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VT-205 final exam
Material for final exam
296
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
11/06/2015

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hormones of the adrenal cortex
Definition
1. Mineralcorticoids (Aldorsterone)
2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
Regulate electrolyte balance. Acts @ renal tubules to cause Na retention + K + H excretion.

Prevents K accumulation and exerts major effect on blood volume.
Term
Cortisol
Definition
Alertness. Fluctuates throughout day. Control of dopamine levels.
Give it to dogs during day, cats during night
Term
Characteristics of steroids
Definition
1. All steroids are lipids, all insoluble in water
-Must have carrier to travel in aqueous media. Bound to a protein carrier in plasma

2. Released into cells rather slowly. Serves as reservoir. Carried by protein complex in plasma

3. True water soluble steroids in plasma NOT bound to a carrier. Released into cells rather quickly.
Term
How can we make steroids last longer in the body?
Definition
By adding synthetic additions to hydrocortisone. These delay biotransformation and excretion of the drug and hence increase duration of action.
Term
Order of duration of action from shortest to longest acting
Definition
1. Hydrocortisone < Triacinolone/Prednisolone/Prednisone < Betamethasone/Deamethasone
Term
Hydrocortisone
Definition
Shorest acting drug.

1. Acetate, Acetonide, Diacetate and Methyl causes slower absorption, metabolism, excretion. Longer duration.

2. Succinate and phosphate and more water soluble.

3. Acetonide poorly water soluble, binds to keratin. Less side effect/topical absorption.

Can be placed in suspension.
Term
Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on carbohydrate metabolism
Definition
Increase blood glucose, increase insulin resistance
Term
Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on protein metabolism
Definition
Increase blood glucose. Weak muscles, pot belly(lack of protein, parasites, cushings)
Term
Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on fat metabolism
Definition
Increase blood glucose due to fat breaking down. Edema
Term
Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on Water and electrolyte metabolism
Definition
PU/PD, bloating. Na retention and K depletion.
Term
Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on the muscularskeletal system
Definition
Can weaken muscle. Bone is weakened.
Term
Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoid hormones
Definition
1. Suppresses tissue response to injury. Stabilize cell membranes. Less swelling

2. Decreases capillary permeability so less loss of fluids + plasma proteins.

3. Inhibits antibody fomration

4. Inhibits PG synthesis

Corisone: Inhibits cox1,co2, lox rxns
Term
GI effects of glucocorticoid hormones
Definition
GI ulceration due to cox-1 inhibition. Liver/kidney failure
Term
Behavioral effects of glucocorticoid hormones
Definition
Variable. Eat/drink more
Term
Glucocorticoid effects on blood thyroid levels
Definition
Lowers blood thyroid levels.
Cats: increase cortisol. T4 drop = artifact
Term
Glucocorticoid effects on blood
Definition
Neutrophilia
Lymphopenia + eosinopenia
Stimulates RBC and platelet production
Term
How can glucorticoid cause polyuria?
Definition
1. Water diuresis from polydipsia. Most common. Na retention = activate thirst center

2. Directly antagonizes ADH

3. Direct action on kidney
Term
How can glucorticoid cause polydipsia?
Definition
By increasing Na retention, stimulating thirst center
Term
Contraindications to corticosteroid use/ Don't give cortisol to animals with the following conditions
Definition
1. Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus
2. Corneal ulcers
3. Renal insufficiency, liver failure
4. Uncontrolled infection
5. GI disease
Term
What are some conditions where corticosteroids can be used therapeutically?
Definition
1. Adrenal insufficiency (hypoadrenocorticism): Replacement for both glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids

2. Shock (trauma, anaphylaxis, vascular): + Fluids, other supportive care

3. Local inflammation

4. Immune suppresion: autoimmune disease, transplant rejection, IMHA, lupus

5. Generalized, trauma, inflammation, allergies, cancer, tumor shrinkage
Term
3 cautions for using corticosteroids
Definition
1. Work as adjuvents to therapy, not a cure

2. Use at lowest dose for shortest time possible to avoid HPA axis suppression

3. In cases of infection
Term
Side effects of corticosteroid drugs
Definition
Can get cushings and/or addisons from long term use.
Term
What can be some causes of fresh blood in stool?
Definition
1. Feeding people food
2. Being on corticosteroid
Term
Iatrogenic secondary hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)
Definition
Corticosteroid use depresses HPA axis, causing adrenal atropy. Have to taper

Disruptions of water and electrolyte balance. PU/PD, bloating from Na retention
Term
Iatrogenic secondary hyperadrenocortism
(Cushings)
Definition
Result of long term use. Hair loss, pot belly, PU/PD, thin skin, calcinosis cutis

Hepatopathy, induced pancreatitis, panting, hematochezia, kidney failure.
Term
Signs of cushings disease
Definition
1. Muscle wasting, weakness
2. Hyperglycemia
3. Decreased immune response
4. Osteoporosis
5. Poor wound healing
6. Thin skin, poor tone, alopecia, bruising
7. Changes in food/water consumption
8. GI ulceration
Term
Cortisone dosage concepts
Definition
1. Dosages need to be individualized based on clinical response (Cats: eve, Dogs: day)

2. Massive doses may be needes in desparate situations

3. Taper off dosage if drug is no longer needed. Can cause reoccuring bladder infections, stones, diabetes.

4. Alternate day dosing to allow body to rest and make its own cortisol

5. ACTH testing may be done to test HPA axis.
Term
Types of Corticosteroid preparations
Definition
1. Hydrocortisone
2. Prednisone
3. Prednisolone
4. Prednisolone sodium succinate
5. Methylprednisolone
6. Nethylprednisolone sodium succinate
7. Methylprednisolone acetate
8. Trimcinolone acetonide
9. Dexamethasone
10. Dexamthasone sodium phosphate
11. Betamethasone
12. Mometasone
Term
Prednisone (Deltasone and generics)
Definition
Lots of PU/PD. Commonly used, many forms available.
Prednisone --> Prednisolone via liver metabolism.
Not ideal for liver failure patients.
Term
Prednisolone (Delta-Cortef and generics)
Definition
Same as prednisone, except less liver metabolism

Ideal for liver failure patients, cats, animals with kidney disease.
Term
Prednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Delta-Cortef)
Definition
H2O soluble. Used IV in high doses for shock.
Term
Methylprednisolone (Medrol)
Definition
Longer lasting, more potent glucocorticoid. Less minerocoid activity. Less PU/PD
Term
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol)
Definition
H2O soluble. Used IV

Use saline as diluent, NOT Benzyl alcohol due to toxicity to cats
Term
Methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol and generics)
Definition
Suspension. Long acting repositrol preparation. Last 3-6 wks. Use in cats with chronic allergies.

Can cause diabetes mellitus, cushings if used too long or in high doses
Term
Triamcinolone acetonide (Vetalog)
Definition
Injection, oral, topical preparations. Less NA retention. Less PU/PD. Intermediate duration. Often used daily to keep blood levels high.

Topical preps (Panalog and generics) bind to keratin in skin so very little is absorbed. Less side affects
Term
Dexamethasone (Azium and generics)
Definition
Injection, oral and topical preps. Very potent. Long lasting. Less NA retention than prednisolone. Less PU/PD.

