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Details Title: W/ST 318I Description: Final Total Flash Cards: 40 Created: 07/11/2007 18:46:43	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Definition It was a broken treaty. With this treaty, the U.S.-Mexican War ended with Mexico seceding 55% of its land for money to pay war damages. The treaty provided protection for U.S. citizens under the Constitution. PROBLEMS WITH THE TREATY: - Some 100,000 Mexicans, including Indians who had been granted Mexican citizenship were affected by treaty. - U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty in May and deleted Article X (Mexico agreed upon) which guaranteed the protection of Mexican land grants. - *Mexicans are no longer protected. - Then the state constitutional convention agrees that these Mexicans are not American citizens and require further action by Congress to become U.S. citizens. Thus, Mexicans became unable to protect their land and the government worked towards the Squatters' favor. In interracial marriages, a Mexican woman was sought as valuable, espcially if she came with property. Moreover, Mexicans also faced lots of violence because of racisim, land, and voting. They developed an unstable sense on place. Mexicans resisted and took up arms, and many women would poison white men. Term Aztlán Definition An ideological principle who leaves Mexicans thinking, “Who are we?” “Where do we come from?” A mythical (not a real place) homeland of the Aztecs. Aztecs were nomadic; they traveled and always moved. To say they had a homeland was a myth. - The Aztecs were the last ruling class of indigenous (native) people to occupy Mexico in present-day Mexico City. - Aztlán became central to the Chicano Movement (esp. with Reies Tijerina). - The Aztecs were tyrannical and powerful. They didn’t mind bloodshed. They focused on dominance and power. --> TIED TO CHICANOS' SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-IDENTITY. Allowed for Chican@s to take a stand. Term Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez Definition A leader in the Chicano Movment who represented the URBAN experience. Very skillful who had the ablility to organize and lead. - Organized the youth and community for new political party: “La Raza” - Derived from “La Raza Cósmica” – Jose Vasconcelos - Groups of different ethnicities created a group of cosmic difference, but centered on Mexican beliefs. - Believed that in order to excel, they had to create their own political party that better represented their beliefs. Term Chicano Liberation Youth Conference Definition Denver, March 1969- Chicanos (teachers, students, etc.) were invited. Attracted lots of attention. - Drew attention of the FBI. - LA Times covered the event. - More than 1,000 people came. - Mexicans from Chicago, New York, and even Kansas gathered together. Conference brought together people of all types; students, people from the community, militant youth from the streets (Vatos locos), and ex- pintos to discuss community issues and politics. - Goals of the Movement: • Self-determination emphasizing separate • An Independent Political Party • Cultural Affirmation Term Spiritual Plan of Aztlán Definition Provided spiritual and personal validation: - “I am someone. I come from somewhere.” - “My spirit is tied to a long line of history.” & gives ties to history. - Similar to Native Americans strong values towards history and "knowing your mother." - Gives solid sense of identity. - Their indigenous past was something to be proud of, not ashamed of. Political Purpose: - “I’m not on your land, you’re on my land.” - “We didn’t cross the border, the border crossed us.” --> Literally true. This land was originally theirs. - Became a political tool, it made them stronger. It gave them access to know their rights. Increased awareness. IN THE READER-- - Concious of hertiage and also of the brutal "gringo" invasion of their territories. - Speaks of BROTHERHOOD, but not sisterhood. - NATIONALISM WAS KEY. - Organizational Goals: Unity, economy, education, institutions, self-defense, cultural, and political liberation. Term Evolution of the word: "Chican@" Definition - Origin from Nahuatal – Aztec language. - A way of identifying Mexican-Americans, seen as an under-class. BUT WAS ALSO... - A way to go back to indigenous roots; a way to be proud of roots. ex: Similar to the way African Americans took back African names. Also, similar to how gays took back the word, “queer.” "Xicano" --> Goes back even further. More militant (more active). - Chicano – Uber-militant. - Chicana/o. – Incorporates both GENDERS. --> Erasing (or invisibility) of females occurs with just "Chicano". Chicana creates an identity for women. "Chican@" - Should the ‘a’ go first or the ‘o’ go first? - Chicana movement now in third wave. - Shows that technology is now present. - More urban. Term Chicana Feminism Definition - Womens began questioning their roles in the Chicana movement. - Women tended to walk behind men and support men. - BUT Others said HELL NO, they’re the ones who keep it together in the homes, who did the work, who were the leaders, who generated ideas, who did clerical work, and also who cooked. - Men did