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Vocabulary
A&P Key Terms
159
Anatomy
Not Applicable
07/17/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
The science of the structure of living organisms
Term
Physiology
Definition
The science of the functioning of living organisms
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means
Term
Cell
Definition
The basic biological unit of living organisms, contains a nucleus and a variety of organelles unclosed by a limiting membrane
Term
Tissues
Definition
A group of similar cells specialized to perform function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connesctive, muscle and nervous tissues
Term
Organ
Definition
A part of the body formed of two or more tissues that perform a specialized function
Term
Organ System
Definition
A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function
Term
Organism
Definition
An individual living thing
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
A state of body equilibrium or stable enviroment of the body
Term
Effector
Definition
An organ, gland or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
A corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits
Term
Ventral
Definition
Anterior or front
Term
Posterior
Definition
Toward the back, dorsal
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
feedback that tends to cause a variable change in the same direction as the initial change, enhances the stimulus
Term
Inferior
Definition
Below in reference to a particular structure
Term
Distal
Definition
Farthest from the point of attachment of a limb or origin of a structure
Term
Cephalic
Definition
Pertaining to the head
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Term
Receptor
Definition
Some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the enviroment
Term
Element
Definition
Any of the building blocks of matter
Term
Compound
Definition
Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom with a positive or negative electrical charge
Term
Salt
Definition
Ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles (other than hydrogen or hydroxl ions) when dissolved in water
Term
Catalyst
Definition
A substance that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but that is not altered by the reaction
Term
Inorganic Compound
Definition
A compound that lacks carbon
Term
Organic Compound
Definition
A compound containing carbon
Term
Solution
Definition
A homogenous mixture of two or more components
Term
Proton
Definition
Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge ; located in the atomic nucleus
Term
Polar Molecules
Definition
Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms
Term
pH
Definition
The symbol for hydrogen ion oncentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Term
Neutron
Definition
A fundamental particle that does not carry a positive or negative charge
Term
Neutralization
Definition
1) A chemical reaction that occurs between a base and a acid 2) Blockageof the harmful effects of bacterial exotoxins or viruses by the binding of antibodies to their functional sites
Term
Ionization
Definition
Dissociation; the breakdown of a molecule in solution form to ions
Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A substance formed by living cells that acts as a catalyst in bodily chemical reactions
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms; an important intramo-lecular bond
Term
Base
Definition
A substance that accepts hydrogen ions; proton acceptor; compare with accid
Term
Acid
Definition
A substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution; compare with base
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
A substance that breaks down into ions when in aqueous solution and is capable of conducting an electric current
Term
Diffussion
Definition
The spreading of particles in a solution or gas with a movement towarduniform distrubition of particles
Term
Osmosis
Definition
The diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
The passive movement of a substance across a cell membrane by means of a protein carrier
Term
Active Transport
Definition
net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy
Term
Chromosome
Definition
dense structure, composed of tightly coiled DNA strands and associated histones, that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis; normal human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes a piece
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
regional differences in the concentration of a particular substance
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
a substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electric current
Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Definition
DNA; a nucleic acid consisting of a chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
the substance of a cell other than that of the nucleus
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
excessive, above normal, tone or tension
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
below normal tone or tension
Term
Isotonic
Definition
having a uniform tension; of the same tone
Term
Membrane
Definition
any sheet or partition; a layer consisting of an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
Term
Mitosis
Definition
the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by division of the cytoplasm of a cell
Term
Organelles
Definition
specialized structures in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions
Term
Tissues
Definition
a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
Term
Integumentary
Definition
the skin and its accessory organs
Term
Dermis
Definition
the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense, irregular connective tissue
Term
Cutaneous
Definition
pertaining to the skin
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton
Term
Ossification
Definition
the formation of bone
Term
Calcification
Definition
the deposition of calcium salts within a tissue
Term
Tendon
Definition
cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
Term
Articulation
Definition
joint; point where two bones meet
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and sternum
Term
Bursa
Definition
a small sac filled with fluid and located at friction points, especially joints
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
dense bone that contains parallel osteons
Term
Congenital
Definition
existing at birth
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
the shaft of a bone
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
the end of a long bone
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
the study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope
Term
Interstitial Growth
Definition
a form of cartilage growth through the growth, mitosis, and secretion of chondrocytes in the matrix
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
a bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
Term
Osteon
Definition
a system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone
Term
Pelvic Girdle
Definition
incomplete bony basin formed by the two coxal bones that secures the lower limbs to the sacrum of the axial skeleton
Term
Suture
Definition
immovable fibrous joint that connects the bones of the adult skull
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
a fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages
Term
Thorax
Definition
that portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck
Term
Ligament
Definition
a cord of fibrous tissue that connects bones
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
not requiring oxygen
Term
Aerobic
Definition
requiring oxygen to live or grow
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next
Term
Origin
Definition
attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
Term
Insertion
Definition
the movable attachment of a muscle as opposed to its origin
Term
Actin
Definition
a contractile protein of muscle
Term
Antagonist
Definition
muscle or hormone that acts in opposition to an agonist or prime mover
Term
Fixators
Definition
muscles acting to immobilize a joint or a bone; fixes the origin of a muscle so that muscle action can be exerted at the insertion
Term
Involuntary
Definition
not under conscious control
Term
Isometric
Definition
of the same length
Term
Lactic Acid
Definition
the product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle
Term
Latent Period
Definition
the time between the stimulation of a muscle and the start of the contraction phase
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
all of the muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron
Term
Muscle Tone
Definition
sustained partial contraction of a muscle in response to stretch receptor inputs; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to react
Term
Muscle Twitch
Definition
a single rapid contraction of a muscle followed by relaxation
Term
Myosin
Definition
one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle
Term
Oxygen Debt
Definition
the volume of oxygen required after exercise to oxidize the lactic acid formed during exerise
Term
Prime Mover
Definition
muscle whose contractions are primarily responsible for a particular movement; agonist
Term
Relaxation Phase
Definition
the period after a contraction when the tension in the muscle fiber returns to resting levels
Term
Voluntary Muscle
Definition
muscle under control of the will; skeletal muscle
Term
Definition
Unit 5 The Nevous System
Term
Neuron
Definition
a cell in neural tissue that is specialized for intercellular communication through changes in membrane potential and synaptic connections











