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Week 8 Flahscards
Week 8 Cards
135
Pharmacology
Graduate
03/28/2013

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Levonorgestrel
Definition
Progesterone agonist that can be administered either by oral or intrauterine routes. Serious ADR include venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy with intrauterine devices.
Term
Finasteride
Definition
MOA: Selective inhibitor of type I and II isoformas of 5--alpha-reductase; suppresses serum dihydrotestosterone levels by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. USE: BPH and male pattern bladness. Caution in liver dysfunction, monitor LFT's. ADR: Sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, testicular pain, anxiety and depression, pregnancy category X, increased risk of prostate and male breast CA.
Term
Flutamide (Eulexin)
Definition
An antiandrogen used to treat prostate cancer. This drug is not a steroid but acts as a competitive antagonist with testosterone at the androgen receptor sites. This prevents testosterone from allowing cells in the prostate to grow or proliferate. ADR include gynecomastia, urine discoloration (bue-green-orange), swelling of hands and feet, confusion, drowsiness, and reversible hepatic toxicity. This drug may also be used in women who have an excess of andorogen hormone such as polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Term
Mifeprostone (RU-486)
Definition
Pharmacologic antagonist at the steroid receptor. Strong antiprogestin acivity. High doses exert antiglucocorticoid activity by blocking the glucocorticoid receptor which inevitably results in inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor activation.
Term
Mifeprostone (RU-486)
Definition
Causes generalized clucocorticoid resistance. Used with inoperable patients with ectopic ACTH secretion or adrenal carcinoma who have failed to respond to other therapeutic manipulations.
Term
Mifeprostone : Use as progesterone inhibitor
Definition
Binds strongly to progesterone receptor and inhibits activity. Major use thus far is to terminate early pregnancies. Major AE: prolonged bleeding. This drug is only administered by physicians and family planning centers.
Term
Triamcinolone Pharmacokinetics
Definition
Dosed-Intra-articular, intranasal, topical. Metabolized by liver. Excreted- kidney. Elimination half life 2-3 hours.
Term
Triamcinolone Clinical Use
Definition
Corticosteroid, anti-inflammatory agents used to treat a variety of clinical conditions, asthma, various allergy disorders, and autoimmune disorders, skin disorders.
Term
Triamcinolone long term exposure
Definition
Cushingoid appearance, muscle wasting and weakness, hypertension, hyperglycemia, subcapsulary cataracts and glaucoma, osteoporosis, psychosis.
Term
Triamcinolone MOAs
Definition
Anti-inflammatory effects result from decreased formation, release and activity of the mediators of inflammation (eg, kinins, histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) which reduce inflammatory process. The immunosuppressive properties decrease the response to delayed and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. The antiproliferative effects reduce hyperplastic tissue characteristic of psoriasis.
Term
Prednisone
Definition
A short- to medium-acting glucocorticoid. Well absorded after PO administion. Binds to intercellular receptors and produces the same effects as endogenous glucorticoids (cortisol).
Term
Prednisone ADRs
Definition
Long term use: Cushing's syndrome, glaucoma, HTN, hypokalemia, adrenal suppression, growth suppression in kids. Short term use: less common, insomnia, behavioral changes, peptic ulcers.
Term
Clomiphene
Definition
MOA: Partial agonist at estrogen receptorsIncreases secretion of gonadotropins and estrogens by inhibiting estradiol's negative feedback on gonadotropins.
Term
Clomiphene
Definition
Clinical use: Patients treatment of ovulation disorders in patients who whish to become pregnant.Effects: stimullates ovulation in women with oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and ovulatory disfunction (mostly pt suffering from polycistic ovarian syndrome).
Term
Clomiphene
Definition
ADS:mild hot flushes (dissapear when drug is discontinued).Ovarian enlargement and visual disturbances has been reported.Contraindications:special precautions in women with enlarged ovaries (treatment with Clomiphene may be associated with increase low grade risk for ovarian cancer.However evidence is not conclusive). Pt. who experience visual disturbances should use caution when driving.
Term
Letrozole
Definition
1st line defense of ER positive breast CA or used after 5 years of therapy with tamoxifen in early breast cancers. Used with post-menopausal women.
Term
Letrozole
Definition
MOA- selective aromatase inhibitor- aromatase converts adrenal androgen to estrogens and ihibition of this reduces estrogen production in the peripheral tissues. It starves the tumor cells to decrease growth and sometimes tumor death all together.