not understand why women felt that way. - Women had their voice whether men approved or not, but rejected a separate form of movement. --> *Men and women fought alongside together. - Women identify the terms "Chicana" & "Chicana Feminism" differently based on personal insight and preference. - "Chicana Feminism" is an interrelated the term, touching on aspects of political positions, economic class, and multiple theories. Term "Generational Division" Among Chicanos About the War Definition - Mexican-Americans were 12% of population, but were of the majority of deaths in Vietnam. - Many students were against the Vietnam War, but it was one of the paths people took to gain self-respect and education. - HOWEVER, this path led to the possibility of bloodshed or putting one’s life at risk. - Questioned duty to country. Term Ruben Salazar Definition Newspaper colonist who followed and wrote about the Chicano movement. - Salazar joined in vocal oppositions to the war. - Said they seem to lose more of their people in comparison to the rest of the population. - Got hit by tear gas @ Chicano Moratoriam riots and died, which showed how Chicanos didn’t mean much to sheriffs. --> The police called it a militants' riot, the movement called it a police riot. --> His death was a turning point in the movement. - Loss of innocence of ideals. - Showed oppression of Chicanos and their fight for justice in America. - Political party, La Raza, failed. Term Chicano Moratorium Definition - A movement of Chicano anti-war activists that built a broad-based but fragile coalition of Mexican-American groups to organize opposition to the Vietnam War. - The event was the largest political meeting of Mexican Americans to that date. - The rally, however, was broken up by local police who said that they had gotten reports that a nearby liquor store was being robbed, they chased suspects into the park. Officers in full riot gear tear gassed and clubbed demonstrators, youth, adults and seniors, males, and females. - Stores went up in smoke, people were injured, over 150 arrested, and three were killed including award winning journalist Ruben Salazar. --> The police called it a militants' riot, the movement called it a police riot. Term Growing - Short Story by Viramontes Definition - Naomi didn't want her little sister, Lucia, to be her chaperone. Wanted to escape CUSTOMS and be on her own, such as girls are in America--without chaperones. - Naomi believed she was adult enough. - Ama would say, "Tu eres mujer!" meaning: "Womanhood cannot be trusted!" - Told her sister to ride a ride for a second time while she and Joe (boy she likes) disappeared and kissed. - Played baseball and it made her feel young, made her forget about the problems with growing up. - Felt that no one taught her how to deal with all the problems being a young woman. - "She could no longer be herself and her father could no longer trust her because she was a woman." - "Tomorrow, I'll buy you all the ice creams you want," Naomi --> Lucia. - Sisterhood could change things, sisterhood is a constant. Term HIV and Me - by Luna Definition - Tested positive for HIV, but second husband (Jay) wasn not. Must've been from her short-lived partner between marriages. - Had gay friends who were supportive and comforting. - Was encouraged to abort the baby, but still tried to give the baby a chance for life. - Hid the situation from many, hated to keep her feelings inside. - Baby Alex tested positive for HIV. - Stayed home with son and prepared for death. - "HIV could infect anyone, all you have to be is human." - *Incredible to realize women's strength during times of struggle. Empowered her spirit and helped her overcome her fear of rejection and shame. - JAY DID NOT SUPPORT HER WISH TO PURSUE COLLEGE. - College changed her, particularily her Chicana class--teaching her about female oppression and colination. She loved reading about redefining cultural understandings regarding her own sexual and personal identity. - Said that she was imprisoned not only by disease, but also by culture since her culture trained her to be clean & untouched in soul and body (such as the Virgen de Guadalupe). - Luna says WOMEN DON'T HAVE TO LIVE THIS WAY, THEY DON'T HAVE TO FEEL ASHAMED OR GUILTY. - Accepts HIV as a special task bestowed upon her--strength, unconditional love, compassion, endurance, and empowerment. *SIMILAR TO VIRAMONTES & CISNEROS that they grew up, not being taught about sex and how to NOT get pregnant. Term La Malinche - ARCHETYPE Definition - Emphasized as an interpreter. - Interpreter for Cortez, who is a Spanish explorer/conquerer to help armies come into Mexico. - As a young girl, at the age of 15, her mother betrays her and sells her to slavery. - She was Cortez’s mistress and bore him a son. - She was able to pick up languages. Her gift was of communication. - SHE IS VERY KEY to Cortez’s ability to overthrow the Aztec empire. --> She would find out when the enemy was going to strike. Different Representations - Diego Rivera’s Drawing: Cortez is holding her back, protecting her. They are holding hands, which shows unity and solidity. Nude. - European Interpation: She does not look indigenous, more European. Cortez is