Shared Flashcard Set

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VTI: Clin Med 4 Final Review
N/A
160
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
04/07/2011

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Behavior, vision, emotion, learning, logic are all functions of what part of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrum
Term
Coordination, balance, reflexes are all functions of what part of the brain?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Mental status and body function are all functions of what part of the brain?
Definition
Brain stem
Term
Endocrine function, connects cerebrum and brainstem are all functions of what part of the brain?
Definition
Diencephalon
Term
C1-T2 of the spinal cord are responsible for what reflexes?
Definition
Front and rear legs
Term
T3-L3 of the spinal cord are repsonsible for what reflexes?
Definition
Rear legs
Term
L4-S3 of the spinal cord are repsonsible for what reflexes?
Definition
Rear legs and Perineum
Term
S1-S3 of the spinal cord are repsonsible for what reflexes?
Definition
Sciatic nerve and perineum
Term
The vestibular system (inner ear) is responsible for what?
Definition
Balance and Proprioception (awarness of body)
Term
What is cranial nerve 1?
Definition
Olfactory (smell)
Term
What is cranial nerve 2?
Definition
Optic- Vision, PLR, Balance-input
Term
What is cranial nerve 3?
Definition
Oculmotor- eye movement, PLR
Term
What is cranial nerve 4?
Definition
Trochlear- eye movement
Term
What is cranial nerve 5?
Definition
Trigeminal- face muscles
Term
What is cranial nerve 6?
Definition
Abducent- eye movement
Term
What is cranial nerve 7?
Definition
Facial- face muscles, taste
Term
What is cranial nerve 8?
Definition
Vestibulocochlear- hearing, balance
Term
What is cranial nerve 9?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal- Gag, swallowing
Term
What is cranial nerve 10?
Definition
Vagus- gag, swallowing, regurge
Term
What is cranial nerve 11?
Definition
Accessory- Head movement
Term
What is cranial nerve 12?
Definition
Hypoglossal- tongue movement
Term
Why is the history of a neurologic patient important?
Definition
To localize the lesion and identify and prognose disease
Term
Name some common diagnostic test:
Definition
Radiograph,Blood work, CSF tap, MRI, CT scan
Term
What are two types of seizures?
Definition

Generealized-Grand Mal

Partial-Petit Mal

Term
What are the three stages of a seizure?
Definition
  • Pre-ictal
  • Ictal
  • Post-ictal
Term

True or False

 

Most seizures last less then 5 minutes and can occur continuously or in clusters.

Definition
True
Term
This breed is the most common to be genetically predisposed to epilepsy?
Definition

German Shepherds

 

Note: Collies and Border Collies are other breeds

Term
No cause is identified for these multiple seizures and commonly occur in animals 1-3 years of age. This may be induced by excitement or estrus cycle.
Definition
Idiopathic Epilepsy
Term

True or False

 

Seizures are generally not an emergency

Definition
True
Term
To treat a seizure what medication would you use?
Definition

Phenobarbital or Potassium Bromide (KBR)

 

Remember: Phenobarbital is hepatotoxic

Term
This is the most common idiopathic disease diagnosed by rule out of tumor and has symptoms like balance problems that are gone within 48 hours.
Definition
Vestibular Disease
Term
Associated with panleukopenia in kittens when exposed to utero the disease has no treatment other than supportive care.
Definition
Cerebellar Hypoplasia (Congenital Disease)
Term
Rare disease of fluid acccumulation around the brain diagnosed by MRI seen in small brachycephalic dogs and has no treatment.
Definition
Hydrocephalus (Congenital Disease)
Term
A plug in a vessel that obstructs circulation and is very dependent on location and cause infarction.
Definition

Embolus (Vascular Disease)

 

Note: Usually a thrombus (a fibrin clot)