Term
Letrozole
Definition
ADR's- myalgias, nausea, cough,hot flashes and osteoporosis. Rarely thromboembolisms.
Term
Tretinoin
Definition
Avid form of vitamin A or retinoids acid. Used topically to treat acne, keratosis Polaris, to slow skin aging and for stretch marks.
Term
Finasteride MOA
Definition
a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor that blocks the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotesterone, which is the androgen responsible for androgenic alopecia in genetically predisposed men
Term
Finasteride Pharmakinetics
Definition
Orally, 1mg/d promotes hair growth and prevents further hair loss. Treatment of 3-6 months is necessary too see results
Term
Finasteride Uses
Definition
Prevent hair loss and promote hair growth in men with alopecia. There is no data to support that Finasteride will help women with alopecia.
Term
Finasteride Adverse Effects
Definition
decreased libido, ejaculation disorders, erectile dysfunction, which usually resolve in most men who remain on the therapy, and all men who discontinue it. Pregnant women should not handle or be expose to it.
Term
Salicylic Acid
Definition
Trade name - Compound W, Mediplast, Avosil Use - Acne, Blemishes, Warts,corns, calluses, Psoriasis
Term
Salicylic Acid MOA
Definition
Topical - a monohydroxybenzoic acid that facilitates desquamation & solubilses the intercellular cement allowing water penetration, loosening keratin, & causing epidermal maceration without total tissue destruction. This antifungal action occurs because the stratum corneum suppresses fungal growth & aids in the pentration of other antifungal agents and has a mild antiseptic action. It is also a metabolite in Aspirin.
Term
Salicylic Acid Adverse Effects & Pharm.
Definition
Erythema, Pruritis, Dermatitis, Burning sensation or stinging of skin, toxicity, do not use on children <2 yrs or diabetics, avoid contact to eyes - Pharm - superficial tissues for approx. 2 hrs.
Term
Triamcinolone MOA
Definition
A steroid medicaion that redecues inflamaion by altering cellular protein producion, which modifies gene expression.
Term
Triamcinolone Uses
Definition
Used to treat many different inflamatory disorders: ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, inflamatroy skin and respritroy diseases.
Term
Triamcinolone Effects
Definition
CNS:Insomnia, euphoria followed by depression
GI:stiumlates gastric acid secretion and decresis resistance to ulcer formaion
Skin:vasoconstricion, reduces capillary permeablilty by reducing histamine
Renal: Na retension and K secretion. It can inhibit LH, TSH, and growth hormone release
Term
Flutamide MOA
Definition
acts as a competitive antagonist at the androgen receptor
Term
Flutamide Clinical Uses
Definition
Prostatic carcinoma: administration causes some improvement in most patients who have not had prior endocrine therapy. Preliminary studies indicate usefulness in the management of excess androgen effect in women.
Term
Flutamide ADR
Definition
gynecomastia, occasionally causes mild reversible hepatic toxicity
Term
Letrozole MOA
Definition
inhibits the enzyme aromatase which is partially responsible for conversion of precursors to estrogen
Term
Letrozole clinical uses
Definition
slowing of disease progression in women with advanced breast cancer by lowering levels of circulating estrogen with may halt progression of estrogen sensitive breast cancer. decreased risk of recurrence/metastatic disease.
Term
Letrozole ADR
Definition
anxiety, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, HA, weakness, coughing, nausea,, hot flashes, increased sweating, hypercholesterolemia, weightr gain, musculoskeletal pain
Term
Clomiphene MOA
Definition
A partial agonist; competitively binds to estrogen receptors, which creates more unbound estrogen, which produces an increase in the secretion of leuteinizing hormone – releasing hormone (LH-RH) and follicle stimulating hormone, releasing FSH –RH, and gonadotropins LH and FSH. In short, it increases gonadotropins and estrogens by decreasing estradiol’s negative feedback affect on gonadotropins.
Term
Clomiphene Clinical Uses
Definition
Male or female infertility, hormone (estrogen replacement), hypothalamic amenorrhea, in vitro fertilization, male hypogonadism, pubertal gynecomastia, and residual ovary syndrome.
Term
Clomiphene ADR
Definition
Clomiphene Side-Effects – Mostly hot flashes, but also headache, constipation, allergic skin reaction, and reversible hair loss.