seen as handsome and she as beautiful. Fully clothed. Her Name: - Malinal (or Malinalli) – called when she was a slave. Indigenous name. - **Malintzin – An honorific title of respect. They valued her and had high regards of her. Saw her in a powerful way. - Dona Marina - **Malinche – A traitor. She is seen as the traitor of the nation. Seen as the reason why the Aztec empire went down. --> Seen as the Mexican “Eve.” Their child becomes the new world. --> Gave in to the Spanish man, seen as a woman who went against her people. *****A main Chicana Archetype - Archetype, meaning an original model/prototype. - Serves as symbolic imagery derived from a community’s past collective experience (EX: the cross or twin towers). - Prominent in our society to consistently think about something. - Image has multiple messages attached to it and is embedded into society and into our conciousness. Term Octavio Paz's Treatment of La Malinche Definition Wrote the "Labyrinth of Solitude." (1962) - He traveled around the world (Asia, US, Europe), representing Mexico. Had a huge say in how Mexico was represented. Held a pessimistic view. - Won a Nobel Prize for this work. - Title - Labyrinth (A MAZE) of Solitude (ISOLATION, STATE OF BEING ALONE) --> Said Mexican roots are lost and isolated in many ways from one another. --> A lonely struggle. Mexican people find themselves alone. Chapter: “Sons of La Malinche”: - Sons referring to the Mexicans. - "Chingado" (BAD WORD for “to fuck”): tied to a person who GOT FUCKED, not a person who did the fucking: La Malinche. --> Portraying that SHE DIDN'T INITIATE THE SEX. ----> Puts her in a passive role, where bad things happen to her. - Sons (Mexicans) La Malinche experience emasculation through mother. Father is the Spanish white man and the mother is the indigenous woman. --> Emasculation continues because he can’t get over his indigenous roots and pursue Spanish roots. He will always remain both. - Vendidas – being sold out or a woman who is considered a “sells out.” --> Chicanas were seen as vendidas to their communities. Copying La Malinche. Term Soldaderas - ARCHETYPE Definition - Picture: A woman holding a Mexican flag with boots and gun. --> Interpretation by Pop Culture: A beautiful, bodacious woman holding a flag and trumpet. She’s wearing hoop earrings. - Big breasts. - Trumpet is an instrument, NOT a gun. - Phallocentric – she is holding the staff. A message of oral sex. - Legs are spread. - Holds an orgasmic facial expression. Eyes half open, mouth open. - ALSO can be seen as a joke, that a woman’s place should be at home. --> **A representation of MALE DESIRE --> guns, action, and lust. Mexican Revolution: Extreme poverty. To get people to join the war against their will, the government would kidnap people. - Reasons for Joining: --> The men in their families were forced into it. --> For independent pay, a way out from nursing at home/being a nun. - Soldaderas were involved in combat. - They cooked, set up camp, and provided housing. Similar to what they did at home. - *They were set to scope out areas since men thought the women wouldn’t get shot at. If it’s safe for women, then it’s safe for us. --> Women often got raped and kidnapped. - Many women were involved with men, so they were seen as “whores” or “sexual workers.” Picture of a Black woman sitting on a chair: Slaves were imported into Mexico. - Sits like a man, so looks like a cross-dresser or cross-gender female. She may be a female. - It points to hidden history towards ethnicity and sexuality. - She was different compared to other females because she wore many metals, which show that she was honored. Possibly lesbian. MORE PICTURES IN CLASS: - Brown Berets – militant Chicana feminist group. Taking up the image of a resistor. The women are pretty. - 2nd Picture: Women wore braids and bullets, a more original soldadera look. - “You can kill the revolutionary, but you can’t kill the revolution.” Contemporary way of showing that a struggle is still going on. You could kill the people, but the fight will continue on. Seen as: WOMEN WHO TAKE CHARGE, WOMEN GO GO AGAINST THE STEREOTYPE THAT WOMEN ARE SUPPOSED TO STAY AT HOME & SUPPORT. SHOWED THAT WOMEN TOOK ACTION. *****A main Chicana Archetype - Archetype, meaning an original model/prototype. - Serves as symbolic imagery derived from a community’s past collective experience (EX: the cross or twin towers). - Prominent in our society to consistently think about something. - Image has multiple messages attached to it and is embedded into society and into our conciousness. Term Cihuacoatl Definition Aztec earth and mother goddess (snake woman). - Patroness of birth and of women who died giving birth. - Assisted in the creation of the first humans of this era. - Usually portrayed holding a child in her arms. - Her roaring signaled WAR. Term Coatlicue Definition - Scary-looking, seen with skeletons. Showed that death wasn’t a scary thing, but apart of life. - Great Goddess of Life, Death, & Rebirth - Filtheater – Feared and Loved - A prime deity for people to pray to so she can come in and eat away their filth. Full of filth, which made her scary. She consumes everything that lives. - Recognized by skirt of snakes