Term
What is the most common type of brain tumor in dogs and cats?
Definition
Meningioma
Term
Cognitive dysfunction (Old dog dementia) can be treated with:
Definition
  • Anipryl
  • Selegiline
  • Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor
  • Hills b/d diet (High doses of antioxidants)
Term
Inflammation of the brain or the covering of the brain with central nervous system signs.
Definition
Encephalitis/Meningitis
Term
A highly contagious viral disease becoming more uncommon due to vaccination.
Definition
Distemper
Term
Malformation or misarticulation that puts pressure on the spinal cord which causes ataxia treatment requires surgical alignment. This is common in large dogs (great dane and doberman) and horses.
Definition
Wobbler (Spinal Cord Disease)
Term
Infection in the vertebrae (bacterial or fungal) with a poor prognosis and is treated mainly with supportive care.
Definition
Discospondylitis
Term
Most common spinal disease in small animals with two types acute (Dachshund) and chronic which is treatment dependent by grade and is said that rest is the most important for recovery.
Definition

IVDD

Intervertebral Disk Disease

Term
Neurolgical patients require more of this than the average patient:
Definition
Nursing Care
Term
Peripheral Nerve dysfunction is usually cause by:
Definition

Trauma

 

Note: Tumors are also common

Term
A zoonotic viral disease that affects all warm blooded animals world wide is:
Definition
Rabies
Term
The incubation period for rabies is:
Definition
3-8 weeks and can be as long as 6 months
Term
What is the main form of transmission for rabies?
Definition
Bite wound
Term

True or False

There is a treatment for rabies

Definition
False
Term
Euthanasia is the most common option for rabies victims and they are determined positive with rabies by this:
Definition
Cutting off the head (for a fresh sample) and sending it to a lab for a direct flourescent antibody test
Term
Unvaccinated bittee must be quarantined for how long?
Definition
6 months or euthansia
Term
Between what ages does a bitch go through her first heat?
Definition
6-12 months
Term
Between what ages does a queen go through her first heat?
Definition
6-9 months
Term
How often will bitches cycle approximately between each heat?
Definition

6 months

 

 

Term
A bitch is presented with a swollen vulva, bloody discharge, low progesterone(high estrogen), but will not stand for the male. A cytology reveals blood and non-cornified. What stage of the strus cycle is she in?
Definition

Proestrus

"Preparation Phase"

Term
A bitch is presented with high progesterobe and estrogen peaks and will stand for the male. Lab findings are cornified or squamous. What stage of the estrous cycle is she in?
Definition

Estrous

"Heat"

 

Remember: LH from pituitary cause ovulation at end

Term
This stage of estrus is not clinically recognizable and often left out in many textbooks:
Definition
Metestrus
Term
Begins 6 days after ovulation lasting for 57 days if a bitch becomes pregnant:
Definition
Diestrus
Term
Lasts for 2-5 months this is estrus stage is known as the period of reproductive rest:
Definition
Anestrus
Term
Queens are seasonally polyestrus how long does there entire cycle last before it reoccurs 2-6 weeks later until mating ot spaying
Definition
2-3 weeks
Term
A juvenile puppy is presented with vaginal inflammation and has vulvar discharge. A urinalysis is run and comes up normal. What can it be?
Definition

Vaginitis

 

Tx: Resolves on own or Systemic antibiotic therapy

Term
A  6 year old female lab comes into the clinic with an enlarged abdomen and a history of pu/pd. With further examination you notice vulvar discharge and that it is 45 days after her last estrous cycle. What can she possible have wtong with her?
Definition

Pyometra

 

Remember: You want to spay the bitch because this is known to reoccur

Term
A intake bitch is lactating and has weight gain but with an x-ray presents no puppies what is this called?
Definition
Pseudopregnancy or Pseudocyesis (False pregnancy)
Term
Prevention of mammary tumors is best prevented if spayed when?
Definition
Before the first estrous cycle
Term
This can be caused by a bad spay and is more common in cats then in dogs and is best removed during there so called "heat"
Definition
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
Term
Zoonotic bacterial infection that affects female and males and is difficult to cure euthanasia is the bst option:
Definition
Brucelllosis
Term
These two reproductive female diseases are rare:
Definition
  • Ovarian Tumors
  • Transmissible Veneral Tumors
Term
What pregnancy diagnosis can be done the earliest at less than 28 days?
Definition
Ultrasound
Term
What occur during the first stage of whelping?
Definition
  • Drop in temperature
  • Not eating, +/- vomiting
  • Restlessness
  • Nesting
  • Contractions
  • Lasts up to 36 hours, 6- 12 average
Term
What stage is the placenta evacuated from the birth canal?
Definition

