toothpick must be in one receptive field, and the other must be in a separate one— when they overlap, you feel one point
Term
Absolute threshold
Definition
minimum amount of energy necessary to feel pressure
Genitalia have lowest threshold
Lips, cheek, and neck also have low thresholds
Belly and back have highest thresholds
Women typically have lower two-point thresholds than men, except for in the breasts
Glabrous skin has the highest threshold
Not sensitive to pressure, but to two-point discrimination
Term
Vibrotactile stimulus
Definition
skin only responds to vibrations between 40 and 20,000 Hz
Skin naturally feels 2,500 Hz
Term
Overrepresentation
Definition
some parts of the body are represented more than others on the brain
Violin players have much higher representation of fingers on the brain
Term
Posterior parietal
Definition
“where” information; endpoint for “where” vision pathway
Term
Inferior parietal
Definition
“what” information
Term
Inferior temporal
Definition
“what” information for vision
Term
Passive touch
Definition
apply object to person’s skin
Term
Active touch
Definition
allow person to move their hands and feel the object
Term
Visual substitution system
Definition
involves passive touch; camera films an object, computer translates it to vibrations on the person’s back or neck
Term
Optacon system
Definition
involves passive touch; as a person is reading braille, the letter is vibrated on the fingertip
Term
Braille
Definition
involves active touch in reading
Term
Haptic perception
Definition
the process of recognizing objects through touch
Term
Tactile agnosia
Definition
damage to the inferior parietal lobe; person doesn’t know what they’re touching
Term
Warm fibers
Definition
23-47ºC
Term
Cold fibers
Definition
13-35ºC, 45-50ºC
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
dilation of blood vessels in hot temperatures; blood “bubbles” to the surface and releases heat; reason skin looks red after exercise
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
blood stays deep inside the body to keep core temperature warm
Term
Physiological zero
Definition
temperature at which your skin is adapted
Term
Neutral zone
Definition
range of temp around physiological zero to which one will not respond
Skin is most sensitive at extremes
Trunk is most sensitive to cold temperature
Head is most sensitive to warm stimuli, especially the lips
Limbs are least sensitive to warm temperatures
Steven’s Power Law— 1.6 for warm, 1.0 for cold
Term
Paradoxical cold
Definition
the fact that when you touch something very hot, it feels cold; the ability to feel cold in presence of hot stimuli
Term
Double pain
Definition
two pain pathways; paleo contains C fibers, neo contains Adelta fibers; sharp pain, then dull pain
Term
Pain points
Definition
which parts of the body are most sensitive to pain
Worst: back of knee
Best: tip of nose
Term
Analgesia
Definition
to take away pain; tylenol, aspirin, ibuprofen— work at tissue level to keep substance P from being released
Term
Audioanalgesia
Definition
sound closes the gate to consciousness to prevent pain
Term
Opiates
Definition
aka narcotics; morphine, codeine, percocet, oxycodone
Increases dopamine; causes addiction
Term
Acupuncture
Definition
vibrate a needle in a pain point and it blocks the gate to consciousness
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
suggestion that they close the gate to consciousness
Term
Cognition
Definition
focus can convince the body not to feel pain
Term
Endorphin system
Definition
counteracts pain substance P; endorphins close the pain gate in the spinal cord
Term
Anesthetic
Definition
to take away feeling; not preferred when possible to use other means
Term
Dolorimeter
Definition
machine that allows us to measure pain; measured in dols; paint the forehead or back of hand black and shine an intense light on it to control level of pain
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