and skull necklace. - Part of a creation story. STORY: - Her daughter, Coyolxauhqui, was an incredibly fierce warrior, armed and ready for warfare. Looked down on floor and feathers were everywhere. Took feathers and put them in her skirt. Came out 9 months pregnant. Tied to sexuality. - Huitzilopochtli – shoots out from the womb, a warrior. He kills Coyolxauhqui (*breaking the relationship between mother and daughter), by cutting her into pieces, shooting her off into the stars. --> Takes on a male-dominated role. *Similarities between Coatlicue and the Virgin Mary, thus creating the Virgen de Guadalupe. Term Virgen de Guadalupe - ARCHETYPE Definition STORY: - Diego, was an indigineous peasant. Location: Tepeyac. An apparition of a woman came to him and told him, “I am your mother and you need to tell the church.” - He tries to tell people at the church, and tells the mother in discourage, “No one will listen to me.” - Apparition of the woman tells him to pick roses off of a bush, so he puts them in his shawl. He brings it to the church as proof. - Flowers com towering down and her image is displayed. Priest believes and provides a place of worship for her. --> Becomes a symbol of love in a gentle way. - Shown w/ hands in prayer, head is bowed. Looks passive and supportive and loving. Other represenations-- Representation of herself: - Strong legs, holds a snake, holds blue-star shawl as a cape like a heroine, she’s smiling, is stepping over the angel, & has short hair. - Representation of grandmother & mother (sewing): --> Angel is accompanying, not holding them up. - “Our Lady” digital art. **THESE REPRESENTATIONS SERVE NOT TO OFFEND THE VIRGEN'S SYMBOL AND IMAGE, BUT INSTEAD TO CHALLENGE THE ARCHETYPE... TO GIVE THE VIRGEN A MORE HUMANIZED PERSONALITY. TO MAKE THE VIRGEN MORE REALISTIC BY TYING HER IMAGE INTO MODERN COMMUNITIES. Term Guadalupe the Sex Goddess - by Cisneros Definition Sees the Virgen as a sex goddess who makes her feel good about her sexual power and sexual imaage. - "She is the face for a god without a face." - Wonders what the Virgen's panocha looks like. - Considers the Virgen very human--she gave birth, she had a womb. In comparing herself to the Virgen--if the Virgen is blessed, so is she... and so is all women. - MAKES HER EXISTENCE MORE TANGIBLE AND REALISTIC IN SOCIETY. Picks up the idea of the chastity belt. --> *Taboo: Can’t talk about sex/body - @ the GYM: Changed fast, under clothes. - Age brings more freedom. At a younger age, we’re more pressured and uncomfortable with our bodies. - Validation can come through someone else. - *Knowledge of the female body, knowledge of self = power/agency o Connection bet/writing and the body = write yourself into being Term Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz - ARCHETYPE Definition - A real/human figure (1648-1695). Picture: - Done by an artist related to the court. - Seen with a pen in her hand with a library behind her (these factors are important). FACTS: - 17th Century Nun - Child Prodigy - By the age of 4, she had read all the books in her grandfather’s library. She was incredibly intelligent and a thirster of knowledge. - Her father had another family and was of noble descent. She had wealthy relations. - Her mother received money. - Women didn’t have rights and she wanted to go to school. - She pushed very hard to get the education that she wanted. --> Even dressed up like a boy and tried to go to class. - Her family was able to get her into a nunery or a convent. Her family was supportive. - She came into the convent around the age of 8 with a VAST, vast knowledge of math, science, Greek history, etc. - She was one of the greatest poets and playwrights of her time. --> A woman to be a writer in her time period was INCREDIBLY RARE. --> She was considered the female William Shakespeare of Mexico. - First person in Mexico to argue for women’s right to education PUBLICLY. She wrote that women had a right to education. - She used the very words in the Bible to justify her arguments. - Gave everyone a reason that they were betraying God. - If women had a soul, wasn’t it going against God by not being able to enlighten that soul? - During this time, if you were seen as blasphemous towards the state, you were seen as a threat to the government. - The inquisition of Spain was a very dark period. - The fact that she was very vocal angered a lot of people and made as many enemies as she made friends. - **She put herself in danger by making men look stupid. Controversial Aspects: - Protected by the Condesa Maria Luisa Paredes. Paredes fell in love with Sor Juana Inez. --> The protection Paredes gave her was so extensive that many people grew jealous and eventually hated her. - Inez was given special treatment (she had her own library) that the other nuns and even the priests were upset. - Luisa LOVE LOVE LOVED HER. --> Her poems of Sor Juana was between a mother-daughter type of love vs. being IN LOVE with her. --> Possibly lesbians? Lots of suggested evidence supporting that. - Many people began to hate her for her knowledge. - The fact that she had a lot of enemies set her up for FAILURE. - *She was banned from writing and her library got burned. - She had a