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VT 230 - 1
homework
99
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
12/02/2014

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Intrinsic
Definition
species, sex, age, and genetics
Term
Extrinsic
Definition
environment parameters (temperature, etc.)
Term
Dietary
Definition
quality and quantity of food and water
Term
Experimental
Definition
surgery, restraint, and drug effects
Term
The primary goal of research is to what?
Definition
to improve human beings knowledge of anatomy, physiology, disease process and methods to control and treat diseases
Term
Basic research
Definition
concerned with advancing fundamental knowledge of life processes and disease
Term
Applied research
Definition
using existing knowledge for solving a specific problem; often use animal models
Term
Clinical reseach
Definition
builds on the knowledge gained in basic and applied research
Term
The FDA requires ...?
Definition
clinical trials on a group of human volunteers before approving the medication
Term
Research protocol
Definition
is designed and guided by the initial question to be answered problem that needs to be solved
Term
A hypothesis
Definition
is a theory basaed on current knowledge that may answer the question or make a solution to the problem
Term
Experimental group
Definition
group wheres the variable is manipulated
Term
Control group
Definition
no manipulation of the variable
Term
If the research used animal models, the design must be submitted to and approved by who?
Definition
the IACUC (Instiutional Care and Use Committee)
Term
Pricipal Investigator (PI)
Definition
scientists often with an advanced degree develops hypothesis, plans experimental design, complies and interperetes data collected
Term
Laboratory Animals Technicians (LAT)Laboratory Animal Technologist (LATG)and Assistant Laboratory Animal Technologist
Definition
daily care, ensure all environmental variables are controlled, may also function as research technicians
Term
Veterinarians
Definition
usually has training in laboratory animals care specifically, also a member of ASLAP and oversees all of the laboratory's animals models
Term
Administration
Definition
responsible for operation of facility, including staff supervision and record maintenance
Term
American Association of Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)
Definition
formed in 1950, develops drequirements for LATs, LATGs, ALATs
Term
American Society of Laboratory Animals Practitioners (ASLAP)
Definition
group of veterinarians with special inteterest is laboratory animals medicine
Term
Animals Welfare Act (AWA)
Definition
first passed in 1966; has been revised since governs the sale transport an excludes of animals excludes farm animals, birds, certain rats, certain mice and cold-blooded animals
Term
Intuitional Animals Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
Definition
all animals used in research in the U.S. and must be approved, an independent entity that cannot be overruled, made up of a group w/in research facility
Term
Untied States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Definition
enforces the AWA, has APHIS and REAC as its main agencies
Term
Animal and Planet Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Definition
inspects research facilities for violations of AWA yearly
Term
Regulatory Enforcement and Animal Care Program (REAC)
Definition
enforces penalties for violations of AWA
Term
THE GUIDE for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Definition
primary reference for animal care and use in research, species not included in the AWA are given regulations and recommendations in the guide
Term
Public Health Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS)
Definition
an agency w/in U.S. department of health and human services addresses the use of euthanasia to relieve pain and suffering in laboratory animals
Term
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Definition
ensures safety of the public by enforcing adherence to the guidelines for research on certain products (such as medication)
Term
Environment Protection Agency (EPA)
Definition
administers laws to protect human health and the environment
Term
Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC)
Definition
enforces regulations in the federal hazardous substance act
Term
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Definition
provides grants and contracts to support research and training
Term
Associations for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)
Definition
private organizations promoting humane treatment of animals in science, membership sought out because it signifies a commitment to excellence, does not make is own regulations
Term
Reduction
Definition
to use the fews number of animals possible to a result
Term
Refinement
Definition
procedure with the least amount of stress, pain, anxiety and disturbance of normal life to the animal
Term
Replacement
Definition
use lower forms of life (mice insetad of primates), artificial models, or computer models to achieve the results wherever possible
Term
What is the morals and ethics animal groups order? (from one extream to the other)
Definition
Animal Exploitation groups
Animal Used groups
Animal Control groups
Animal Welfare groups
Animal Right groups
Animal Liberation groups
Term
Conventional Facility
Definition
Room doors open onto a central corridor
Common in smaller facilities
Cages cleaned in the room, bowls and supplies cleaned in another room to minimize cross contamination
Term
Double-Corridor Facility
Definition
Referred to as a clean/dirty facility
Rooms have 2 doors: one opens into clean corridor, other opens into a dirty corridor
Traffic is in one direction
Personnel cannot leave through clean doors
Term
Barrier Facility
Definition
Similar to the layout of double-corridor, but requires a shower before entering the animal rooms
Usually required to wear disposable clothing
Entry areas have an airlock
UV light is used to sterilize equipment and supplies
Usually houses germ-free animals
Term
Containment Facility
Definition
Disposable clothing and all materials must be autoclaved before being passed out of the facility through a special wastes portal
Air passing out of the facility must be treated with heat or filtration to remove infectious organisms
Usually house animals with infectious or zoonotic diseases
Term
Macroenvironment
Definition
referes to the animal housing rooms
Term
Microenvironment
Definition
refers to the individual care, run, or pen where an animal is house
Term
Most animal's rooms are maintained at what humidity?
