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Week 6
Animal Nutrition
29
Nutrition
Graduate
07/22/2018

Additional Nutrition Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 Name and describe the five things affecting feed consumption

 

Definition

 

Palatability- Degree of acceptability of a feed or feedstuff to the taste or the degree of its acceptability to be eaten by the animal

Taste- sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Odor- produced by volatile compounds, may serve as an attraction but might not influence consumption

Sight- orientation and location of food

Texture- physical factors

Term

Describe and define palatability

 

Definition

 

Degree of acceptability of a feed or feedstuff to the taste or the degree of its acceptability to be eaten by the animal, involves appearance, taste, odor, temperature, texture

Term

What is the Jacobson’s organ?

 

Definition

 

A group of sensory cells in the main nasal chamber used for olfaction in reptiles, amphibians and mammals

Term

  Which species has the highest number of taste buds?  Lowest?

 

Definition

 

Highest- cattle lowest- chicken

Term

 Define appetite

 

Definition

 

Desire of animal to eat

Term

 Define satiety

 

Definition

 

Lack of desire to eat

Term

Define hunger

 

Definition

 

Physiological state that results from deprivation of feed of a general or specific type

Term

 Name two ways feed intake is controlled

 

Definition

 

External- environment, sensory information, diet composition internal- metabolic, hormones

Term

Describe the intrinsic/extrinsic factors affecting long-term control

 

Definition

 

lactation, estrus, nitrogen, energy status, temperature, humidity, season, photoperiod

Term

Define photoperiod

 

Definition

 

seasonal changes which affects pineal gland (pineal gland secretes melatonin, responsible for regulating the sleep/wake cycle)

Term

Where are the hunger and satiety centers located?

 

Definition

 

hypothalamus

Term

 How does the effect of glucose differ in the ruminant from the nonruminant?

 

Definition

 

In non-ruminants, when glucose is low, hunger increases. In ruminants, glucose level has little effect on feed intake

Term

Describe and explain the factors that influence food intake

 

Definition

 

Olfaction (smell), taste, temperature, and amount of water consumed control food intake. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland (in the brain) controls energy balance. Acetate and lactate reduces meal size. Proprionate reduces food intake

Term

  Define feeding standards

 

Definition

 

The amounts of nutrients required by animals

Term

 When is an animal in state of maintenance?

 

Definition

 

when its body composition remains constant, when it does not give rise to any product such as milk, and when it does not perform any work on its environment

Term

  Define growth

 

Definition

 

Increase in body weight

Term

 What three things occurs as an animal grows?

 

Definition

 

Quality of diet increases as they eat non-milk sources, digestibility is lower, dry matter used less efficiently

Term

 What is colostrum?

 

Definition

 

Large supply of proteins, antibodies, vitamins and minerals

Term

  Define work

Definition

 

Increased in energy demand in proportion to the work done and efficiency with which it is accomplished

Term

  Describe how energy needs change with pregnancy and lactation

 

Definition

 

Increase in 3rd trimester, Calcium Phosphorus , minerals, vitamins, and protein is critical to fetal development, Heavy lactation results in more nutritional stress than any other productive function (except for heavy work).

Term

  What are feedstuffs?

 

Definition

 

Any component of a diet that serves a useful function

Term

  Describe forages and the factors affecting forage composition

 

Definition

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Primary feed for herbivores, Stage of maturity, Fertilization, Harvest and storage methods

Term

 Name and describe the types of pastures and grazed forages

 

Definition

 

Grasses- most important to humans, palatable when immature, can grow in most environments which herbivores can survive, nutrients sufficient for animals on yearly basis

Legumes- alfalfa most common, high yield, perennial, high palatability, high nutrient content

Forbs- herbaceous flowering plant other than grass

Term

  Name and describe the harvested dry forages

 

Definition

 

Hay- Come from grasses or legumes, Grown and harvested for animal use

Straws and Chaff- Comes from small cereal grains (wheat, barely, rye, rice, oats)

Straw- consists of stems and variable amounts of leaves of plants that remain after the removal of the seeks

Chaff- consists of the small particles removed from the seed head along with limited amount of small or broken grains

Term

Name and describe the harvested high-moisture forages

 

Definition

 

Green Chop (Soilage)- Herbage that has been cut and chopped in the field and then fed to livestock in confinement

Silage- Silage is pasture grass that has been ‘pickled’. It is a method used to preserve the pasture for cows and sheep to eat later when natural pasture isn’t good, like in the dry season.

Corn- Very palatable, High DE (digestible energy), Low in digestible protein

Term

   What are feed additives used for?

 

Definition

 

to enhance the effectiveness of nutrients and exert their effects in the gut or on the gut wall cells.

Term

   Describe how antibiotics benefit the animal?

 

Definition

 

Fight off bacteria, reduce specific bacteria in gut and increase efficiency of nutrient utilization

Term

 What concerns can feeding antibiotics to animals have?  What is being done?

 

Definition

 

There is concern that if such bacteria gain resistance to this antibiotic,then the disease becomes untreatable. For this reason, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been curtailed by legislation in recent years, and in the EU the use of antibiotics as growth promoters is no longer permitted.

Term

What are probiotics?

 

Definition

 

A probiotic is defined as a live microbial food supplement that beneficially affects the host animal by improving the intestinal microbial balance

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