Stage 3

 

Remember: Stage 2 the puppy is born

Term
What is the maximum time that can elapse between each puppy being born?
Definition
2 hours
Term
Queening is similar to dogs and whelping how ever is it true or false that they my take from 4to 36 hours to deliver kittens?
Definition
True
Term
A green vaginal discharge develops parturition more than an hour has elapsed between births what should be done?
Definition
Emergency Cesarean Section
Term
What is not recommmended for neonatal resuscitation?
Definition
Dipping
Term
How many days should a neonate be before a declaw removal and tail docking?
Definition
2-5 days
Term
Acending infection of the uterus of dogs and cats which occurs after parturition with symptoms of faul vulvar discharge and lack of maternal behavior.
Definition
Metritis
Term
Serious illness associated with low calcium levels 2 to4 weeks after whelping this is considered an emergency and treatment should be prompt
Definition
Eclampsia
Term
Treatment of antibiotics, warm compresses and NSAIDs all can help releave:
Definition
Mastitis
Term
Placental attachment sites do not regress normally with brown discharge greater than 12 weeks
Definition

SIPS

(Subinvolution of Placental Sites)

Term
What is the most common reproductive problems in males?
Definition
Prostate gland
Term
What helps with Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy?
Definition
Neuter or Estrogen Therapy
Term
Swelling of the penis that is an emergency due to possible lack of circulation
Definition
paraphimosis
Term
This is a congenital problem more common in canines that occurs when the remnant fetal tissue is still intact
Definition
PersistantFrenulum
Term
Inflammation of mucosal linign to prepuce and is considered a benign hygenial problem and is commonly treated with proper hygiene or a neuter
Definition
Balanoposthitis
Term
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are often caused by acute or chronic ____.
Definition
Trauma
Term
Serve as as support for the animals body, protection of delicate and vital organs, leverage and storage
Definition
Bones
Term
Main function is to aid in movement
Definition
Muscle
Term
Connect bones of the joint to each other
Definition
Ligaments
Term
Fibrous conecive tissue that connect skeletal muscles to bones
Definition
Tendons
Term
Main function is movement or to fix a bone in place because they can be immovable, slightly or freely moveable.
Definition
Joints
Term
Occurs due to overuse or over stretching
Definition
Strain
Term
Occure due to tearing
Definition
Sprain
Term
Pain (limping), +/- heat and swelling are symptoms of a strain or sprain and is commonly diagnosed by physcial examination. What treatment can be recommended?
Definition
  • NSAID
  • Rest

 

Term
Hips are the most common affected and is caused by joint instability resulting in excess wear and can be treated with body management(slentrol(weight loss drug option)), NSAIDS, Nutraceuticals (Glucosamine),Tramadol and surgery:
Definition
Degenerative Joint Disease (arthritis)
Term
Name two types of surgery that can be used to treat arthritis in the hip.
Definition
  • Femoral Head Ostectomy
  • Total Hip Replacement
Term
Most common disease that is treatable?
Definition
Obesity
Term
Caused by the laxity in the coxofemoral joint with an end result of DJD which can be prevented with responsible breeding, weight vontrol and pelvic osteotomy:
Definition
Hip Dysplasia
Term
Certification done in animlas 2 years or older and only needs 1 view of the hip joints
Definition

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals

(OFA)

Term
Certification that requires sedation and 3 views of the hip joints to acquire quantitative measurements of joint laxity
Definition
PennHip
Term
Seen in young 3-18 months large breed dogs and horses commonly seen in the shoulder which is due to failure of endochondral ossification resulting in cartilage thickening and flap formation "joint mouse".
Definition
Ostechondritis Dissecans (OCD)
Term
Form of OCD seen in German Shepherd dogs where the anconeal process fails to fuse to the ulna during growth
Definition

Elbow-United Anconeal Process

 