friend that was a bishop, but he grew very jealous of her and set her up. During a discussion, he said, “I think you have an interesting story, you should write it up, but under another name.” She agreed and gave it to him and he made copies of it and showed it to everyone. --> Her work of an analysis of two characters in the Bible was seen as blasphemous and was sent to trial. --> *The court ruled that she was banned from writing and reading. - She went under a GREAT DEPRESSION, and wrote La Respuesta, the first feminist manifesto (a public written declaration of principles, policies, and objectives, especially one issued by a political movement or candidate). - She then decided to be involved in humanitarian work. - However, she ended up dying from a disease she was exposed to (somehwere in her 40s). - She also grew extremely involved in cooking because it led her to perform scientific experiments. *****How is she tied to an archetype? - SEEN AS A SYMBOL OF FREEDOM to Chicanas through her writing, through wanting equality between men and women, and she was an example for women today to show that lesbianism was traced back into history. - She gives us a sense of where Chicana writing developed from. Term La Llorona - ARCHETYPE Definition There are four different famous legends behind La Llorona--WITCH, HARLOT, SIREN, VIRGIN. --> All legends hold the same story, BUT UNDER DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES with La Llorona being upset and drowning her babies in the lake... later haunting people near the lake with her cries of pain and regret. --> A mix of responses (+ and -) to La Llorona, due to the many different legends and stories that are told of her. - La Malinche is connected to La Llorona because they both are known for being women with good and bad reputations. - The story of La Virgen de Guadalupe is similar to the “virgin” legend spoken of La Llorona, which says that both La Virgen and La Llorona gave birth without intercourse and unexpectedly. Term Palacio's reinterpretation of La Llorona Definition - Monica Palacios reimagines La Llorona as a crazy, lesbian, crier who falls in love with another woman and gets upset when she finds out that her lover is cheating, so La Llorona drowns her lover in the river. --> Her imagination of La Llorona is more contemporary, compared to all the other historic legends. - Palacios tells her story to bring such a dark tale of a woman into the light. - She also does this when she adds humor to the story, plus, it makes it more interesting and entertaining. - ALWAYS TWO SIDES TO A STORY: Palacios reinterpretation of La Llorona serves as social commentary to incorporate homosexuality into the legend, which gives Chican@ a culture a modern-day perspective on La Llorona. - Makes La Llorona more human. People view her with a bad reputation, but in fact, she, like all people, have good to them too. --> Cannot separate GOOD GIRLS FROM BAD. Term Chicana Culture & Sexuality - Trujillo Definition - Lesbians' existence are a threat to the established order of male dominance within Chicano communities. - Culture shames women if they go beyond passivity and repression. - Taught to suppress sexual desires, HATE THEIR BODIES, and have little knowledge of them. - A Chicana woman must learn to love herself, both as a woman and as a sexual being, before she can love another, Term Compulsory Heterosexuality & Chicana Lesbianism Definition - Chicana women who refuse to partake in the "game" of competition for men - She confronts her own sexuality. - She challenges the norms placed upon her by culture and society, whose desire is to subvert her into proper roles and places. Heterosexual Chicanas don't hang with lesbians because... 1) they too might be considered lesbian, or 2) it may seem like they're "sell out" to Anglo culture. - Chicana lesbians have very little choice in their lives because their quest for self-identification comes with the territory. Don't want to come out to disappoint family and community. Term Model Minority Myth - STEREOTYPE Definition - Perpetuated through Asian Americans in American society. - *A stereotype that Asians achieve a higher degree of success in education, income, etc. than general population and DON’T complain: “a quiet hardworking group.” - Seen as the BEST, most Americanized and assimilated minority out of all. --> “They’re so smart.” or “They make so much money.” - There are internal motivations through their communities to be successful. --> This does not mean that Asian Americans don’t complain because they do. - Creates division with other ethnic groups. A lot of these tensions create adversity towards each other. --> 1992 – South Los Angeles – Koreans vs. African Americans ----> Koreans were seen as more successful (jobs in liquor stores, etc.). - Doesn’t take into account diversity among Asians an their experiences. - Model Minority is perpetuated by Asian Americans themselves in an attempt to fit in. --> Reinforces cultural pressures from home. --> **It’s the treatment from both America and from each other that they must try really hard to fit in and excel over others. --> Puts a lot of pressure under the Asian American person. Pressure that they aren’t