Ingredient in Tresaderm.
Term
Dexamethasone solution
Definition
Injectionable. Thick colorless soln. Not used IV. Dont use for shock. Used on cows with ketosis
Term
Dexmethasone sodium phosphate
Definition
H2O soluble. Used IV for shock. Take 20 min to start effect when given IV
Term
Betamethasone (Betasone)
Definition
Many topical preparations, used in otic and opthalmic meds.
Very potent, long acting. Less PU/PD. Duraction 3-6 weeks.

Diabetes possible side effect.
Term
Mometasone
Definition
Long acting corticosteroid
Term
How high of a dose must a glucocorticoid be to correct shock and reduce edema?
Definition
At very high doses.
Term
Controlled substances
Definition
List by DEA based on potential for abuse and danger. 5 categories.
CI (most) -----> C5 (least)
Term
Schedule I
Definition
High potential for abuse. No current accepted medical use. Lack of accepted safety for use. Not avail. to practitioner. Facility only.

Separate log with order forms

Ex: Research/street drugs
Term
Schedule II
Definition
High potential for abuse. Severe psychological and physical dependence. Accepted medical use with severe restrictions.

Separate log with order forms

Ex: Opioids, cocaine, opiate derivatives
Term
Schedule III
Definition
Less potential for abuse. Accepted medical use. May lead to moderate-low physical, high psychological dependence.

Requires log

Ex: Ketamine, Bupanorphine
Term
Schedule IV
Definition
Low potential for abuse. Accepted medical use. Limited physical and psychological dependence.


Requires log

Ex: Tremadol, mixtures
Term
Schedule V
Definition
Accepted medical use. Low abuse potential. Limited physical and psychological dependence.
Term
What is the min. amount a time that invoices for controlled substances must be kept?
Definition
2 years. Should be done every 6 months. Permit must be renwed every 3 years.
Term
What can be used to lock up scheduled substances? What can't?
Definition
Can used locked cabinents and drawers
Make sure safe cannot be carried out. Has to be heavy enough or bolted down


Don't have to double lock. Can keep 1 bottle controlled substance in fridge.

No mini fridges in client reach. Place in treatment room.
Term
Narcotic analgesics
Definition
Drugs that stimulate opiate (endorphine, enkephaline and dynorphins) receptors in the brain, causing heavy sedation, hypnosis and analgesia.

Inhibits ACHase, SLUD, dopamine to effect sensory and motor function
Term
Opiate receptor agonists
Definition
Morphine, Oxymorphone, Hydromorphone, Fentanyl
Term
Opiod partial agonists
Definition
Butorphanol, Buprenorphine
Term
Misc opioids
Definition
Loperamide
Term
Opioid antagonist
Definition
Naloxone, Naltrexone
Term
Morphine sulfate C-II
Definition
Opiate
Term
Effects of opioids
Definition
1. Excellent analgesic, antispasmodic, antitussive properties

2. See vomiting, defecation, salivation followed by slowing of the gut (give with atropine to reduce effects)

3. Stimulates resp. center, then depresses it.

4. Minimal cardiovascular effects

5. Give SQ in dog. Dose very low in cats, horses, cattle

6. Analgesic/sedative in C-section

7. Reversible with Naloxone
Term
Toxic signs of opioids
Definition
SLUD (DE), pupil constriction, bradycardia, hypothermia, convulsions, respiratory depression, death.

Reversible with Naloxone
Term
Oxymorphone
Definition
C-II Opiate

10x more potent than morphine
Used in high risk patients and C-sections
Term
Meperidine HCL (Demerol)
Definition
C-II Opioid. Recently off market.
Term
Codeine
Definition
C-II Opiate Methylmorphine

Derived from morphine, not as strong. 1/6th as potent as an analgesic

Inhibits cough center.
Term
Hydrocodone Bitartrate (Tussigon, Hycodan)
Definition
C-II Opiate

Analgesic action similar to codeine.
Antitussive agent, use in kennel cough
Term
Apomorphine
Definition
C-II Opiate

Stimulates vomiting center. Very potent and reliable in dogs. Variable response in cats.
Term
Fentanyl (Sublimaze, Innovar-vet)
Definition
Class-II Opioid

Excellent analgesic. Short duration (duragesic)
Avail. as transdermal patch.
100x potent as morphine.

Recovyra: Topical liquid/soln. Opioid of Fentantlyl
Term
Etorphine (M-99)
Definition
C-II opiate. Wildlife use. 1,000x more potent than morphine
Term
Butorphanol
Definition
C-IV Opioid
Partial opioid agonist/antagonist

Good analgesic. Mild-Moderate pain. 4-7x more potent than morphine.

Potent antitusive 4x morphine (dosed less)

Combined with anesthetics to less post-op pain, reverse narcotic analgesics.
Term
Pentazocine (Talwin)
Definition
C-IV Opioid
Partial opioid agonist/antagonist
Term
Buprenorphine (Buprenex)
Definition
Class-III Opioid
Partial M-receptor opioid agonist

30x more potent than morphine as an analgesic. Mild-moderate pain.

Last the longests (6-12 hrs)
Term
Simbadol
Definition
C-III Opioid

Cat product. Pain control injectable. Don't use in dogs, causes bad constipation.
Term
Paregoric
Definition
C-II or C-III opiate

Inhibits GI motility. Used orally to stop diarrhea.

Pepto-Bismol with Paregoric = corrective mixture with paregoric.
Term
Diphenoxylate w/atropine (Lomotil, Lonox)
Definition
C-V opioid (C-II without atropine)

Inhibits GI motility. Used orally to stop diarrhea.

Atropine added as a antispamodic and to prevent abuse
Term
Loperamide (Imodium)
Definition
Low end opioid

Avail OTC. Used to stop diarrhea. Stop drug in 48hrs if its not effective.
Term
Naloxone HCL (Narcan)
Definition
Pure narcotic antagonist. Reverses effects of narcotics.

Short duration: 30 min. No side effects
Term
Tramadol
Definition
Class IV M-agonist.

nalgesic in cats/dogs for pain control.
Can be used with NSAID
Term
GABApentin
Definition
Can be used with Nsaids.

Primary use for neuropain, can be used for other types of pain (mild-moderate) for amputations
Term
Types of Euthanasia drugs
Definition
1. Sleepaway
2. Beuthanasia-D
3. Fatal-plus
Term
Sleepaway
Definition
C-II.
Pentobarbitol 26%, isopropyl OH-10%
Term
Beuthanasia-D
Definition
C-III
Euthasol. Pink juice

Pentobarbitol 39%. phenytoin 50mg/ml to stop heart
Req log of use. $$$

Used in combination with sedatives and/or other injectable anesthetics to produce a smoother, less stressful death.
Term
Fatal-plus
Definition
C-II. Blue juice.
Term
Histamine
Definition
Present in mast cells, basophils, mucosal layer of GI tract and CNS

Releases in the following situations
-Mech trauma to tissues
-Excessive heat/cold
-UV irradiation
-Chem agents
-Antigens: antibody rxns and allergic respnses
Term
Histamine release causes
Definition
1. Exocrine glandular secretion (Gastric HCL secretion) H-2 receptors

2. Contraction of intestinal, uterine, and bronchia smooth muscle. H-1 receptors

3. Cardiovascular effects include vasodilation, reduced arterial pressure (hypotension), increased capillary permeability and tachycardia.