Note: Hereditary

Term
This is rare in cats and can be acute or chronic and occurs during hyperextension and injury to this area is the most common of acute hind limb lameness in the lage breed dog
Definition
Cranial (Anterior) Cruciate Ligament Rupture-CCL/ACL injury
Term
The main goal in a CCL/ACL injur surgery is to:
Definition
Stabilize the joint and minimize DJD
Term
This can medial or lateral medial being more common and occurs more frequently in small breed dogs and nothing is usually done fore thes patiets as it resolves on its own
Definition
Stifle- Patellar Luxation
Term
This is the most common bone tumor in dogs and cats 85-90%
Definition
Osteosarcoma
Term
"Growing Pain" in young medium to large breed dogs and the cause is unknwn and usually affects the long bones
Definition
Panosteitis
Term
Common condition in cats and is not clinically significant owners should make sure to trim nails regularly
Definition
Polydactylism
Term
What are the more common types of myopathies
Definition
  • Inflammatory
  • Immune-mediated
  • Acquired
Term
It is more common to see this myopathy in cats secondary to hypokalemia
Definition
Acquired- Feline Polymypathy
Term
Inflammation of multiple muscles in dogs and cats, polymyositis is an example of:
Definition
Immune-mediated myopathies
Term
Neuromuscular disorder that can occur in any age in dogs and is rare in cats the cause either congenital or acquired
Definition
Myasthenia Gravis
Term
What are the main functions of the heart and lungs?
Definition
  • Deliver oxygen to the heart
  • Remove CO2 from the body
Term
What are the driving forces that controls heart and respiratory rates?
Definition
  • Oxygen need
  • CO2 removal
Term
What are common symptoms for cardiac disease?
Definition
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Weakness
  • Syncope
  • Blue mucous membranes
Term
What are some causes of cardiac disease?
Definition
  • Vascular (Blood clots or emboli)
  • Idiopathic
  • Trauma
  • Auto-immune (rare)
  • Metabolic diseases (Hyperthyroidism, hypertension (renal disease))
  • Infectious disease
  • Neoplasia (Hemangiosarcoma)
  • Developmental (Congenital/enetic-most common)
  • Diet (Taurine deficiency)
Term
Which cardiac disease diagnosis is the most valued?
Definition
Ultrasound (echocardiogram)
Term
What are the normal heart rate for dogs and cats?
Definition

Dogs: 60-180 bpm

Cats- 140-220 bpm

Term
What are the normal ranges for respiration in dogs and cats?
Definition

Dog: 10-30 rpm

Cats: 24-42 rpm

Term
When referring to the lung sound "wheezes" this commonly indicates:
Definition
Inflammation, narrowing of airways (athmatic)
Term
When referring to the lung sound "Crackles" this commonly indicates:
Definition
Fluid-edema or infection
Term
When hearing a muffled lung sound you presume:
Definition
Fluid or mass accumulation
Term
Murmur's a graded on a scale of:
Definition

I-VI

(Softest to Loudest)

Term
What is the most common location and timing for a murmur?
Definition
Left side; systolic(contraction)
Term
Seen in a grade 5 or 6 this is a vibration from the murmur:
Definition
Thrill
Term
Which grade murmur is heard with a stethoscope off the chest and has a palpable thrill?
Definition

VI

(6)

Term
This form of monitoing records ECG continuously and is used as a diagnostic tool.
Definition
Holter Monitor
Term
This form of cardiac disease is less common and s treated with nitroglycerin paste, furosemide and keeping the animal quiet. Remember, oxygen never hurts.
Definition
Acute
Term
Chronic cardiac disease treatment can include:
Definition
  • Diet- taurine as needed, low sodium diets
  • Furosemide or spironolactone
  • Enalapril
  • Digoxin
  • Pimobendin
  • Antiarrhythmic drugs prn
  • Surgery- ballons, stents, mesh
  • Blood Pressure medication
  • Rest
  • Thoracocentesis or abdominocentesis
  • Antibiotics
Term
This drug slows the heart rate, increases contractility and has a narrow margin of safety which is why we want to check levels.
Definition
Digoxin
Term
A new drug that increases contractility, vasodilation and is safer than digoxin.
Definition