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Submitted by Jones, Joshua (100016084) on 10/30/2013 8:49:15 PM











Points Awarded 54.00
Points Missed 6.00
Percentage 90.0%






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

1.



Which one of the following does NOT compress the abdomen:

A) transversus abdominis
B) rectus abdominis
C) external oblique
D) latissimus dorsi
E) internal oblique


Feedback: latissimus dorsi does NOT compress the abdomen


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

2.



Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh:

A) iliopsoas and rectus femoris
B) biceps femoris
C) vastus lateralis
D) vastus medialis
E) vastus intermedius


Feedback: iliopsoas and rectus femoris paralysis would make an individual unable to flex the thigh


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): A






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

3.



Which one of the following connective tissue sheaths surrounds an individual skeletal muscle cell:

A) perimysium
B) fascicle
C) sarcolemma
D) endomysium
E) epimysium


Feedback: the endomysium connective tissue sheaths surrounds an individual skeletal muscle cell


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

4.



A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n):

A) antagonist only
B) fixator only
C) antagonist and synergist
D) antagonist and fixator
E) synergist only


Feedback: synergist is a a muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): E






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

5.




A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in:
A) complete tetanus
B) incomplete tetanus
C) treppe
D) recruitment


Feedback: In recruitment a muscle producing peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation.


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

6.



Which one of the following is NOT a criteria generally used in naming muscles:

A) relative size of the muscle
B) shape of the muscle
C) number of origins of the muscle
D) method of attachment of the muscle to bone
E) action of the muscle


Feedback: method of attachment of the muscle to bone is NOT a criteria generally used in naming muscles.