4. Inflam and shock.
Term
Antihistaminic agents
Definition
1. Metabolic antagonists: anti-histamine slowly breaks down histamine

2. Competitive antagonsts: anti-histamine H1 + H2 compete for specific receptors in tissue cells
Term
Clinical uses of anti-histamines
Definition
1. Allergic disorders (H1 action) prophylactic value > symptomatic actions

2. Hives (Urticaria), pruritis, other skin irritations (H1)

3. Respiratory diseases (H1): equine pulmonary emphysema and bovine asthma. 2ndary treatment with sympathomimetics''4. Antin
Term
Why shouldnt you squeeze a tumor?
Definition
Releases histamine. Can send animal into shock
Term
Side effects of antihistamines
Definition
1. Sedation, redenced mental acuity and nervousness

2. Dry mouth

3. Teratogenesis

4. GI disturbances
Term
H1 antagonists
Definition
1. Ethylenediamines
2. Ethanolamines
3. Alkylamines
4. Piperazines
5. Phenothiazines
8. Piperidines
Term
Ethylenediamines
Definition
Mild sedative effects. Used in emergencies

1. Pyrilamine (Neo-Antergan and others) meleate salt

2. Tripelenamine HCL (Re-cover injection). LA
Term
Ethanolamines
Definition
Marked sedative effects.

1. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Caladryl lotion).
2. Dimenhydrate (Dramamine) H1 blocker
Term
Alkylamines
Definition
Mild sedative effect

1. Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-trimeton)
2. Dexbrompheniramine (Dimetane)
Term
Piperazines
Definition
Mild sedative effect

1. Chlorcyclizine (Di-paralene)
2. Hydroxyzine (Ativan)
Term
Phenothiazines
Definition
Marked sedatuve effects, used as major tranquilizers in psychiatry

1. Promethazine HCl (Phenergan HCl): anti-nausea after post-op

2. Trimeprazine (Temaril): Temaril-P with prednisone. Synergestic with antihistamine
Term
Piperidines
Definition
Do not cross blood brain barrier. Little sedative effect Anticholinergic properties. Appitite stimulant

Cyptoheptadine (Periactin): Antihisamine and serotonin antagonist.
Term
H2 antagonists
Definition
1. Cimetidine (Tagamet)
2. Ranatidine (Zantac)
3. Omeprazole and Prevacid
4. Ulcer and gastro-gaurd
Term
Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Definition
Immunostimulant in horses with melanoma. Used heavily, but causes gynecomastia and impotence in males.

Decreases metabolism of other drugs metabolized by liver
Term
Ranatidine (Zantac)
Definition
Selective H2 antagonist. More potent (4-8x than cimetidine). Fewer side effects, longer acting
Term
Omeprazole and Prevacid
Definition
Blocks HCl secretion. Hydrogen blocker.
Term
Gastroguard
Definition
Treatment of ulcers in hoses. Blocks HCl secretion. Hydrogen blocker. Legend drug.
Term
Ulcerguard
Definition
Treatment of ulcers in horses. Blocks HCl secretion. OTC.
Term
Inhibitors of histamine release
Definition
1. Cromolyn sodium (Intal Opicrom, Nasalcrom)

2. Sucralfate (Carafate)

3. Misoprostol (Cytotec)
Term
Cromolyn sodium (Intal, Opticrom, Nasalcrom)
Definition
Blocks histamine release from mast cells assoc. with allergic rxns or excercise induced asthma
Term
Sucratalfate (Carafate)
Definition
Sugar that binds to proteins at the site of the ulcer and forms a protective mucus coating. Also inhibits pepsin and increeases blood flow to the area by increasing PGE-a

Prevents and treats ulcers caused by nsaids
Term
Misoprostol (Cytotec)
Definition
Synthetic PGE, Decrease mucus, HCl
Term
Drugs used to modify behavior
Definition
1. Diazepam (Vallium)
2. Clomipramine (Clomicalm, Anafranil)
3. Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile)
4. Amitriptyline (Elavil)
5. Buspirone (Buspar)
6. Trazadone
7. Magestrol acetate
8. Slentrol (Dirlotapine)
9. Feliway
10. Cat attract litter + additive
Term
Diazepam (Valium)
Definition
1. Skeletal muscle relaxant and anxiolytic. Facilities action of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

2. Reduces noise phobias in dogs, spraying and anxiety in cats.

3. Seizure control IV, rectally, intra-nasally

4. Appetite stimulant in cats (IV + PO)

5. H2O version of diazepam is midazolam
Term
Chlomipramine (Clomicalm, Anafranil)
Definition
1. SSRI, may block some dopamine receptors. Tricyclic antidepressant (TSA). Increase epineprhine, serotonin

2. Used in sepraration anxiety in dogs > 6 mo age, excessive barking, destruction, elimination.

3. Side effects: V/D, lethargy, anorexia
Term
Miratazapine
Definition
Appetite stimulant. PO.
Term
Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile)
Definition
1. SSRI. Does not raise epineprhine level.

2. Anxiolytic, antipruritic, anti-compulive disorder drug. 1 mg/kg dose

3. Used for many behavioral problems in cats. Safe to use.
Term
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Definition
Not approved for vet use. Anti-depressant that blocks reuptake of serotonin in CNS, increasing serotonin.

TCA. Calming effect
Term
Buspirone (Buspar)
Definition
Anxiolytic that decreases serotonin activity.

-Dopamine antagonist. Slow acting.

Used for noise phobia, sep. anxiety in dogs. Decrease spraying in cats.
Term
Trazadone
Definition
SSRI and increase serotonin precursors (5HT)
1-2mg/kg
Term
Serotonin syndrome
Definition
Ataxia, vomit/diarrhea, increase hyperthermia, increast breathing

Treat with fluids, supportive care
Term
Magestrol Acetate (Ovaban, Megace)
Definition
Synthetic progestogen, potent anti-inflammatory

-Decrease aggression, spraying in cats.
- Control diarrhea, pruritis.
- Side effects: Diabetes, pyometra, immune suppression.

See if inflam. bowel disease will respond to drug. Becareful with high dosage/frequent use.
Term
Slentrol (Dirolatapine)
Definition
Decease appetite. Increase swelling of small intestine. Causes bloat, discomfort.

Use in very fat dogs only. Dietary adjunct
Term
Feliway
Definition
Synthetic pheromone. Collar rewuires skin/body contact.

