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What is a computer
In this chapter, we discuss what a computer is and look at the development of computer in the last few centuries.
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Computer Networking
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2011

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Term
section 1 summary
Definition
a computer can be a calculator,a media center,a communication center,and much more.the ability to change its programs is what distinguishes a computer from any other machine.
Term
computer
Definition
is a programmable machine that converts raw data into useful information.
Term
information processing cycle ( IPC)
Definition
The process a computer user to convert data into information.
Term
data
Definition
is entered into the system during the input stage
Term
information
Definition
the data being processed or manipulated ,to create useful information
Term
INPUT
Definition
Data is collected from customers who submit a from on a website.
Term
PROCESSING
Definition
The data is then manipulated,or processed,so it can be used to evaluate the customer's needs.
Term
OUTPUT
Definition
the processed data-now information-is output as reports and charts that managers can use to help make decisions.
Term
STORAGE
Definition
The raw data is stored temporarily until it can be Processed. The processed information is stored for later retrieval.
Term
1st thing you need to know sec 1
Definition
computers are programmable machines
Term
2nd thing you need to know sec1
Definition
the four steps of the information processing cycle (IPC)
are: input,processing,storage,output.
Term
3nd thing you should know sec 1
Definition
The IPC converts raw data into useful information.
Term
section 2 summary
Definition
In this article, we look at the evolution of computers in the past century -from the first generation massive machines of the 1930s and 1940s to the modern fourth -generation devices -and how Moore's Law has predication the exponential growth of technology.
Term
Vacum tubes
Definition
A tube that resembles an incandescents light bulb and was used in first-generaton computers.
Term
ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
Definition
the first working,digital,general-purpose computer.
Term
Transistors
Definition
A tiny electric switch used in second-generation computers.
Term
integrated circuits
Definition
Are silicon chips that contain large numbers of tiny transistors.
Term
microprocessor
Definition
the chip that contains the central processing unit(CPU)of a computer.
Term
Moore's Law
Definition
An observation made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of transistor that can be placed on an integrated circuit had doubled roughly every 2 years. The current trend is closer to doubling every 18 months and is expected to continue for another 10 to 20 years.
Term
1st thing you need to know sec 2
Definition
First-generation computers used vacuum tubes.
Term
2nd thing you need to know sec 2
Definition
Second-generation computers used transistors.
Term
3rd thing you need to know sec 2
Definition
third-generation computer integration circuits (chips).
Term
4th thing you need to know sec 2
Definition
fourth-generation computers use microprocessors .
Term
5th thing you need to know
Definition
Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit doubles rough every 2 years.
Term
section 3 summary
Definition
personal computers include desktop computers,which offer the most speed, power,and upgradable for the lowest cost ;workstations,which are compact desktop computers with the computer cases integrated into the monitor. portable personal computers include notebook,table,table PCs,and netbooks.
Term
Personal computer (PC)
Definition
is a small microprocessor-based computer designed to be used by one person at a time.
Term
Desktop computers
Definition
are designed to sit on user's desk
Term
workstantion
Definition
is used in a business environment to refer to a high-end desktop computer or one that's attached to a network.
Term
all-in-one computer
Definition
is a compact desktop computer with an integrated monitor.
Term
notebook
Definition
or laptop, computer are portable personal computer Today's notebook computer rival desktop in power and storage capacity-but at price.
Term
tablet PC
Definition
is a type of notebook computer that has a screen that can swivel to fold into what resembles a notepad or table.
Term
netbook
Definition
A lightweight,inexpensive computers are designed primary for Internet access.
Term
mac
Definition
computers are built by apple and run the Mac OS x snow Leopard operation system.
Term
1st thing you need to know sec 3
Definition
Desktop computer give you the most bang for your buck.
Term
2nd thing you need to know sec 3
Definition
All-in-one computers are smaller but less upgradable desktops.
Term
3rd thing you should know sec 3
Definition
Notebook computers are portable and have dramatically dropped price.
Term
4th thing you should know sec 3
Definition
table PCs and notebooks ate specialized notebook computers.
Term
5th thing you should know sec 3
Definition
The primary difference between a Mac and a PC is the operating system,not the hardware.
Term
section 4 summary
Definition
the advantages to multiuser systems include centralized resources and security.
Term
Multiuser computer
Definition
are systems that allow multiple,simultaneous users to connect to them.
