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Wittenberg University - 2010 Sensation and Perception: Final
Wittenberg University - Dr. Jo Wilson - Material for Final Exam
72
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/27/2010

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Term
5 primary tastes
Definition
Sweet
Bitter
Salty
Sour
Umami
Term
Sweet
Definition
Organic (carbon-based)
Contain AB, H (AB = 2 negatively charged ions; H = hydrogen) system
Term
Bitter
Definition
Organic (carbon-based)
Contain nitrogen
Term
Salty
Definition
Positively charged ions (?)
Term
Sour
Definition
Must contain acid
Positive ion meets negative ion (?)
Term
Umami
Definition
Related to glutamate/MSG
Term
Papillae
Definition
bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds
Term
Taste buds
Definition
groups of cells on the papillae
Term
Gustatory cells
Definition
cells in the taste buds (about 30)
Term
Fungiform ...
Definition
taste receptors found here; found on tip, sides, and back of tongue
Term
Circumvallate ...
Definition
taste receptors found here; found along the back of the tongue; respond best to bitter
Term
Foliate ...
Definition
do not contain taste receptors
Term
Filiform ...
Definition
do not contain taste receptors; look like blades of grass; used to grind up food
Term
Cranial nerve 7
Definition
brings info from anterior ⅔ of the tongue to the brain
Term
Cranial nerve 9
Definition
brings info from ⅓ back of the tongue and top of mouth to the brain
Term
Cranial nerve 10
Definition
brings info from the back of the throat and voice box to the brain
Term
Cranial nerve 5
Definition
a somatosensory nerve; spiciness is a somatosensation, not a taste
→ nucleus of solitary tract → medial lemniscus → thalamus → primary somatosensory cortex (spiciness) or frontal temporal cortex (taste)
Term
Labelled line theory
Definition
...
Term
Across-fiber pattern theory
Definition
in order to taste sweet etc., a combination of the patterns of different cells firing produce a certain taste
Term
Pfaffman
Definition
...
Term
Adaptation (taste)
Definition
decrease in sensitivity due to stimulation of receptors; takes place on the tongue
Term
Cross-adaptation (taste)
Definition
cake and coke; you’re adapted to something similar, you won’t taste that other thing
Term
Alliesthesia
Definition
change in pleasantness of taste; after eating something for a while, it doesn’t taste quite as good; takes place inside the brain
Term
Potentiation
Definition
one thing contains a substance that numbs certain receptors, so certain aspects of other tastes are absent, making it taste nasty (brush teeth then drink orange juice)
Term
Duplexity theory
Definition
sweet-bitter system, salty-sour system, warm-cold system
Term
Flavor
Definition
taste + smell
Term
Knobs
Definition
cell bodies of the sensory nerves in the nose
Term
Cilia
Definition
humans have 6-8 of these; dogs have 100-150 of these
Term
Olfactory epithelium
Definition
refers to skin at the top of the nose; where olfactory rod cells are located
Term
Cribriform plate
Definition
thin area of skull between nasal passages and brain; axons pass through this and dangle into nasal passages
Term
Olfactory bulb
Definition
area of the brain that hangs from the bottom of the frontal lobe; olfactory nerve leaves the nose and ends up here, then information is passed to the primary olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)
Term
Primary olfactory receptors
Definition
go to the primary olfactory cortex in cerebrum; located at top of nose; "what is that smell?"
Term
Accessory ...