Definition
45 - 55%
Term
Rodents require what amount of humidity?
Definition
40 - 70%
Term
Dogs, cats, and primates what amount of humidity?
Definition
30 - 70%
Term
The Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)
Definition
is the range of temperature in which an animals does not need physical or chemical mechanisms to control heat productions or heat loss
Term
The optimal temperature for development, comfort, reactivity and adaptability is what?
Definition
is slightly below the TNZ
Term
Positive air pressure means what?
Definition
the air flows from inside the room to the outside when the door is opened; drawing out blood from an animal
Term
Negative air pressure means what?
Definition
the air flows from the hall into the room when the door is opened; air leaving the surgery room
Term
What happens to rats when they get sensitive to noise?
Definition
They may stop breeding.
Term
What happens to rabbits when they get sensitive to noise?
Definition
They may injure themselves.
Term
What happens to gerbils and rats when they get sensitive to noise?
Definition
May suffer seizures.
Term
A stainless steel cage is ...?
Definition
strong, smooth, rust-free, chemical resistant, high initial cost, may lower temperatures
Term
An Aluminum cage is ...?
Definition
lightweight, relatively low cost, less durable, may rust, can be damaged by chemicals
Term
A plastic cage is ...?
Definition
lowest initial cost, they have a low to high impact strength, may be heat and chemical resistant, and may be transparent to allow for observation, may be used for disposable cages
Term
What is a Shoebox Cage?
Definition
solid-bottomed, usually plastic, typically have a stainless-steel grid top with a feeding station, usually have a filter top to control the microenvironment, are easily stacked or shelved
Term
What is a Suspended Cage?
Definition
racks holding a series of mesh-bottomed cages that slide in and out of the racks on rails, may be plastic or stainless steel, may provide access only through the top or front of the cage excellent cage ventilation, but poor microenvironmental control
Term
What is a Metabolism Cage?
Definition
used to collect urine and feces for measurement and analysis, food and water sources are located outside of the cage to avoid addition to the waste
Term
What is a Gang Cage?
Definition
used to house social groups of animals configurations depends on the species being housed, multiple food and water stations to discourage dominations displays
Term
What is a Transportation Cage?
Definition
cages with wheels, may incorporate a squeeze section (primates), for temporary housing does not need food or water sources
Term
What is a Pens and Runs Cage?
Definition
primarily used to house dogs, sheep, goats, and farm animals, if outdoors must keep other animals from getting in, outdoor enclosures may cause a loss of animals housed outdoors will need to become acclimated to seasonal changes
Term
What is an Activity Cage?
Definition
used to provide exercises for animals, configuration depends on the species being housed
Term
What is an Inhalation Cage?
Definition
used for strict control of environment parameters, routinely used for studies involving inhalation of a vaccine or antibiotic, allow substances to be directed inhaled without contaminating the room air
Term
What is a Recovery Cage?
