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Week 1 - Introduction to cells and body
w1
70
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
01/08/2016

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Cards

Term
Describe a membrane structure
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic heads and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Term
What do lipids do
Definition
make membranes and store energy
Term
what to proteins make
Definition
structures, enzymes, channels
Term
what do carbohydrates do
Definition
energy storage, structure and adhesion
Term
what do nucleic acids do
Definition
store and transmit data
Term
What is the ECF made up of?
Definition
Interstitial fluid and plasma
Term
What makes up the hindbrain?
Definition
medulla
pons
cerebellum
Term
what functions does the hindbrain take over?
Definition
controls heart rate, breathing, gut motility, swallowing
parasympathetic NS
movement (cerebellum)
Term
what makes up the midbrain
Definition
basal ganlia
colliculi
Term
what functions does the midbrain take over
Definition
movement
relation of movement to vision and sound
Term
what makes up the forebrain
Definition
thalamus
hypothalamus
cerebrum
Term
what functions does the forebrain take over
Definition
homeostatis/hormone production
processing centre
Term
Describe the somatic NS pathway
Definition
VOLUNTARY
-signals sent from the cortex
- axon synapse in the spinal cord
- motor nerve carries signals to the skeletal muscles
Term
Describe the autonomic NS pathway
Definition
INVOLUNTARY
-signals arise from the nuclei of the medulla, pons and thalamus
- they project via at least one synapse to target organs
Term
Describe the sympathetic nervous system pathway
Definition
-nerves arise from the spinal cord
-synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia
- post synaptic neurons use noradrenaline
Term
Describe the parasympathetic nervous system pathway
Definition
-nerves arise from the brainstem and sacral region of spine
-synapse in ganglia close to their target organs
-postsynaptic transmitter is acetylcholine
Term
What elements are you made of?
Definition
O 65
C 18
H 10
N 3
Term
how much % water are you?
Definition
60
Term
what % fat are men and women?
Definition
13-17
20-21
Term
If you were 70kg, how many L would be water? how much of that would be ECF and ICF?
Definition
42L
14L
28L
Term
what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
eukaryotes contain membrane bound nucleus and a number of specialised organelles
Term
describe the sER and rER
Definition
sER -> makes lipid based molecules and new membranes are synthesised
rER -> docking sites for ribosomes. Site of synthesis of membrane proteins
Term
what are proteosomes
Definition
protein complex that destroys proteins
Term
what are lysosomes
Definition
special vesicles containing destructive enzymes
Term
what are the 3 responses to acid-base challenge?
Definition
buffering (bicarb, phosphate, protein)
respiratory
renal
Term
describe respiratory compensation
Definition
excess co2 blown off from lungs
fast but partial
Term
describe renal compensation (5)
Definition
secretion of protons or bicarb into urine
retention of bicarb
creation of new bicarb
excretion of ammonia
regulation of other buffers
Term
where is new bicarb made?
Definition
proximal tubule
Term
what secretes protons?
Definition
collecting duct
Term
describe respiratory acidosis
Definition
respiratory system unable to clear co2
impaired ventilation
Term
describe respiratory alkolosis
Definition
co2 deficit
hyperventilation
Term
describe metabolic acidosis
Definition
creation/ingestion of acids
loses bicarbonate/unable to secrete protons
diarrhoea
Term
describe metabolic alkalosis
Definition
loss of acid
ingestion of excess alkali
vomitting/ingestion of antiacids.
Term
Major cation and anion in ICF? What is the protein conc?
Definition
Potassium, phosphate and protein.
HIGH
Term
Major cation and anion in ECF? What is the protein conc?
Definition
Sodium, chloride.
Plasma: High
Interstitial fluid: low
Term
Name two small, uncharged molecules carried in the plasma:
Definition
glucose and urea
Term
What does oral rehydration solution contain? Why?
Definition
Sugar, salt, and water: salt and sugar are cotransported across the gut wall, pulling water with them (also other trace nutrients, which vary with different ORS’s)
Term
Where does an osmotic pressure exist?
Definition
exists between two fluid compartments with different solute concentrations, if they are separated by a semipermeable membrane.
Term
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution? Why?
Definition
Since the concentration of water is higher within the cell, there is a net movement of water from inside to outside of the cell. (water leaves the cell by osmosis)• Causes the cell to shrink as its internal pressure decreases.
Term
What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution? Why?
Definition
Since the concentration of water is higher outside the cell, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell.• Cell gains water, swells and the internal pressure increases. Eventually burst (haemolysis).
Term
Define hypotonic.
Definition
lower solute concentration and more water concentration
Term
Define hypertonic.
Definition
Concentration with higher solute concentration and less water concentration
Term
Define isotonic
Definition
Solution in which water molecule and solute molecule are equal in concentration.
Term
What happens to cells in a isotonic solution? Why?
Definition
Water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rates.- There’s no net movement of water across the plasma membrane- The cells retain their normal shape
Term
Define oncotic pressue
Definition
Oncotic pressure, or colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system.
Term
What causes oncotic pressure?
Definition
Capillaries allow most solutes to cross, but retain proteins within the plasma. This then exerts a special type of osmotic pressure
Term
At the beginning of a capillary, the _______ pressure exceeds the _______ pressure, so there is net ________ .
Definition
hydrostatic
oncotic
filtration
Term
By the end, it has dropped below the ______ pressure, and there is net ________
Definition
oncotic
reabsorption
Term
Why is the concentration of sodium inside cells much lower than it is outside?
Definition
Because it is pumped out by the Na,K ATPase .
Term
Cells contain potassium channels in their membranes. Why doesn’t all the potassium empty out of them again?
Definition
As K+ leaves the cell, the inside gains a negative charge. This tends to draw cations (like K+) back into the cell
Term
What are the three main buffers and what do they buffer?
Definition

bicarbonate ECF

phosphate ICF

protein BOTH

Term
Which one of these can be modified by breathing faster?
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
Hyperventilation will remove CO2 from the body, thus causing ....
Definition
carbonic acid to break down into CO2 and water
Term
What other organ is a major regulator of body acid-base balance?
Definition
The kidney
Term
Consuming a meal high in salt will...
Definition
result in a temporary increase in blood volume because the ability of your kidneys to remove the water has been reduced.
Term
Osmotic pressure forces...
Definition
forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane.
forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration.
can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure.
Term
What is the normal plasma sodium concentration of body fluid composition?
Definition
135-145 mM
Term
What is the normal plasma potssium concentration of body fluid composition?
Definition
3.5-4mM
Term
What % of total body mass does plasma represent?
Definition
5%
Term
How much volume is interstitial fluid in a 70kg man?
Definition
11L
Term
What occurs in chronic dehydration? what happens to the intracellular fluid?
Definition
water is lost from all compartments
becomes concentrated
Term
Describe the membrane of cytoskeletal components and proteasomes
Definition
NONE
Term
Which has longer effects, hormones or ANS?
Definition
hormones
Term
Where is autonomic nuclei mostly found?
Definition
brainstem and hypothalamus
Term
What makes a good buffer?
Definition
a weak acid and conjugate base
Term
The main flexors of the wrist have their insertion on the:
Definition
Medial epicondyle
Term
. Which ONE short scapular muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff group?
A. Teres minor
B. Teres major
C. Supraspinatus
D. Infrapsinatus
E. Subscapularis
Definition
Teres major
Term
Bone matrix is deposited by
Definition
Osteoblasts
Term
The common intermediate for gluconeogenesis from non-carbohydrate precursors is:
Definition
oxaloacetate
Term
What does transcription require
Definition
a DNA template
RNA polymerase
proteins
nucleoside triphosphates
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