Term
Tretinoin
Definition
Also known as retinoic acid, is the acid form of vitamin A and formed by the oxidation of the alcohol group
Term
Tretinoin Pharmacokinetics
Definition
Insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. Applied topically, most remains in epidermis with less than 10% absorption in circulation. Metabolized in liver, excreted in bile and urine.
Term
Tretinoin MOA
Definition
Stabilizes lysosomes, increases ribonucleic acid polymerase activity, increases prostaglandin E2, cAMP, and cGMP levels, increases incorporation of thymidine into DNA. Decreases cohesion between epidermal cells and causes increased epidermal cell turnover. Results in expulsion of open comedones and transformation of closed comedones into open ones.
Term
Tretinoin effects
Definition
Causes mild peeling and slight erythema. Long term use promotes dermal collagen synthesis, new blood vessel formation, and thickening of epidermis.
Term
Tretinoin application
Definition
Apply to dry skin and avoid contact with corners of eyes, nose, mouth, and mucous membranes. Acne may be aggravated in first 4-6 weeks. Allow 8-12 weeks for optimal clinical improvement
Term
Tretinoin clinical applications
Definition
Acne, photo damaged skin, wrinkles
Term
Tretinoin adverse effects
Definition
Erythema, dryness (resolves with continued therapy). Avoid or minimize sun exposure and use protective sunscreen as it increases the tumorigenic potential of UV radiation. Allergic contact dermatitis is rare.
Term
Levonorgestrel MOA
Definition
Progesterone Agonist; Active isomer of norgestrel; MOA is not clearly understood though it is thought it inhibits/delays ovulation; was thought to thicken cervical mucous or inhibition of sperm mobility but most recent research may dispute that
Term
Levonorgestrel Clinical Uses
Definition
Intrauterine device (IUD): Prevention of pregnancy; treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in women who also choose to use an IUD for contraception.
Oral: Emergency contraception following unprotected intercourse or possible contraceptive failure
Term
Levonorgestrel Adverse effects
Definition
HA; acne; uterine/vaginal bleeding; spotting; fatigue; dizziness; breast tenderness
Term
Levonorgesterel Brand Names
Definition
Mirena; Next Choice; One Dose; Plan B; Skyla
Term
Mifepristone
Definition
Glucosteroid receptor antagonist 11beta aminophenyl-substitute 19 norsteroid called RU-486 initially proposed as a contraceptive-contragestive agent
Term
Mifepristone MOA
Definition
Exert antiglucocorticoid activity by blocking the glucocorticoid receptor
causing stabilization of the hsp-glucocorticoid receptor complex and inhibition of the dissociation of the RU-486-bound glucocorticoid receptor from the hsp chaperone proteins plus
altering the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with coregulators which form a transcriptionally inactive complex in the cell nucleus
Term
Mifepristone T1/2
Definition
20 hours
Term
Mifepristone Adverse Reaction
Definition
Prolonged vaginal bleeding, headache, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal or pelvic pain, terminates pregnancy, potentially serious to fatal infection (sepsis), Pregnancy category X
Term
Mifepristone Clinical Use
Definition
Termination of Pregnancy through 49 days gestation age most effective when combined with prostaglandin
Reverses the cushingoid phenotype in patients with Cushing's syndrome d/t ectopic ACTH production or adrenal carcinoma
Term
Prednisone MOA
Definition
Glucocorticoid, mediated by widely distributed glucocorticoid receptors. These receptors include steroid, sterol, hyrooid, retinoic acid and other ligands. Theses receptors promote and regulate the transcription of target genes. The receptor complex is transported into the nucleus where it interacts with DNA and proteins, binds to GREs and also influences transcriptions factors such as AP1 amd MF-kB to influence transcription
Term
Prednisone Contraindications
Definition
Use with caution in patients with peptic ulcer, heart disease, hypertension with heart failure, varicella, TB, psychosis, diabetes, osteoporosis, or glaucoma. Pregnancy Category D
Term
Prednisone Monitoring
Definition
monitor the therapeutic effect: blood sugars, electrolytes (Na & water retention), BP, protein wasting, infections, bone density, depression, behavioral changes, and GI effects
Term
Letrozole
Definition
Selective reversible aromatase inhibitor (aromatase converts androgens to estrogens) for breast cancer | ADRs: sweating, hot flashes, joint pain, fatigue | contraindicated pre-menopausal
Term
Flutamide
(MOA)
Definition
substituted anilide/antiandrogen

acts as a competitive antagonist at androgen receptor
Term
Flutamide
(clinical uses)
Definition
#NAME?