Dog version: Adaptil. Mimicks lactating dog pheromones
Term
Cat attract litter and additive
Definition
Herbal formula (cat nip) 70% response. Not absorbed orally
Term
Ophthalmic medications and treatment
Definition
1. Tropicamide (Mydriacyl, Tropicacyl)

2. Atropine (RED CAP)

3. Pilocarpine (GRN CAP)

4. Topical anesthetic agent (proparacaine, tetracaine)

5. Antibiotics

6. Corticosteroids

7. Mannitol

8. Latanoprost (Xalatam): PGF2a. 50microns/ml. Glaucoma. Increase fluid leaving eyeball.
Term
Types of Ceruminolytic agents
Definition
1. Cerumite: Squalene. Increase absorption in mm + skin. Inflammed ears.

2. Clear ear cleansing soln. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, urea proxide. Decreases surface tension in H20. DSS: stool softener, mild laxative
Term
Types of cleansing agents
Definition
1. Nolvasan Otic: Chlorhexdine. Have to becareful. Use if TM intact. Ototoxic

2. Epi-Otic: Lactic acid, Salicylic acid Antimicrobial properties.
Term
Types of ear solutions
Definition
1. Tresaderm: bacterial and fungal infections with mild-moderate inflammation. Kills ear yeast, not ringworm
Term
List of active ingredients in common skin disorder therapeutic products
Definition
1. Sulfur: Antimicrobial
2. Salicylic acid: Take off dead skin
3. Coal tar: Take off dead skin
4. Benzoyl Peroxide: Anti-microbial, break down grease
Term
2 most common skin diseases
Definition
1. Seborrhea sicca (ingedients 1 +2)

2. Seborrhea oleosa (ingredients 1-4)
Term
What is your response when a caller complains about more flakes/dandruff on their animal?
Definition
The presence of dandruff an indicator that the medication is working. In order to replace the sick skin with stronger newer skin, the body must shed the old skin in the form of dandruff. It will take about 2-3 weeks for the new layer of skin to appear
Term
Factors involved with the cause of cancer
Definition
1. Aging
2. Excess/lack of nutritional factors. Cancer likes carbs
3. Stress
4. Physical trauma
5. Irritation
6. Viruses
7. Exogenous chemicals

Caused by inhibition or loss of normal cellular ontrol. Inability to stop growing/regulate mitosis
Term
What to remember about the overall results of chemotherapy
Definition
Tens to be palliative rather than curative. Extends life of valued companion animal for a few months.
Term
Toxic effects of chemotherapy
Definition
1. Bone marrow depression: Decreased platelets, WBC's, RBC's


2. Alimentary tract: Lesions, hemmorhage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Liver + kidney failure
Term
How are chemotherapy drugs dosed?
Definition
Suggested dose based on body surfac
Supportive care very important
May need to monitor uric acid levels.

If uric acid levels high, administer Allopurinol to decrease them
Term
Chemotherapy Extravasation drug
Definition
Increases fluid absorption rate. Breaks down cell membranes for fluid to diffuse faster. Absorbs quicker.

Used when chemotherapy drug leaks outside the vein.
Term
Drugs with anti-cancer properties
Definition
1. Doxorubicin: Caustic. 2nd most used drug

2. Prednisone: Kills rapidly dividing cells. Gives animal more time.

Affects transitional cells
Term
Lomustine
Definition
Used in dog/cat lymphoma, mast cell tumors
Histiocytic sarcoma
Some brain tumors.
Term
Acemannan
Definition
Give IP. Used in animals with histopathologically-confirmed fibrosarcoma
Term
Palladia (toceranib phosphate) (Zoetis)
Definition
Treats cell mast tumors in dogs. Avail. to all vets. Treats Grade II and III, recurrent coetaneous mast cell tumors in dogs with or without lymph node involvement.

Inhibits tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors. Less cellular growth, induce cell death.

Anti-angiogenic activity. Inhibit blood vessel formation in tumors.

May have an effect on mammary gland carcinomas, soft tissue sarcomas and multiple myeloma. Melanoma
60% response rate.
Term
Kinavet Ca-1 (mastinib)
Definition
Similar drug to toceranib
Term
Oncept canine melanoma vaccine
Definition
Oncologist practice vets only.

Contains plasmid DNA that expreses gene coding for human tyrosinase (cuts down melanoma). Vaccine stimulates an imune response. Protein is familiar enough to the canine tyrosinase that the immune reponse is effective against canine melanoma cells which express tyrosinase.

Not a cure, but extends life of animals.
Term
Types of immunomodulator drugs
Definition
1. Interferon (Roferon-A)
2. Immunoregulin and Equistim
3. Staphage Lysate (SPL)
4. Septi-serum
5. Regression
6. Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunodulator (LTCI)
7. Cyclosporine (Sandimmune HL, Optimmune and Atopical)
9. Apoquel/Oclacitinib
Term
Interferon (Roferon-A)
Definition
1. Stimulates local oropharyngeal (PO) immune system, reduces viral replication.

2. For chronic URI, FeLv, FIV, stomatitis and parvo

3. Give SID for 7 days, then offf 7 days

4 Keep refridgerated. Last 3 months. Diluted soln may be frozen for longer storage
Term
Immunoregulin and Equistim
Definition
Immunostimulant

1. Increases macrophage and T-cell activity.

2. Treats reoccuring pyometra in dogs, respiratory infections in horses with antibiotics

3. Off label use for FeLv, FIV, FIP, URI

4. Used IV and SQ with specific protocol. Looks naturally cloudy
Term
Staphage Lysate (SPL)
Definition
1. Lysed Staph. aureus and a bacteriophage. Stimulates B and T cells with Staph. antibodies.

2. Used SQ. Don't use if cloudy
Term
Septi-serum
Definition
Anti-endotoxin antibodies from a mutant strain of equine origin Salmonelle typhymurium

1. Cross protects from endotoxins from other gram - bacteria. Increades survibability of Parvo

2. Use IV ONE time. Can cause allergic rxn or death if used more.
Term
Regression
Definition
Cell wall fraction of a Mycobacterium

1. Stimulates immune system. Adjunct therapy for mammary tumors
Term
Lymphocyte T-cell Immunomodulator (LTCI) by Imulan
Definition
1. Increases T-helper cell number and function
2. Increases RBC's and platelets
3. 3 weekly injections, then every other week and then monthly
4. May be useful in FeLv and FIV
Term
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune HL, Optimmune, Atopica)
Definition
1. Immunosuppressive drug used after organ transplant

2. Lacrimostimulant. Used for KCS (dry eye)

3. Apply 1-2x a day usually for life.


4. Atopica approved for atopic dermatitis in dogs over 4 lbs. Drug of choice for inhalant/seasonal allergies. Side effects: Vomiting/diarrhea

5. #2 drug used for IMHA and thrombocytopenia if glucocorticoids aren't effective
Term
Apoquel (oclacitinib)
Definition
Controls itching in atopic dermatitis.

Research being done in cats with asthma (Not approved yet)
Term
3 general classes of disease effecting the heart
Definition
1. Disease of the heart muscle (infarctions, cardiomyopathy)

-Causes vary, from nutritional to coronary artery thrombosis
-Medical treatment may be helpful, surgery rare.

2. Derangements in blood flow

-Inherited/developmental: patent ductus arteriosis, septum defects, right aortic arch
-Acquired disease: Valvular heart disease, CHF
-Dental disease

3. Impulse conduction disturbances

-Abnormal rhythm
Term
Heart failure classes
Definition
1. Asymptomatic
2. Mild
3. Moderate
4. Severe
Term
Heart failure class 1
Definition
Asymptomatic.