good enough and pressure to excel over others. Creates heavy psychological effects. *NOTE that it is INDEED a myth, so Asian Americans are not perfect. Many support this myth UNCONSCIOUSLY because it is integreated within their culture and pressures through family values are intense. They compete against others AND THEMSELVES to stand out. Term Perpetual Foreigner - STEREOTYPE Definition Someone (an Asian American) who will always be different or foreign to a natural state. - Asian Americans look very different. How the dominant American culture sees people of Asian descent: - As Asian immigrants who have only recently arrived in the U.S. (Someone who is constantly seen as “just arrived”) - Ignores their historical contributions to American culture. - They are underappreciated by American culture. - Blurs specific cultural roots. --> People tend to think Asians are solely Japanese, Vietnamese, or Chinese. --> The different ethnicites of Asians gets clumped together, causing INVISIBILITY for many people. --> This becomes a way for Asian Americans to feel as if they have "no mother" or no real identity. - Reinforced by marginalization of non-European features and cultural/religious traditions. --> FACED EXCLUSIONARY ACTS TOWARD THOSE OF ASIAN DESCENT. - People of Asian descent stand out in contrast. - *There’s a constant pressure for Asians to feel like they’re NOT AMERICAN ENOUGH. Term 1945 - War Brides Act Definition - Only act related to women, directed at military men and Asian women who had relations with them. - Enacted in 1945 to allow spouses and adopted children of U.S. military personnel to enter the U.S., after World War II and later from South Korea during the Korean War. - It was a loophole. Term Naturalization Act of 1870 Definition - Limited citizenship to “white persons and persons of African descent.” - Bans Asian and Latino immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens. - With no voting power, Chinese are powerless against anti-Chinese legislation. - Even though politicians were not against the Chinese, the people had the ultimate say. Politicians were threatened with receiving no votes if they didn’t support the people’s wishes. Term Chinese Exclusion Acts Definition - 1881: 11 different bills introduced to Congress, each excluding Chinese from U.S. in some way. - 1882, 1892, 1902: Chinese Exclusion Act --> Aimed at laborers (merchants – brought money, doctors – has knowledge that was needed, scholars allowed: BRAIN DRAIN) - First and only time people banned because of race and origin. - *MORE EXCLUSIONARY ACTS TOOK PLACE AGAINST JAPANESE, ASIAN INDIAN, ORIENTALS, AND FILIPINOS. ****SHOWS THE UNITED STATES' FEAR OF DIVERSITY AND CHANGE. Term Yellow Peril - STEREOTYPE Definition Picture: - Showed that Asian Americans are seen as a threat to America, who can kill you in numerous ways. --> Will pollute or damage (FIRE) and holds a gun. --> Stepping over a white woman. Male dominance. - *Racist term combining skin color and fear of threatened wages. --> Propaganda which encouraged discrimination and violence against Asian/Asian Americans. - Resurgence (reborn) in the 1980s with Japan. Asian characters in film, such as a character named, "Ming," were seen as power-hungry, wanting to dominate and rule the world. - Asian men were also seen as lustful. Term Vincent Chin Definition - Chinese American industrial draftsman killed in 1982 in Detroit by two white Chrysler autoworkers (father and recently laid off step-son). - Vincent Chin was getting married and the night before his marriage, they go to a stripper club along with his white friends. - At the same club, the white father and son grew angry at the view of an Asian man with wealth, giving money to white strippers. They went and found a bat and continually beat him until he became brain dead, and he ultimately died at the hospital. --> *The reason they killed him – They thought he was Japanese and was giving into white women. --> “It’s because of you little motherfuckers that we’re out of work.” - Ebens (father) & Nitz (son) reduce charges to 2nd degree murder; serve NO JAIL TIME, fined $3000 + $780 in court costs. --> However, Chin’s mother fought. Federal civil rights case: Nitz acquitted and Eben got 25 years, but had the case overturned technicality after 3 years. - Eben was ordered to pay Chin's estate 1.5 million, but shortly before the verdict, he disposed of his assets and fled. *SHOWED THE IMPACT OF THE YELLOW PERIL STEREOTYPE, THAT IT EVIDENTLY AFFECTS WHITE CITIZENS... CAUSING THEM TO ENGAGE IN PURE VIOLENCE (DEATH). BECAUSE THEY WERE WHITE, AT FIRST THEY HAD LEEWAY. VERY UNFAIR. FATHER & SON ACTED VERY RACIST. Term Anna May Wong Definition - The first Asian lady of cinema in “Theif of Baghdad.” - Her character reflected anti-Asian emotions. - Started the image of the “Dragon Lady.” - THEN, in “Shangai Press,” Wong was seen as a murderous vamp who was sexy, shallow, and evil. - Created the stereotype to white America that ALL Asian women are evil, bad, and aggressive. The opposite of the GEISHA GIRL (passive, docile, pampering) image. Term Flower Drum Song - Play Definition - Written by Lee. Too much read into the play. - Successful in Broadway and made