Definition
similar to ICU cages, provides control of temperature, humidity, oxygen pressure, etc. IV lines, catheter access ports, and monitoring devices can be incorporating
Term
Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)
Definition
Free of any unknown Pathogen(s) other then the defined Pathogens and the microflora is undefined
Term
Cesarean Derived
Definition
Animals were delivered surgically by removal of the mother's uterus and then the fetuses were removed in a sterile isolation chamber
Term
Barrier Sustained or Barrier Research
Definition
Animals were delivered by cesarean section then lived in a sterile cage or facility
Term
Sentinel Animals
Definition
are those that are susceptible to a particular pathogen
Term
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Definition
has specific guidelines for handling infectious agents; higher # of agents = more risk, lower # of agents = less risk
Term
Biosafety Level I
Definition
agents that do not normally cause dzes in humans, but may cause in immuno-compromised individuals; no specific handling/disposal required; will include cleaning agents, animal vax and species-specific dzes
Term
Biosafety Level II
Definition
agents can cause dz in humans if handled incorrectly (ex. Toxoplasma, Salmonella), limited access, PPE used, and specific sanitation protocols
Term
Biosafety Level III
Definition
agents can cause serious and potentially lethal dz (ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis), primary/secondary barriers and PPE are required for all personnel; access controlled; and specific decontamination procedures for cages, clothing, equipment and waste
Term
Biosafety Level IV
Definition
agents pose a hight risk of causeing life-threatening dz (ex. Ebola, Marburg, viruses); maximum containment procedures; shower in & out w/ full positive-pressure body suits and extensive training for personnel
Term
Identifying hazards is ...?
Definition
the first to step to prevent injury ex. animal bites exposure to chemicals, radiation, allergens, and zoonosis
Term
Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA)
Definition
is responsible for enforcing laws that protect workers form workplace hazards
Term
The "Right TO Know" law does what?
Definition
requires that personnel be informed of potential workplace hazards
Term
Material Saftey Data Sheets (MSDS)
Definition
contain an updated list of all chemical hazards w/in the facility.
Term
The importance of Facility Security is to do what?
Definition
its necessary to guard against any sabotage by animal rights or Liberian activists to protect animal care (ex. keys & codes are changed regularly)
Term
Periodic Samples are ...?
Definition
take to identify the presence of microorganisms in the animal colonies
Term
Quality Assurance
Definition
Monitoring of the animals by a PE & testing is vital to ensure that no unknown variable is being introduced
Term
Gnotobiotic
Definition
animals that have specific, well-defined microflora
Term
Axenic
Definition
a well-defined, germ free, flora animal that has no evidence of microorganisms except those that pass through the placenta before birth; will remain if they stay in the sterile facility; food & water must be sterilized before entering
Term
Why do the well-defined flora tend to grow more quickly, absorb fats better, and live longer?
Definition
Because they usually have a unique anatomical feature like thinner-walled intestines
Term
Gnotobiology
Definition
the study of animals w/ completely known flora & fauna; created in the 1950's which revolutionized the breeding of animals for research
Term
Conventional animals are ...?
Definition
those with unknown microflora
Term
The defined flora animals are?
Definition
Axenic, Gnotobiotic, SPF, Cesarean Derived and Barrier Sustained
Term
Federal Law requires what?
Definition
the animals used in research and teaching be acquired only from USDA-licensed dealers
Term
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)
Definition
provides standards of training for veterinarians in this field, also performs the certification exam necessary for veterinarians
Term
Uremia
Definition
Urine in the blood
Term
Dysuria
Definition
Painful urination
Term
Anuria
Definition
no urination
Term
Polyuria
Definition
Excessive urination
Term
Pollakiuria
Definition
Frequent urination
Term
Stranguria
Definition
Straining to urinate
Term
Oliguria
Definition
Decreased Urination
Term
Hematuria
Definition
Blood in the urine/common w/ bladder stones
Term
Proteinuria
Definition
Protein in the urine
Term
Glucosuria
Definition
glucose in the urine
Term
Azotemia
Definition
Elevated kidney value in the lab work (high BUN/creatinine)
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