Term
Flutamide
(ADR)
Definition
#NAME?
Term
Tretinoin (MOA)
Definition
Acid form of Vitamin A
Decrease cohesion of epidermal cells cuasing an increase in epidermal cell turnover.
Promote dermal collagen formation, new blood vessel formation and thickening of the epidermis
Term
Tretinion ADR
Definition
Irritation, dryness, erythema, mild peeling
increase carinogensis of UV exposure (need to apply at night and use sunscreen during day)
Worsening of acne in the first week of therapy. 6-12 weeks for max effect. (Flares of 2 weeks)
Term
Tretinoin Uses
Definition
acne, diminshes lines and wrinkles
Term
Levonorgestrel MOA
Definition
Progestin. Available orally or Subcutaneous capsules that are implanted
Term
Levonorgestrel ADR/SE
Definition
Headache, dizziness, bloating, weight gain 1-2 kg, reversible reduction of glucose tolerance. Patients experiencing headaches or visual disturbances should be checked for papilledema.
Term
Levonorgestrel implant disadvantages
Definition
Sub Q implant Requires surgical implantation and removal, patients may experience irregular bleeding.
Term
Levonorgestrel implant advantages
Definition
Sub Q implant Extremely effective, last for 2-4 years, useful in patients with hepatic disease, HTN, psychosis or mental retardation, or prior thromboembolism. Oral tabs effective for postcoital contraception.
Term
Triamcinolone MOA
Definition
Stabilizes lysosomes in neurtrophils. Increases antinflammatory protien lipocortin.
Term
Triamcinolone ADR
Definition
Edema, photosensitivity, cushings, immunosupressive
Term
Triamcinolone
Definition
corticosteroid that can be given orally, by injection, inhalation, or topically.
Term
Triamcinolone Uses
Definition
eczema, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
Term
Clomiphene (clomid) MOA
Definition
partial estrogen agonist that works by boosting the secretion of gonadotrophins and estrogen by hindering estradiol's negative feedback on the gonadotrophins.
The goal is to stimulate ovulation for those wanting pregnancy.
Term
clomiphene (clomid) ADR
Definition
hot flashes, headaches, constipation, reversible hair loss, possible allergic skin reactions, enlarged ovaries (use caution in those who already have enlarged ovaires, visual disturbances. Can increase risk for ovarian cancer if admininstered greater than 1 year.
Term
Salicylic Acid (MOA)
Definition
Facilitates desquamation by solubilizing the intercellular cement that binds scales in the stratum corneum, loosening the keratin.
Term
Salicylic acid (Clinical Uses)
Definition
Acne - concentrations of 0.5% to 10%
Psoriasis - concentrations 3 to 6%
Wart removal - once or twice daily in concentrations of 5% to 40% for up to 12 weeks
Term
Salicylic Acid (ADR)
Definition
Burning sensation, Erythema, Pruritus, Stinging of skin
Term
Finasteride MOA
Definition
Alpha Reductase Inhibitor that prevents testosterone from breaking down into DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)
Term
Finasteride Clinical Uses
Definition
1) treatment of male pattern baldness
2) reduction in prostate size
3) treatment of hirsuitism in women
Term
Finasteride ADR
Definition
antiandrogenic properties cause decreased libido, ejaculation disorders and erectile dysfunction
Term
Mifepristone (RU-486) (MOA)
Definition
antagonist at the steroid receptor; strong antiprogestin activity by binding to progesterone receptor; long half life of 20 hours
Term
Mifepristone (RU-486) (Clinical Uses)
Definition
termination of early pregnancies, contraceptive, endometriosis, Cushing's syndrome, breast cancer, and other neoplasms that contain glucocorticoid or progesterone receptors
Term
Mifepristone (RU-486) (ADR)
Definition
abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding,uterine cramping, hypokalemia, decreased appetite, n/v, sepsis, toxic shock syndrome
Term
Letrozole MOA:
Definition
Non-steroidal competitive Inhibitor of aromatase (enzyme required for estrogen synthesis) which decreases plasma estrogen levels
Term
Uses of letrozole
Definition
Breast cancer (antineoplastic agent - also effective in some women resistant to tamoxifen); ovarian and endometrial cancer (unlabeled uses)
Term
Significant ADRs of letrozole
Definition
Edema; HA, dizziness, fatigue; GI disturbances; arthralgias, bone pain (decreased bone mineral density), back pain, weakness; dyspnea and cough; diaphoresis; increased total cholesterol
Term
Pregnancy category of letrozole
Definition
Category X
Term
Monitor these parameters while taking letrozole
Definition
CBC, thyroid function, electrolytes, cholesterol, creatinine, and transaminases (metabolized by the liver; use with caution in hepatic impairment). Also bone density and blood pressure
Term
What is tretinoin used to treat?