Clinical signs: none/cardiac murmur

ECG: normal. Xray: Normal/mild atrial enlargement
Term
Heart failure class 2 + 3
Definition
Mild-moderate

Clinical signs: evident with mild exercise

ECG: Normal or heart enlargement. Increased heart rate with or w/o arrhythmias

Xray: Left atrial or left ventricular enlargement. With or w/o R ventricular enlargement and pulmonary edema
Term
Heart failure class 4
Definition
Severe

Clinical signs: respiratory distress, signs in class 2. Leads to shock/death

ECG: Class 2 signs + greater frequency of arrhythmias

Xray: biventricular enlargement, mod-severe L atrial enlargment, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, chronic valve disease
Term
Why do we use ACE-inhibitors
Definition
To inhibit action of aldosterone. Reduces ascutes and edema
Term
Commonly used cardiac drugs
Definition
1. Epinephrine
2. Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
3. Digitalis glycosides (Digoxin, Digitoxin)
4. Nitroglycerin
5. Enalapril (Enacard)
6. Pimobendin (Vetmedin)
7. Quinidine (cardioquin and others)
8. Procainamide (Procan, Pronestyl)
9. Lidocaine, Tocainide
10. Propranolol (Inderol)
11. Verapamil
12. Diltiazem (Cardizem)/Nifedipine (Adalat)/Amlopipine (Norvase)
13. Bretylium
14. Aminophylline and Theophylline
15. Hydralazine (Apresoline)
16. Prazosin (Minipress)
17. Isoxusprine
18. Dopamine
19. Dobutamine
20. Calcium
21. Atropine + Glycopyrrolate
22. Ferosemide (Lasix/Salix)
23. Doxapram (Dopram)
Term
Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Definition
1. Beta-1 effects cause increase rate of SA node firing and AV node conduction. Positive chronotrope.


2. Increases strength of contraction (Positive inotropic)

3. Dilates coronary vessels to increase O2 supply to heart
Term
Special considerations regarding catecholamine drugs
Definition
1. Store away from light or in brown bottle
2. Seal tightly. Easily oxidized in air. Watch exp date
3. Discard if soln shows any coloration
Term
Special considerations regarding use of epinephrine (EPI)
Definition
1. 1:100 soln (1mL/100lbs) more common via Sq for anaphylaxis

2. 1:100 soln (1mL/10 lbs) more common via IV for cardiac arrest

3. Cardiac arrest justifies IV or IT/IC administration of EPI. Double IT dose
Term
Isoproternol (Isuprel)
Definition
1. Beta effects only. Positive inotrope + chronotrope.

2. Used for bradycardia if atropine/glycopyrrolate dont work
Term
Digitalis glycosides (Digoxin, Digitoxin)
Definition
Not used often. From foxglove family.

1. Increased Ca levels of myofibrin, causing positive inotropic effects. Slows heart, but move more blood.

2. Increased cardiac output, less chance of arrythmia

3. Negative chronotropic effect decreases conduction velocity through A-V nodes.

4. Come in tablets or elixir. Large T. index, safe.
Term
Nitroglycerin
Definition
1. Avail. at 2% ointment, spray, tablets. Wear gloves

2. Vasodilator. Venous and arterial.

3. Useful in CHF, emergencies, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascitis
Term
Enalapril (Enacard)
Definition
ACE inhibitor.

1. Arterial and venous dilator, reduces peripheral resistance

2. Reduce aldersterone production to increase H20 and Na excretion, thus decreasing edema. Will make heart pump better

3. Treat mild hypertenion and CHF. Often 1st drug used in cases of heart disease. Improves quality of life and may increase survival time

4. Renal function must be reasonable, hypotension can occur

5. ACE inhibitors may decrease progression of renal disease by increasing GFR. May improve blood flow to kidney.
Term
Pimobendin (Vetmedin)
Definition
1. Main CHF drug. Less toxic. Side effects: Lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea. Safer than digoxin

2. Positive inotrope, balanced vasodilator. Increase cardiac output, use less O2 due to increase in arterial dilation. Mild chronotrope. Keep normal heart rhythm

3. Used for CHF due to cardiac myopathy or AV valve insufficiency.

4. Contraindicated in aortic stenosis (narrow) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (thick)
Term
Class 1A cardiac drugs
Definition
Double quarter pounder.

1. Quinidine (Cardioquin)
2. Procainamide (Procan, Pronestyl)

Anti-arrythmic drugs
Term
Class 1B cardiac drugs
Definition
Lettuce, Tomato

1. Lidocaine
2. Tocainide

Anti-arrythmic drugs
Term
Lidocaine, Tocaine
Definition
Class 1B drugs.

Use in ventricular tachyarrythmias. IV only. Slow heart in surgery

Horses: CRI, low dose for colic pain relief
Term
Class II drug
Definition
1. Propranolol (Inderol)
Term
Propranolol (Inderol)
Definition
1. Beta-blocker, prevents positive inotropic and chronitropic effects of catecholamines on heart

2. Avail. orally and IV

3. Use: artruak fibrilation and tachyarrythmias. Used with digoxin. Use in cats with hyperthyroidic cats

4. Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction

5. Atenolol (Tenormin): B antagonist, slows heart. Hyperthyroid cats
Term
Class IV drug
Definition
1. Verapamil
Term
Verapamil
Definition
Decreases cardiac output. Ca channel blocker. Negative inotropic efects
Term
Diltiazem (Cardizem)
Nifedipine (Adalat)
Amlodipine (Norvase)
Definition
Ca channel blocker. Less negative inotropic efects then other Ca blockers.

Amlodipine: Main ca channel bocker For systemic blood pressure. Systemic hypotension + blindless = renal failure in cats
Term
Aminophylline and Theophylline
Definition
Short/long acting bronchodilator, weak vasodilator and diuretic

A = short acting
T - long acting
Term
Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Definition
Vasodilator, not used much
Term
Prazosin (Minipress)
Definition
Urethral antispasmotic for blocked cats. Unblock cat first
Term
Isoxuprine
Definition
Old vasodilator. Little effect in horses with laminitis
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Positive inotrope, mild chronotrope
Vasodilator
Term
Dobutamine
Definition
Positive inotrope and mild chronotrope

Little change in blood pressure. Used in myocardial failure
Term
Calcium
Definition
Positive inotrope: stimulate heart in arrest

-High doses toxic
-Decrease Ca may be beneficial to hypoxic myocardium
Term
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate
Definition
Treat bradycardia and AV block
Term
Ferosemide
Definition
Reduces blood volume , blood pressure, edema, ascites
Term
Doxapram
Definition
Old drug. Respiratory stimulant via stimulation of resp. center in CNS. Used in neonates, help speed up recovery

Modern use: used to test animals CNS center to see if they can breathe on their own. Inject, watch for breath

Short half-life, bad.
Term
What bronchodilator is used for cats with chronic bronchial disease?
Definition
1. Terbutaline
2. Long acting form of theophylline
Term
What anti-inflammatory is used for cats with chronic bronchial disease?
Definition
1. Prednisone: Will cause diabetes eventually
2. Depo-Medrol
Term
What bronchodilator is used for dogs with chronic bronchial disease?
Definition
1. Albuterol
2. Terbutaline
3. Long acting form of theophylline
Term
What anti-inflammatory is used for dogs with chronic bronchial disease?
Definition
1. Prednisone
2. Butorphanol (anti-tussive)
Term
Drugs used for non-responsive feline asthma
Definition
1.Zafirlukast
2. Cyclosporine oral soln
3. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride
Term
Drug used for Equine COPD
Definition
1. Clenbuterol (Ventipulmin)
Term
Diuretic
Definition
Type of drug which increases rate of fomration of urine.