Definition
located at the bottom of the nose; go to the hypothalamus
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
senses pheromones; controls eating, drinking, sex, sleep, stress, temperature
Term
Pheromones
Definition
help us sense danger and mates
If the receptors for these are removed in an animal, they never have sex again
Babies can recognize the smell of their mother’s breast milk because of these
Term
Steric theory
Definition
Amoore; every chemical has a shape that fits into certain receptors
Term
Purity
Definition
smells are contaminated by own odor and affected by breathing pattern (short sniffs are better than long inhalations)
Term
Self adaptation (smell)
Definition
adaptation to smell of self
Term
Cross adaptation (smell)
Definition
adaptation to an odor prevents smelling of similar odor
Term
Anosmia
Definition
missing genes to smell certain things
Term
Isobutyraldehyde
Definition
nasty component of sweat that stinks to high heaven
Term
Henning
Definition
Six primary smells— this theory has been rejected
Term
Kinesthesia
Definition
greek word for the ability to feel movement; gives us the sense of where our body parts are in space
Term
Proprioception
Definition
latin word for the ability to feel movement; gives us the sense of where our body parts are in space
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
fluid found inside joints to lubricate them
Term
Stretch receptors
Definition
neurons that fire when a joint is stretched; go through the lemniscal system; also in muscles and tendons
Term
Golgi tendon organs
Definition
stretch receptors in tendons
Term
Spindle organs
Definition
stretch receptors in muscles
Term
Free nerve endings
Definition
convey information about pain
Term
Pacinian corpuscles
Definition
convey information about pressure
Term
Primary somatosensory cortex
Definition
lemniscal system ends here
Term
Secondary somatosensory cortex
Definition
spinothalamic system ends here
Term
Protagoras
Definition
our senses create our reality

other philosophy— the eyes are blind; only the mind can see
Term
Nicotine
Definition
destroys taste receptors or causes adaptation/cross-adaptation, especially to bitter tastes
Term
Carbon monoxide
Definition
impairs visual cortex; night vision sucks, which is why more drug-related car accidents happen at night; decreases visual acuity
People stuck in fires or trying to commit suicide may be perfectly fine otherwise, but will have lost their sight
Term
Alcohol
Definition
decreases central nervous system functions
Term
Critical flicker fusion
Definition
at what rate flickering lights look like one steady light; when drunk, this is drastically impaired; also in schizophrenics
Term
Auditory flutter
Definition
like flicker fusion, but with “fluttering” sound
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
improve olfactory senses; people who use this will claim that other perception is better, but testing shows no change
Term
Hallucinogens
Definition
causes awesometastic hallucinations; color discrimination and visual acuity are decreased; dark adaptation is incredibly slow; Mueller-Lyle illusion has a much greater effect; hearing is actually improved
Term
Pot
Definition
visual acuity is impaired; attention is decreased; color and brightness discrimination is decreased (might be an effect of carbon monoxide); autokinetic effect is increased
Term
Vestibular senses
Definition
receptors in inner ear that tell the brain about movement of the head and relation of head to gravity
Mainly assists the eyes
If a mother has syphilis during pregnancy, the baby will be born without a vestibular system (no bony labyrinth, just solid bone)
Term
Statoscysts
Definition
found in roaches; little bags filled with hair cells; found in the ears of fish, only called otocysts filled with otoliths; filled with ocean water
Term
Statoliths
Definition
little stones inside the statocysts; informs the roach about movement because when it moves, the rocks move and stimulate hair cells
Term
Utricle
Definition
inner ear of humans next to the cochlea; hair cells located at the bottom and top of the watery bag; filled with ocean water with calcium carbonate stones within
Term
Saccule
Definition
inner ear of humans next to the cochlea; hair cells located at the left and right of the watery bag; filled with ocean water with calcium carbonate stones within
Term
Semicircular canals
Definition
canals in the temporal bone; “bony labyrinth”; filled with ocean water;
Hair cells are stuck in gel in bowls at the end of the canals; gel vibrates when you move and vibrates the hair cells; tells about rotary motion and acceleration
Term
Macula
Definition
...
Term
Crista
Definition
...
Term
Nystagmus
Definition
movement of the eyes side-to-side when a person is spun around
Term
Post-rotational nystagmus
Definition
the eyes continue to move after the person stops spinning
Term
Vagus nerve
Definition
leaves the brain and goes through the neck, chest, and abdomen
Overstimulation of vestibular system causes vomiting because it overstimulates this nerve
Response lag/errors in perception
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