Pimobendin

Vetmedin®

Term
An ACE inhibtor that is a vasodilator and is given daily or twice a day for chronic cardiac disease.
Definition
Enalapril
Term
This drug decreases the afterload of the heart so it does not have to pump as hard.
Definition
Nitroglycerin paste
Term
This is the most common failure and signs relate to fluid build up in respiratory system. Examples: Pulmonary edema, cough, dyspnea.
Definition
Left Sided Failure
Term
This failure has signs related to fluid build up in the body like ascites or pitting edema.
Definition
Right Sided Failure
Term
Tapered head with coiling motion and straight tail. Commonly confused with reconditum.
Definition

Heartworm Disease

Aka: Dirofilaria immitis

Term
Adult heartworm reside mainly in these sights in the heart.
Definition
Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Term
What are some things used for diagnosis of heart worm in dogs?
Definition
  • Antigen Test
  • Smears
  • Concentration techniques: Modified knots filters
  • CBC, chemistry, radiograph,ultrasound
Term
What drugs can be used for treament in dogs for heartworm disease?
Definition
  • Ivermectin
  • Immiticide
Term
What heartworm preventative is injectable and lasts for 6 months?
Definition
Proheart 6
Term
A mitral insufficiency or prolapse(most common) that is treated with lasix and enalapril.
Definition
Valvular Disease
Term
Diagnosed by ultrasound and treated with a balloon catheter this is aortic or pulmonic.
Definition
Valve Stenosis
Term
Muscle streches-thin and weak- dilated chambers that cannot pump-decrease in cardicac output
Definition
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Term
Thickening of heart muscle-narrow chambers-lack of filling during diastole-decrease in cardiac output
Definition
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Term
This drug increases cardiac output and is used in treatment of DCM.
Definition
Pimobendin
Term
Diltiazem, asprin and lasix can be used to treat:
Definition
HCM
Term
An example of RCM is harware disease which is:
Definition
a foreign body ingestion (metalic) in cattle
Term
This usually occurs in 10-20% of cats with HCM
Definition
Thromboembolism
Term
Left to right shunt, right sided failure common in cats
Definition
ASD
(Atrial Septal Defects)
Term
Common in large breed dogs diagnosed by a barium study and treated wiht surgery this is a congenital/genetic defect caused by the vascular arch constricting the esophagus
Definition
PRAA
Persistant Right Aortic Arch
Term
The most common clincial sign of PRAA:
Definition
Regurgitation
Term
This causes a continuous murmur that is still present during systole and diastole and occurs because the shunt from the pulmpnary artery to the aorta never closed.
Definition

PDA

(Patent Ductus Arteriosis)

Term

True or False

ECG always reflect a heart beat.

Definition
False
Term
What are some causes of arrhythmias:
Definition
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Drugs and toxins
  • Disruption of electrical system-ischemia, cardiomyopathy
  • Changes in vaginal tone, metabloic disease, fear, anemia
Term
When listening to the lungs you hear crakcles this can indicate:
Definition

Edema, pneumonia

(Fluid in the lungs)

Term
When listening to the lungs you hear this wheezing this can indicate:
Definition
Bronchoconstriction
Term
When listening to the lungs you hear muffled sounds this can indicate:
Definition
Fluid or mass around the heart or lungs
Term
What are some diagnostic test that can be done to determine what is worng with the lungs?
Definition
  • Radiograph
  • Ultrasound
  • Tracheal wash
  • Bloodwork
  • Bronchoscopy, biopsy
  • Fecal exam
Term
This drug is an opiod but can be used as an antitussive:
Definition

Butorphanol

(Torbugesic)

Term
What are some common lower airway disease in dogs?
Definition
  • Collapsing trachea (common in yorkies)
  • Infectious tracheobronchitis  (kennel cough)
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease, neoplasia
Term
WHat are common airwayd disease in cats?
Definition
  • Asthma
  • Neoplasia
Term
Build of fluid in pleural space this is often secondary to right sided heart failure?
Definition
Pleural Effusion
Term
Thoracocentesis is a diagnosis/ treatment for:
Definition
Pleural Effusions
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