Where Na goes, H2O will follow. Reabsorption conserves H2O in kidneys
Term
4. types of diuretics
Definition
1. H2O and osmotic diretics (water)
- Freely filtered at glomerulus.
- Limited tubular reabsorption
- Osmotically draw H2O into filtrate

2. Sugars: Agents that interfere with ionic transport in tubular cells, affecting Na+ and Cl- movement

3. Salts: Increasing salt consumption, increasing Na levels in ECF, kidneys excrete more Na -> H2O follows

4. Hypertonic saline used in shock.
Term
Mannitol
Definition
Sugar diuretic. Crosses blood brain barrier but is not used by brain cells for energy. Used to reduce cerebral edema/swelling in brain trauma cases.
Term
Agents influencing ionic transport in tubular cells.
Definition
1. Ethanol
2. Mercurials
3. Xanthines
4. Thiazides
5. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
6. Aldosterone antagonist
7. Loop of Henle diuretics
Term
Ethanol
Definition
Absorbed from the stomach so hi blood levels are achieved
- Inhibits enzyme system inhibiting renal ionic transport
Term
Xanthines (theophylline, theobromine, caffeine, aminophylline, oxtriphylline)
Definition
1. Cardiac function, increases renal blood flow, increases filtration rate.

2. Exerts a direct effect on the renal tubules, increasing renal ionic transport
Term
Which xanthine is NOT a diuretic?
Definition
Theophylline.
Term
Thiazides: Hydrochlorthiazide
Definition
1. Prevents reabsorption of Na in exchange for K+.
2. Excessive K+ loss
Term
What thiazide is used to treat udder edema within 72 hrs in the cow?
Definition
Naquasone
Term
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Definition
1. Used mostly to decrease IOP in glaucoma.

Can also use Actezolamide (Less NaCO3 in the eye).
Term
Aldosterone antagonists: Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Definition
Blocks reabsorption of Na in kidney tubules. Blocks K+ excretion.

Compliments ACE inhibitor
Term
Loop of Henle Diuretics (furosemide, lasix)
Definition
1. Blocks Cl- reabsorption in ascending loop of Henle. Na blocked. Hypokalemia can result, but rare.

2. Exert effect despite impaired renal function.

3. Used for pulmonary edema, ascites, hydrothorax (pathological accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid)

Most common directic
Term
Liver drugs
Definition
1.L-carnitine
2. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe; Denosyl)
3. Marin (Silymarin/Siblin)
4. Ursodeoxycholic Acid (Ursodiol Actigall)
Term
Acidifying agents
Definition
1. NH4Cl
2. Sodium acid phosphate (acidosis)
3. DL-Methionine - Methio (slightly acidic)
Term
Hematinics
Definition
Used to increase RBC production, PCV, hemoglobin values
Comes in many preparations
Term
Hemantinics preparations
Definition
1. Cu + CO: oral
2. Vitamins: B12, pyridoxine (B6), folic acid
3. Androgens, anabolic steroids (RBC prod)
4. Corticosteroids: RBC survival time
5. Human erythropoietin: SQ, antibodies can form, becareful
6. Neopogen: WBC stimulant
Term
Why must we be careful using Human erythropoietin?
Definition
Body can develop antibodies against it, causing natural eyrthropoietin to be destroyed
Permanent anemia
Useful for cases of chronic renal disease
Term
Seizure
Definition
Uncontrolled discharges of neurons that may be caused by imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter acitivty which may influence depolarization threshold

Varys by individual
Term
Types of seizures
Definition
1. Partial seizure
- Focal
-Complex focal

2. Generalized seizure
- Gen. absense
- Gen. Tonic-clonic
- Status epilepticus
Term
Focal partial seizure
Definition
Single muscle group. Simple partial, atonic (drop attack)
Term
Complex partial seizure
Definition
Confused behavior, may lose consciousness. Not as common
Term
Gen. absence seizure
Definition
Brief, abrupt, loss of consciousness, blanking out
Term
Gen. Tonic-clonic seizure
Definition
Spasms, jerking, loss of bladder/bowel control
Term
Status epilepticus
Definition
Rapid succession of spasms
Term
Causes of seizures (extracranial)
Definition
1. Hypoglycemia: insulin, insulinoma, DM
2. Hypoxia
3. Liver/kidney disease
4. Hypocalcemia (eclampsia)
5. Allergies
6. Hyperthermia: heart stroke
Term
Causes of seizures (intercranial)
Definition
1. Inflammation: distemper, rabies, FIP, etc
2. Neoplasia
3. Congenital deformation-hydrocephalus
4. Trauma
5. Toxins: salt poisoning, chocolate, ivermectin, antifreeze, etc
6. Vascular: stroke, blood clot, rupture
7. B1 (thiamine) deficiency
8. Aberrant parasite migration
Term
Idiopathic epilepsy
Definition
1. Onset at 1-3 years of age
2. Occur at regular intervals, keep track
3. GSD, Malamute, husky, beagle, doxie, chi, poodle, any breed
Term
Old dog encephalitis/ Cryptogenic epilepsy
Definition
Seizures occuring in old dogs.

Look for brain tumor
Term
Main Seizure drugs
Definition
1. Diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam, lorazepam
2. Phenobarbital
3. Primidone
4. Bromides
Term
Other seizure drugs
Definition
1. Propofol, pentobarbital, phenobarbital
2. Pancuronium (Pavulon, Organon)
3. Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
4. Dentrolene
Term
Diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam, lorezepam (C-IV)
Definition
1. Used IV in effect to acute or refractory seizures, used IT in ER due to solubility, can be used IR

2. muscle relaxant

3. Safe
Term
Phenobarbital (C-IV)
Definition
1. Raises seizure threshold

2. Sedation occurs, but tolerance develops due to enzyme induction

3. Drug of choice for dogs/cats

4. Easily monitor blood levels of drug for 2 weeks

5. Check liver/kidney function at 6 months
Term
Primidone
Definition
NOT USED IN CATS

1. Partially metabolized to phenobarbital, rest is a metabolite

2. Sedation occurs but tolerance develops

3. Side effects: PU/PD, ataxia

4. Not controlled
Term
Bromides
Definition
1. KBr or NaBr: reqs compounding
2. Used in refractory cases. KBr used with other drugs
Term
Propofol, pentobarbital, phenobarbital
Definition
1. Used IV as a bolus or CRI with refractory sezirues. Gas anes. can also be used
Term
Pancuronium (Pavulon, Organon)
Definition
1. Neuromuscular blocking agent binding cholinergic receptors.