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

7.



Which one of the following groupings is INCORRECT:

A) striated muscle, intercalated discs, branching cells, heart
B) striated muscle, cylindrical cells, attached to the skeleton, involuntary
C) skeletal muscle, arrhythmic, variable contraction speed, multinucleated
D) smooth cells, single nucleus, walls of hollow organs, involuntary
E) cardiac muscle, slow contraction speed, rhythmic, uninucleated


Feedback: striated muscle, cylindrical cells, attached to the skeleton, involuntary is not correct. The correct groupings are: cardiac muscle, slow contraction speed, smooth cells, single nucleus, walls of hollow organs, involuntaryrhythmic, uninucleated, skeletal muscle, arrhythmic, variable contraction speed, multinucleated and striated muscle, intercalated discs, branching cells, heart


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

8.



The striations that give skeletal muscle its characteristic striped appearance are produced, for the most part, by:

A) the "cocked" positions of the heads of the thick filaments
B) a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
C) the arrangement of myofilaments
D) the T tubules
E) the sarcoplasmic reticulum


Feedback: the arrangement of myofilaments the striations that give skeletal muscle its characteristic striped appearance are produced, for the most part.


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): C






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

9.



The muscle tissue type that consists of single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations is:

A) cardiac muscle only
B) skeletal muscle only
C) cardiac and skeletal muscle
D) cardiac and smooth muscle
E) smooth muscle only


Feedback: The muscle tissue type that consists of single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations is skeletal muscle only.


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

10.



At the neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane is invaginated (folded) to form a:

A) neurotransmitter
B) motor end plate
C) synaptic vesicle
D) motor neuron
E) motor unit


Feedback: motor end plate is formed by the neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane is invaginated (folded)


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B






Correct IncorrectUngraded

11.



After contraction, a muscle fiber returns to its original length through:
A) the active mechanism for fiber elongation
B) eleastic forces and the movement of opposing muscles
C) the tension produced by the initial length of the muscle fiber
D) involvement of all the sarcomeres


Feedback: Involvement of all the sarcomeres contraction, through a muscle fiber returns to its original length.


Points Earned: 0.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

12.



A sarcomere is:

A) the area between two intercalated discs
B) a compartment in a myofilament
C) the contractile unit between two Z lines
D) the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle
E) the wavy lines on the cell, as seen in a microscope


Feedback: the contractile unit between two Z lines is a sarcomere


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): C






Correct IncorrectUngraded

13.



Which one of the following functions do calcium ions perform during skeletal muscle contraction:

A) increase the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma
B) cause ATP binding to actin
C) expose myosin binding sites on the actin
D) release the inhibition on Z lines
E) bind to regulatory proteins on the myosin filaments, changing both their shape and their position on the thick filaments


Feedback: expose myosin binding sites on the actin functions do calcium ions perform during skeletal muscle contraction


Points Earned: 0.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): C






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

14.



Which one of the following muscle actions would NOT be classified as an ISOTONIC contraction:

A) pushing against a stationary wall
B) throwing a ball
C) writing a letter
D) typing your shoe
E) lifting a glass of water to your mouth


Feedback: pushing against a stationary wall is a muscle actions would NOT be classified as an ISOTONIC contraction.


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): A






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

15.



The process of reaching complete tetanus is obtained by:
A) applying a second stimulus before the relaxation phase has ended
B) decreasing the concentration of calcium ions in the cytoplasm
C) activation of additional motor units
D) increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated


Feedback: increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated by the process of reaching complete tetanus


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

16.



During skeletal muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to active sites of:

A) Z lines
B) thick filaments
C) myosin filaments
D) actin filaments
E) the H zone


Feedback: actin filaments during skeletal muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to active sites.


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

17.




Spasms of this straplike muscle often result in torticollis (wryneck):

A) sternocleidomastoid
B) masseter
C) zygomaticus
D) platysma
E) serratus anterior



Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): A






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

18.