a lot of money. - Asian (specifically Chinese) women were seen as feminine and sexual objects. --> SONG: “I enjoy being a girl.” - Used Asian Americans as the model minority for men (businessmen) & women. - *It was very derogatory to Asian American women. Many white men would approach Asian women because they were drawn to their exotic appearances. • Asian American women feel as though they are being judged incorrectly, some are raised with strict families. - Seen as exotic, with long hair. - Set the tone of character types for Asian women. There’s the docile and quite one, and the outgoing, flirty woman. Two extremes. Term Farewell to Manzanar - Film Definition - Portrayed Japanese as traitors. - True story of a Japanese-American family's confinement in California's Manzanar internment camp during World War II. - Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston was seven when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and created the hysteria that forced 110,000 Japanese Americans from their homes. - She remembers the stress of camp life—the stripping away of dignity and privacy, the withering of parental authority, and the divisive pressure to sign loyalty oaths. - She also recalls what she took away from Manzanar after it closed—an odd sense of shame and a fierce determination to be accepted as American. Term Korean Camptown Women, Military Wives, & Comfort Women Definition CAMPTOWN WOMEN: - Camptowns – used for farming—were villages to people. Soldiers’ hang-out spot. - To experience the American dream, thought they were going to marry soldiers, but instead became prostitutes. - Koreans called these prostitutes AMBASSADORS, to create good will, but they are ALSO a shame to the Korean community. - These are women nobody wants to marry. - Women went because there was no other place to go. Village-life was gone. AMERICAN TOWN: - Both countries (Korea and America) collaborated to build this town. - Government allowed red-light district for soldiers and had shareholders—Americans were allowed to buy stock and put money into it. - There were dorms for women and even had a health clinic strictly for women to get tested for HIV, NOT TO INFECT the soldiers. --> ALL MADE TO PROTECT THE SOLDIER. - Town was ALL ABOUT SEX. It was like Disneyland for men. Buses went to and from American Town. U.S. MILITARY ASIAN WIVES: - Why were there prejudices against these military Asian wives? --> They were seen as dirty and apart of the Camptown industry. --> REALITY – Majority of military wives were NOT Camptown women. They were the goody-goody type to BRING HOME TO MOM. --> “Fuck the whore, bring home the virgin.” - TYPE --> Camptown-image was linked to military brides in Korean American communities. COMFORT WOMEN: - 6-8 women would come in to Japanese bases and just lay there, while men just came in and had sex with them. These women were seen as heroes. - Hold high regard to many as terrible tragic victims. - *What would Korea have to admit about the U.S. if it took sympathy for camptown women? --> *****That the U.S. owns them, that they are dominating. --> *****U.S. --> CUSTOMERS, Korea --> THE PIMPING AGENT. ---> Korea is seen as an exploiter of its own people. 3 Distinctions of Korean Women: -- COMFORT WOMEN: VICTIMS -- CAMPTOWN WOMEN: WHORES (B/C THEY CHOSE TO PARTICIPATE IN PROSTITUTION, IN REALITY, MANY COULDN'T LEAVE) -- MILITARY WIVES-WOMEN: GOOD IMAGE *****However, ALL are military-related and all acted as sex slaves. These "categories" creates some women and good and some as bad, which isn't the case. Term Invisibility - by Yamada Definition Why were her students angry? - “Their anger made me angry... I didn’t expect their anger... because I didn’t even know they (Asian Americans) felt oppressed.” - Students signed up for the course, knowing they’d read about sad things in Latino, Native American, and African American culture. - Racism was discussed between black and white, but not really between other races. - African Americans gained a voice. - *Ties into the “Model Minority Myth” that everything is going well within the Asian American community and that they do not face problems. Why were Yamada’s colleagues surprised? - They felt it was “uncharacteristic” of her because it went behind Asian American women stereotypes that they are quiet, non-trouble-making, and passive. - *****DOUBLE THE OPPRESSIVE: To women and Asian American women – that good girls DON’T TALK BACK. - Yamada herself was part of the problem, SHE HERSELF was caught in a dialectic. - One administrator believed Yamada couldn’t come up with her ideas by herself, that she wasn’t a feminist. He underestimated her. He didn’t see her capable of taking action or being a feminist. Why were her parents concerned? - Yamada got reactions from multiple levels. - Parents grew up thinking that if you were to be silent, you would be interned. If you spoke up, more damage would happen to you. - *****Pacifist – Taking a political stand, someone who is all for peace and anti-war. --> Her boyfriend took a stand on the war. To Yamada’s parents, it was frightening. --> Their fear is on him being a pacifist because he is a man. --> Father convinced that it was “all right” for Yamada to