2. Relaxes muscles. Can be used for metadehyde or strychine poisining. Lasts 30-60 min to control toxicity-caused seizures
Term
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Definition
1. Acts at spinal cord to diminish skeletal muscle hyperactivity

2. Used in strychnine poisoning or back spasms
Term
Dantrolene (Dantrium)
Definition
1. Skeletal muscle relaxant that decreases Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum.

2. Relaxes external urethal sphincter used in malignant hyperthermia (anethesia, genetic basis)
Term
Therapy principles to consider in epilepsy
Definition
1. Specific diagnosis important (Extracranial), may not need therapy if sizures arent frequent enough

2. Began @ low dose, be consistent on medication, check phenobarbital levels (Br levels, may indicate absorption problem)

3. Combination of drugs used in difficult cases

4. Animals 5 years or older that begin to siezure are most likely NOT epileptic: look for other causes, like brain tumor

5. No acepromazine or other related drugs, alpha-2's to seizuring animals! Will lower seizure threshold. True for abcd-1 gene mutated animals.
Term
Gabapentin
Definition
Inhibits voltage-gated Ca channels. Increase GABA levels
Liver dependent.
Side effects: sedation, ataxia
Term
Pregabalin
Definition
Inhibits voltage-gated Ca channels. Increase GABA levels. Used in diabetic patients
Term
Endocrine drugs
Definition
1. Levothyroxine (Soloxine and Thyro-tabs)
2. Methimazole (Tapazol, Felimazol)
3. Insulin
4. Oral hypoglycemic agents
5. Oral hyperglycemic agents
6. Drugs used to treat Diab. insipidis.
7. Minieralcorticoids for Addisons
8. Mitotane (Lysodren, OP, DDD) for cushings
9. Anabolic steroids
10. Estrogens
11. Progesterone and Progestins
12. Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2a)
13. Oxytocin
14. Other drugs/hormones/misc
Term
Levothyroxine (Soloxine and Thyro-tabs)
Definition
1. Dog. drug. Synthetic thyroxine for hypothyroidism

2. Stimulates metabolism

3. Avail as 0.1-0.8mg, smaller concentration than human

4.Liothyronine (Cytobin), synthetic TH3 in some cases of hypothyroidism (tid) if animal isnt responding to syn. thyroxine
Term
Methiamazole (Tapazol, Felinazol)
Definition
1.Cat drug. Prevents thyroxine synthesis. Control hyperthyroidism

2. Primary treatment as pre-treatment before surgery or radiation therapy

3. Hyperthyroid cats may be given B-blockers to slow the heart (propranolol, atenolol)
Term
Insulin
Definition
ROLL IT, dont shake it because Zn comes off.

1. Divided into short, intermediate, long acting preparations

2. Refridgerate and mixed gently. Use caution with diluted insulin. Not as stable. 30 d shelf life.

3.
Term
Short acting insulin: Regular insulin
Definition
Duration: 6-8 hrs.

Can be given IV in emergencies
Term
Intermediate insulin: NPH and Lente (dog)
Definition
Duration: 12-24 hrs.

NPH and Lente/vetsulin. Dog insulin x2 day
Term
Long acting insulin: Pzi and Ultralente (cats)
Definition
Duration: 24-36 hrs

PZI and Ultralente. Cat insulin x2 day
Term
Oral hypoglycemic agents (Diabetic pills)
Definition
1. Glipizide (Glucotrol) and Chlorpropramide
2. Metformin (Glucophage)
Term
Glipizide (Glucotrol) and Chlorpropramide
Definition
Increased insulin secretion. 50% effective in some type II (NIDDM) cats

Not useful in type I (IDDM).

Chlorpropramide potentiates action of ADH
Term
Metformin (Glucophage)
Definition
Decreased glucose formation by liver and SI to make insulin work better. Very bitter. Used in horses
Term
Diazoxide (Proglycem)
Definition
Inhibits insulin release.

Treats hypoglycemia due to insulinoma
Term
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Definition
Loss of pituitary or lack of response (nephrogenic) to ADH
Term
Diabetes Insipidus drugs
Definition
1. Vasopressin (Pitressin)
2. Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)
3. Chlorpropramide
Term
Vasopressin (Pitressin)
Definition
DI Test

ADH injectable. Acts on collecting ducts of kidney to increase reabsorption of water.
Term
Demopressin acetate (DDAVP)
Definition
Injection or nasal eye solution. Similar to ADH.

Central (pituitary) DI

Use in release of intracellular VwF before surgery in Von Willebrands patients to prevent bleeding.
Term
Chlorpropramide
Definition
Used in mild cases of DI
Term
Hypoadrenocorticism/Addisons drugs
Definition
1. Fludrocortisone
2. Desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP, Percorten-V)
Term
Fludrocortisone
Definition
Both mineral and glucocorticoid activity. Used to treat
Term
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate
Definition
Injectable. Need to supplement prednisone.
Term
Hyperadrenocorticism/Cushings drugs
Definition
1. Mitotane (Lysodren, OP, DDD)
2. Ketaconazole and Anipryl (deprenyl)
3. Trilostane (Vetoryl)
Term
Mitotane (Lysodren, OP, DDD)
Definition
Treat Cushings disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
Decreases cortisol production by selective necrosis of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone secretion is maintained.

Monitor therapy, irreverisble damage to adrenal cortex
Term
Trilostane (Vetoryl)
Definition
Decrease cortisol. Drug of choice for cushings
Term
Types of anabolic steroids (C-III)
Definition
1. Winstrol-V (stanozolol)

2. Boldenone (Equipose), Nandrolone (Deca-Durabolin),and testosterone

3. Mibolerone

4. Zeranol (Ralgro)
Term
Winstrol-V (stanozolol)
Definition
Injectable and tablets. Used to increase vitality in dogs, cats, and horses.
Term
Mibolerone
Definition
Inhibits Lh release to prevent ovulation and estrus in dogs
Term
Zeranol (Ralgro)
Definition
Cattle and sheep implants used to increase feed efficiency.
Term
Types of estrogens
Definition
1. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
2. Estradiol cypionate (ECP)
3. Compudose and Synovex
4. Incurin (Estriol)
Term
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Definition
Synthetic estrogen. Illegal in food animals.

Treats estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence of dogs/cats, some forms of alopecia. Req's compounding
Term
Estradiol cypionate (ECP)
Definition
Injectable for pyometra or correcting anestrus.

Causes uterine contractions to expel pus or placenta in cattle.

Side effects: pyometra and aplastic anemia
Term
Incurin (Estriol)
Definition
Urinary incontinence drug
Term
Compudose and Synovex
Definition
Promotes weight gain and feed efficiency
Term
Progesterone and Progestins
Definition
1. Ovaban (megestrol acetate,magace)
2. Methoxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera)
3. Melengesterol acetate (MGA)
4. Altrenogest (Regu-mate)
Term
Ovaban (megestrol acetate, megace)
Definition
1. Posponement of estrus in dogs. Potent anti-inflammatory used for itching and diarrhea. Behavior modification.