Term
Servers
Definition
are computers that provide services,such as Internet access,e-mail,or file and print services ,to client system.
Term
minicomputers
Definition
the smallest multiuser computer
Term
clients
Definition
midrange servers that users connect to via personal computers.
Term
Mainframes
Definition
are large computers that can perform millions of transactions in a day.
Term
Supercomputers
Definition
are very expensive computers systems that are used to perform complex mathematical calculations,such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research.
Term
Distributed computing
Definition
distributes the processing of task across a group of computers.
Term
grid computing
Definition
distributed computing using a few computers in one location.
Term
volunteer computing
Definition
A form of distributed computing that relies on the processing power of hundreds or thousands of volunteers' personal computers.
Term
1st thing you need to know sec 4
Definition
servers provide service such as file and print sharing and e-mail to client computers.
Term
2nd thing you need to know sec 4
Definition
Minicomputers have largely been replaced by mid-sized servers that can support hundreds of concurrent users.
Term
3rd thing you should know sec 4
Definition
Mainframes/enterprise servers can process millions of transactions in a day
Term
4th thing you should know sec 4
Definition
Supercomputers perform complex mathematical calculations for such thing as weather forecasting and medical research.
Term
5th thing you should know sec 4
Definition
Distributed computing distributes processing tasks across multiple computers.
Term
section 5 summary
Definition
today , the term "computer" no longer refers only to those desktop devices used for office work.We carry computer with us everywhere we go. In some countries, mobile device have become the primary computing devices that many people have access to.
Term
mobile devices
Definition
are portable computers used for business and entertainment and come in many different shapes and sizes.
Term
handhelds
Definition
have feature as internet and e-mail access , built -in cameras , GPS and mapping tools ,and even the ability to edit documents.
Term
GPS( global positing system )
Definition
consists of 24 satellites that transmit signals that can be picked up by a GPS receiver on the ground and used to determine its current location ,time,and velocity through triangulation of the signals.
Term
wearables
Definition
computers designed to be worn on the body.
Term
video game system
Definition
a computer that's designed primarily to play games .
Term
1st thing you need to know sec 5
Definition
PDAs and smartphones are handheld,mobile computer.
Term
2nd thing you need to know sec 5
Definition
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system.
Term
3rd thing you need to know sec 5
Definition
Wearable are computers designed to be worn on the body.
Term
4th thing you need to know sec 5
Definition
Today's video game consoles are seventh-generation system with high-end graphics and processing.
Term
section 6 summary
Definition
using a computer for hours on end can literally be a pain in the neck. How you design your workspace can have a big impact on your comfort and health. It definitely require some research and effort on your part- but it's well worth it.
Term
Ergonomics
Definition
is the study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces.
Term
1st thing you need to know sec 6
Definition
Ergonomics is your relationship to your workspace.
Term
2nd thing you need to know sec 6
Definition
A poorly designed workspace can cause health problems and makes you less productive.
Term
section 7 summary
Definition
Technology actually becomes part of our environment. Digital sigage has replaced traditional billboards, we can pay for gas with the wave of a credit card,and we can upload pictures to facebook from our mobile phone. Smart homes-in which the lights,climate,security,and entertainment are automated-are a glimpse into the future of ubiquitous computing.
Term
Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp)
Definition
Technology recedes into the background and becomes part of our environment.
Term
Embedded computing
Definition
A specialized computer found in ordinary device ,such as gasoline pumps ,supermarket, checkouts,traffic lights and home appliances .
Term
Convergence
Definition
the integration of technology on multifunction devices, such as smartphones,that has accustomed us to carrying technology with us .
Term
green computing
Definition
The efficient and eco-friendly use of computers and other electronics.
Term
1st thing you need to know sec 7
Definition
Ubiquitous computing is technology that's invisible to us.
Term
2nd thing you need to know sec 7
Definition
Embedded computing are found in everything from traffic lights to dishwashers.
Term
3rd thing you need to know sec 7
Definition
The Convergence of technology allows us to carry a single multifunction device that can do the job of many separate devices.
Term
Section 8 summary
Definition
Computers are everywhere, and being computer fluent will help you in most career paths you might take like Bioinformatics. Auto mechanic,MCST and volunteer.
Term
Bioinformatics
Definition
is the application of information technology to the field of biology.
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