be a “pacifist because as a Japanese national and a ‘girl,’ it didn’t make any difference to anyone.” --> It was apart of her being a woman. --> *****It became very easy for her to become invisible. *ASIAN + WOMAN = DOUBLE PASSIVITY Term Misconceptions & Realities about Asian American Female Wealth & Employment - The Gap Between Striving & Achieving - by Woo Definition What are the “realities” about Asian American employment and wealth? - Brain Drain – Many Filipino women were brought into the U.S. because they were nurses. - Women pursue higher levels of education, but don’t get paid the same or move-up as quickly as white women. - Asian American women are concentrated more in clerical and service industry fields (blue-collar work). - More Asian Americans live in high-cost communities, but they move to these cities because... there is all ready a high population of their kind, it is near the coast, it is culturally diverse, they want to live out the American dream, and (they move to cities like Los Angeles because) they’re near ports and it’s easier to travel to this place. - Money gets drained a lot quicker because you have to spend a lot of it; however, there is more of a chance to get a job in the city than in a rural area. --> *“It’s not about saving, it’s about staying out of debt.” - Self-help – “Taking care of one’s own.” - Overrepresented in low-income jobs. - Educated Professionals = DOWNWARD MOBILITY. --> EX: Immigrant nursing students here are experiencing downward mobility (they all ready have persons in their families who are in the medical field), and have to re-do the nursing-training experience. --> Instead of moving forward, they are moving downward. --> If they’ve come from another country, they have to re-pursue their careers because American procedures are different. They have to “start over” even though they’ve been educated all ready. ----> EX: My aunt who was a principal in the Philippines, now works as a sales clerk in a general store up north. *If you come in with an American degree, you’re usually better off. Term Angry Little Asian Girl Definition - Cusses out her parents and teacher – It destroys the passive, quiet image of an Asian woman. - Takes anger out on her parents because they expect her to be submissive as well, and they supported the school system. - Teacher – Ties to PERPETUAL FOREIGNER, Where are you from? Where did you learn to speak English so well? - A particular beauty was being appreciated (white women's beauty over hers). Term Big Bad Chinese Mama Definition - Fake porn site to go against the stereotyped Asian woman. - Controversial, but opens eyes to the realities of Asian women, that they are just as human as anybody else--UNPERFECT. - Goes against the DELICATE, PASSIVE Asian woman stereotype. She is more fierce and agressive on the website, giving Asian American women a voice. - Plays with the "Mail-Order Brides" idea. - Made to TURN OFF MALES from Asian women--drunks and disgusting. - Big Bad Chinese Mama - seen for Asian women to take a stand against "ideals." To portray Asian women as ACTIVE in their rights. - Manifesto - GAVE REVOLUTION A SENSE OF HUMOR. To CATCH THE OPPRESSOR in the ACT OF OPPRESSION. Term Orientalism & Colonialism Definition ORIENTALISM: - Oriental is a word for an object. So, if a certain type of people is considered, “Orientals,” then they are seen as inferior. --> Dehumanizes a person. Makes somebody UNREAL. - Occidental vs. Oriental (WEST vs. EAST) --> Occident: means WEST. --> The opposite of WEST is the EAST. --> The WEST is considered the WESTERN HEMISPHERE. ----> *****BOTH are constructed or man-made entities. ----> Artificial idea of what constitutes the “East.” ----> EX: Singapore Airlines – Advertising of Singapore women in cultural attire because it is what you EXPECT to see in the EAST. UNREAL and completely constructed. Delta Airlines women aren’t dressed that way, but Singapore women are given that image and IT SELLS. --> The west defines itself from the east. Dialectic, reactionary relationships. --> In order for the west to be, the east must react. - THE EAST IS WHAT THE WEST IS NOT. - THE WEST DEFINES ITSELF FROM THE EAST. Orientalism is a term that is coined by Edward Said. - Indian is considered Orientalism, anything that is NOT WEST. - He stated that there is a philosophical way of thinking that the east is different from western culture, bodies, and customs. --> It is unreal, it is something we’ve created to make that difference. These are IDEAS. Term that promots the west dominating the east. - EXAMPLES of ORIENTALISM DEFINITIONS: --> West is masculine because the East is feminine. --> Wrong vs. Right --> Powerful vs. Weak --> Civilized vs. Savage ----> *****ALL THESE PHILOSOPHIES JUSTIFIES AND PROMOTES COLONIALISM. COLONIALISM: - Colonialism allows all of this take place by having Orientalism support it. - Thirteen Colonies - Colonists came to reinvent England (or New England). --> They enforced their language, food, and political system. They redid England in the Americas. --> We went to war with England because we didn’t want to be taxed (Boston Tea Party). - THUS, **Colonialism – When a country tries to develop in another area for its own benefit.