Side effects: DM, pyometra, immune suppression
Term
Methoxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera)
Definition
Long acting injection of progesterone. Anti-pruritic and behavioral modifcation.

Side effects: DM, pyometra, immune suppression
Term
Melengesterol acetate (MGA)
Definition
Feed additive in cattle to increase growth. Suppresses estrus.
Term
Altrenogest (Regu-mate)
Definition
Suppresses and synchronizes estrus. Maintains pregnancy in horses and llamas. Wear gloves when handling
Term
Prostaglandin 2A
Definition
1. Causes vasoconstriction

2. Causes functional corpus luteum regression so can be used as an estrus synchronizer

3. Can terminate pregnancy or induce parturition. Pyometra treatment in dogs/cats

4. Absorbed thru skin, can cause abortions in humans. Careful! Metabolized thru lung. Cant prove if drug was given.
Term
Xalatan eye drops
Definition
Used to decrease IOP with glaucoma
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
1. Stimulates uterine contractions and accelerates milk let down

2. Keep in fridge. Used IV, IM, SW

3. Concurrently give with dextrose + Ca (tums tab) to give energy to allow contractions to occur.
Term
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Definition
: release FSH and cause LH surge to start ovulation
Term
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (EcG)
Definition
LH-like effects to induce ovultation. Stimulates stallions to descend their testicles
Term
Neutersol/Zeuterin
Definition
Inject in 3-10 mo puppies.
Atrophy in about a month. Not used due to scrotal inflammation
Term
Suprelonin F
Definition
Sq implant for ferrets (jills)
Decrease pit. hormones for adrenal disease
Signs: hair loss, PU/PD, anemia

Rat tumors: off label
Term
Emetic agents
Definition
1. Apomorphone
2. Xylazine
3. Hydrogen pereoxide
4. Syrup of Ipecac
Term
When should emesis be induced?
Definition
2-4 hrs after ingestion of poison (if non-caustic)
Term
Apomorphine C-II
Definition
Reliable emetic. Give by Injection or topically in the conjunctiva.

Can be rinsed out of eye after vomiting occurs. Reversible with Naloxone.
Term
Xylazine
Definition
Fairly reliable emetic for cats. Reversed with Yohimbine and Tolazine
Term
Hydrogen peroxide
Definition
1-2 tsps per 10 lb. Repeast every 10 min until vomit occurs.
Term
Syrup of Ipecac
Definition
High doses can cause cardiotoxicity.

Extract of Ipecac 10x potent. No good
Term
Absorption therapy drugs
Definition
1. Kaolin-Pectin (Kapectate)
2. Pepto-Bismol
3. Diarsanyl (montmorrilonite)
4. Barium sulfate
5. Amphojel and Alternagel
6. Epikitin
Term
Absorption therapy
Definition
Toxins are physically bound to an unabsorbable substance. Given afte emesis or whenever toxic ingestion has occured
Term
Kaolin-Pectin (Kaopectate)
Definition
Intestinal protectant, soothes GI tract and lessens diarrhea.

New type has salicylate in it, use caution in cats
Term
Peptol-Bismol
Definition
Similar to Kaolin-Pectin. Antiinflammatory. use caution in cats
1cc per 10 lb
Term
Diarsanyl (Montmorrilonite)
Definition
Use in foals with diarrhea and is made from volcanic ash/clay. Binds to toxins, viruses, free radicals.
Term
Barium sulfate
Definition
Used for contrast studies and can bind toxins to soothe GI tract
Term
Amphojel and Alternagel
Definition
Antacid (ALOH). Binds P in cases of renal disease
Term
Epikitin
Definition
Shrimp + crab shells. P binder
Term
Types of laxative drugs
Definition
1. Mineral oil
2. DSS (surfak)
3. Metamucil (psyllium, glycerin)
4. Cascara Sagrada
5. Phosphate enemias
Term
Mineral oil
Definition
Indigestible lubricant. Inhibits fat soluble vitamins.

Used in colic and indigestion
Term
DSS (Surfak)
Definition
Decreases surface tension.
Term
Metamucil (psyllium) and glycerin
Definition
Mild cathertics. Hold H2O in GI, wet stools
Term
Cascara Sagrada
Definition
Harsher purgative
Term
Phosphate enemas (Fleet)
Definition
Toxic to cats and small dogs. Replace phosphate with soapy water
Term
Chelating agent drugs
Definition
1. D-Penicillamine (Cuprimine)
2. Dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite)
3. EDTA
Term
D-Penicillamine (Cuprimine)
Definition
Chelates lead, arsenic, zinc, and copper. Used in copper storage disease
Term
Dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite)
Definition
Chelates lead, copper, bismuth, aresnic, zinc, mercury
Term
EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid)
Definition
Anti-coagulant. Chelates led and Ca
Term
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning
Definition
Low toxic doses. Must treat within few hrs

20% ethanol, fluids, activated charcoal, furosemide used for treatment.

Make 20% ethanol by adding 210 mL of gr alcohol to 800 mL of D5W. Give IV every 5 hrs for 5 treatments, taper off.
Term
4-Methylpryazole
Definition
Given IV. Tapering dose over 36 hrs. NO CATS
Term
Most common anticoagulant rodenticides
Definition
Warfarin, Bromadiolone, Diphacinone, Brodifacoum.

Interes with enzye that converts Vit K -> to useable form. Inhibits clotting factos 2,7,9, and 10. Warfarin used as a blood thinner to help prevent thrombi

Clinical signs: anemia, melena, epistaxis, bruising, bleeding gums and dyspnea. Treat with fluids, blood transfusions, vitamin K1

ACT, PT, APTT are increased. Platelet count normal.
Term
Cholecalciferol (Vit D)
Definition
Some rodenticides cause organ failure due to hypercalcemia.

Treatment: Lasix, salmon calcitonin. Poor prognosis
Term
Acetaminophen/aspirin toxicity
Definition
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) primarily used. Increases the amt of glutathione in liver to increase metabolism of acetaminophen. Used to break up mucus in resp. infections and KCS.

Clinical signs: hypersalivation, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, tachycardia, tachypenia, chocolate brown blood and mucus membranes

Heinz body anemia in cats, liver failur in dogs
Term
Toxins that often result in seizures
Definition
OPs, carbamates, pyrethrins, diazepam, barbiturate to control seizures

Use atropine in both OP and carbamate toxicity. 2PAM in OP poisoning only!

Metaldehyde (snail bait): Prolonged tremors or seizures seen. Use diazepam, barbituates, pancuronium, methocarbamol or inhalation anes. to control.

Methylxanthine (chocolate/caffeiene/theobromine poinsoning): Use diazepam, barbituates to control seizures. Fluids and b-blockers to slow the heart.
Term
Marijuana toxicity
Definition
Asymptomatic, induce emesis if recent. Oil more potent.

Administer activated charcoal and saline cathartic, repeat. Can use milk of Magnesia.

Supportive therapy, fluids, O2 therapy, diazepam
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