Definition
Acne
Term
Tretinoin MOA
Definition
Decrease cohesion of epidermal cells causing an increase in epidermal cell turnover. Also promotes dermal collagen formation, new blood vessel formation and thickening of the epidermis
Term
Tretinoin ADR
Definition
Irritation, dryness, increase carcinogenesis of UV exposure (apply at HS, sunscreen during the day), Worsening of acne in the first weeks of therapy. Many will experience a flare at 2 weeks.
Term
How long for maximum effect of tretinoin?
Definition
6-12 weeks
Term
Mifepristone Classification
Definition
Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, Phamacologic antagonist at the steroid receptor
Term
Mifepristone MOA
Definition
Exerts antiglucocorticoid activty by blocking the glucocorticoid receptor, actual MOA is unkown related to prevention of conception
Term
Mifepristone Half-life
Definition
20 hours - loner than many natural and synthetic glucocorticoid agonists, long half life is related to the stong binding to plasma proteins, long half life may prolong the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
Term
Mifepristone Glucocorticoid Uses:
Definition
Causes generalize glucocorticoid resistance, recommended use for inoperable patienst with ectopic ACTH secretion or adrenal carinoma who have failed to respond to other treatments. Progesterone inhibition.
Term
Mifepristone (gonadal hormone therapy)
Definition
Estrogen & Progestrone inhibitor/antagonist
Term
Mifepristone MOA (Gonadal)
Definition
Unknown
Term
Mifepristone Contraceptive
Definition
600mg dose is effective for emergency postcoital contraception
Term
Mifepristone Uses
Definition
# 1 terminate early pregnancies, endometriosis, Cushing's Syndrome, breast cancer, neoplasms such as meningiomas that contain glucocorticoid or progesterone receptors.
Term
ADR - pregnancy termination (abortifacient)
Definition
changes in menstrual cycle (usually only once cycle), prolonged bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal/pelvic pain, fatigue, fever
Term
Mifepristone Special Considerations
Definition
Only administered by physicians at family planning centers due to ADR's, not commercially utilized within the US.
Term
Mifepristone Dosing
Definition
Smaller doses - used for emergency contraception, Larger doses - early pregnancy termination
Term
prednisone long term therapy consideration
Definition
After controll achieved, use alternate day dosing for less marked adverse effects due to recovery period between each dose
Term
prednisone classification
Definition
short to medium-acting glucocorticoid (synthetic corticosteroid)
Term
prednisone potency
Definition
anti-inflammatory oral potency (4) relative to hydrocortisone (1); salt-retaining potency (0.3) relative to hydrocortisone (1); equivalent dose (5 mg) relative to hydrocortisone (20 mg)
Term
prednisone kinetics
Definition
rapidly & completely absorbed PO; a prodrug rapidly converted to the active product prednisolone in the body; may turn off feedback loop; bind to cortisol binding globulin; enter cells as free molecules; metabolized in liver;
Term
prednisone MOA
Definition
Bound to CBG (cortisol binding globulin) in blood but enter cell as free molecule; inside cell, associate w/ DNA & alter cellular protein production by modifying gene expression; intracellular receptors loose 2 sets of proteins after binding with steroids; the receptor/steroid complex then moves into the nucleus, binds to response element on the gene & regulates transcription (from slides)
Term
prednisone use in infants
Definition
Treat infants w/ congenital adrenal hyperplasia after acute adrenal crisis & once stabalized, alternate day therapy to achieve greater ACTH suppression without increased growth inhibition
Term
prednisone uses
Definition
Tx autoimmune disorders & inflammation involving vital organs; allergic rxns (bee stings, poisin ivy); collagen-vascular (lupus); eye (acute uveitis); GI (Inflammatory bowel disease); hematologic (acute allergic purpura); infections (suppress excessive inflammation); inflammatory conditions of bones & joints (bursitis); neurologic (MS); organ transplants (prevent rejection); pulmonary (aspiration pneumonia); renal (nephrotic syndrome); skin (seborrheic dermatitis); thyroid (subacute thyroiditis); misc (mountain sickness)
Term
prednisone contraindications
Definition
peptic ulcer; heart disease; htn with heart failure; certain infectious illnes (varicella, Tb); psychosis; diabetes; osterporosis; glaucoma
Term
prednisone ADR
Definition
insomnia; behavioral changes (hypomania); acute peptic ulcer; acute pancreatitis (w/ high dose)
Term
prednisone ADR w/ long term therapy (>2 weeks)
Definition
iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome; moonface; redistribute fat from extremities to trunk, back of neck, & supraclavicular fossae; increased fine hair over face, thighs, & trunk; acne; increased appetite; thin skin; diabetes (anti-insulin effect, hyperglycemia); poor wound healing; easy bruising; euphoria (or depression, psychosis or emotional lability); htn; osteoporsis; SERIOUS= peptic ulcers; mask bacterial & mycotic infections; myopathy; nausea; dizziness; weight loss; glaucoma; growth retardation in children; WITH LARGE DOSES= Na+ & fluid retention, loss of K+; hypokalemic/hypochloremic alkalosis leading in increased BP; edema in renal or liver disease; heart failure
Term
prednisone considerations
Definition
Therapy for > 2 weeks may lead to adrenal suppression so need supplemental therapy in times of stress. Taper dose slowly (2-12 months) or may see anorexia; N/V; wt loss; lethargy; HA; fever; joint/ muscle pain; or postural hypotension
Term
Levonorgestrel Advantages
Definition
Suited for use in patients for whom estrogen administration is undesirable.
The delivery of low level hormones has little effect on lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism or blood pressure.
Term
Levonorgestrel Disadvantages
Definition
There is a high incidence of abnormal bleeding.
The need for surgical insertion and removal of capsules an dsome irregular bleeding rather than predictable menses.
Term
Levonorgestrel ADR
Definition
Patients experiencing headache or visual disturbances should be checked for papilledema. Other side effects include: dizziness, bloating and weight gain of 1-2 kg, and a reversible reduction of glucose tolerance.
Term
Levonorgestrel Considerations
Definition
Useful in patients with hepatic disease, hypertension, psychosis or mental retardation, or prior thromboembolism.
Term
Levonorgestrel systemic agent
Definition
Switched from prescription to OTC status by the FDA for the indication of emergency contraception in 2006. Product example "Plan B One-Step"
Term
Flutamide
Definition
Substitued anilide, potent antiandrogen
Term
Flutamide Uses
Definition
Prostatic carcinoma, in patients who have not had prior endocrine therapy. Rsearch also showing could be useful in management of excess androgen in women
Term
Flutamide MOA
Definition
Competetive antagonist at the androgen receptor
Term
Flutamide ADRs
Definition
Frequently causes mild gynecomastia, and can occasionally cause reversible hepatic toxicity
Term
Triamcinolone Drug Class
Definition
Intermediate-acting, synthetic corticosteriod
Term
Triamcinolone MOA
Definition
Mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (proteins), which then interact with promoters and transcriptors of the target gene to decrease inflammation through action on prostaglandins, kinins, histamine, liposomal enzymes, and the complement system.
Term
Triamcinolone routes of administration
Definition
injectable, topical
Term
Triamcinolone Pharmacokinetics
Definition
Metabolized in the liver. ~60% plasma bound.
Term
Name two uses for Finasteride
Definition
Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia
Term
Finasteride MOA
Definition
Competitively and specifically inhibits 5α-reductase, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is the potent androgen
responsible for enlargement of the prostate gland, as well as androgenic alopecia (male-pattern balding).
Term
Finasteride ADR's
Definition
Decreased libido, ejaculation disorders and erectile dysfunction. A serious side effect is neoplasm of the male breast tissue.
Term
Is continued treatment necessary to maintain the effects of finasteride on hair loss?
Definition
Yes, finasteride must be used for at least 3-6 months to see increased hair growth, and must be continued to sustain the benefits.
Term
Clomiphene class
Definition
Partial estrogen agonist
Term
Clomiphene MOA
Definition
partial agonist of estrogen receptors, this inhibits the action of stronger estrogens. This leads to an increase in gonadotropins by inhibiting estradiol's negative feedback effect. This stimulates ovulation
Term
Clomiphene clinical uses
Definition
Used to stimulate ovulation in those who wish to get pregnant
Term
Clomiphene adverse effects
Definition
Hot flahses, headache, constipation, reversable hair loss
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