Which one of the following groups of skeletal muscle connective tissue terms is placed in order from largest to smallest:

A) myofilament, myofibril, fiber, fascicle
B) fiber, myofibril, myofilament, fascicle
C) fiber, myofibril, fascicle, myofilament
D) fascicle, fiber, myofilament, myofibril
E) fascicle, fiber, myofibril, myofilament


Feedback: fascicle, fiber, myofibril, myofilament is a group of skeletal muscle connective tissue terms is placed in order from largest to smallest


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): E






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

19.



A motor unit consists of:

A) one skeletal muscle neuron and all the neurons that supply it
B) all of the neurons that stimulate a single skeletal muscle action
C) all of the skeletal muscles that accomplish a single movement
D) one nerve and all of the skeletal muscles supplied by it
E) one neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers that it stimulates


Feedback: one neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers that it stimulates is a motor unit


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): E






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

20.



Which one of the following muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint:

A) peroneus muscles
B) gluteus maximus
C) adductor muscles
D) sartorius
E) vastus lateralis


Feedback: sartorius is one of the muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint


Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

21.



Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

22.



The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to temporarily modify its permeability of ions such as Na+ and K+.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

23.



Skeletal muscles need nerve stimulation for contraction to occur.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

24.



An aponeurosis is a ropelike piece of muscle fascia that forms indirect connections to muscles of the leg.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

25.



The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is vital to the integrity of muscle contraction.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

26.



A contraction in which a skeletal muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

27.



The mastoid process attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the temporal bone represents its insertion.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

28.



Plantar flexion at the ankle joint is accomplished by the tibialis anterior muscle.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False






CorrectIncorrect Ungraded

29.



Muscle fatigue and soreness are caused by a buildup of pyruvic acid.
A) True
B) False




Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False






Correct IncorrectUngraded

30.



Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to make creatine phosphate.
A) True
B) False




Points
Term
Reflex
Definition
automatic reaction to a stimulus
Term
Nerve Impulse
Definition
a self-propagating wave of depolarization; also called an action potential
Term
Summation
Definition
the accumulation of effects, especially those of muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli
Term
Plexus
Definition
a network of interlacing nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
the division of the nervous system that functions involuntarily; innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Term
Motor Nervous System
Definition
carries impulses from the central nervous system to effector organs muscles and glands
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
a division of the peripheral nervous system; also called the voluntary nervous system
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
a chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings
Term
Afferent
Definition
carrying to or toward a center
Term
Axon
Definition
neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process; the conducting portion of a nerve cell
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
the brain and the spinal cord
Term
Conductivity
Definition
ability to transmit an electrical impulse
Term
Dendrites
Definition
the branching extension of neurons that carry electrical signals to the cell body; the receptive portion of a nerve cell
Term
Depolarization
Definition
the loss of a state of polarity; the loss of a negative charge inside the plasma membrane
Term
Intersegmental Reflex
Definition
a reflex that involves several segments of the spinal cord
Term
Limbic System
Definition
the group of nuclei and centers in the cerebrum and diencephalon that are involved with emotional states, memories, and behavioral drives
Term
Membrane Potential
Definition
(transmembrane potential) the potential difference, measured across a cell membrane and expressed in millivolts that results from the uneven distribution
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
a system of nerves that connects the outlying parts of the body with the central nervous system
Term
Synapse
Definition
the region of communication between neurons
Term
Definition
Unit 6 Special Senses and Endocrine
Term
General Senses
Definition
This patient is most likely suffering a congenital strabismus which occurs in approximately 4% of children and most commonly presents between 3-6 months of age. Strabismus, also know as "cross-eyed," or if untreated later in life, "lazy-eye," is a condition in which both eyes do not move and focus together. This is caused typically by a weakening in all or one of the six muscles thant control the movement of each. As a baby developes, the brain is learning to interpret what is seen by the eye into an image. If the eyes are unable to focus on a single object the brain will adapt and learn to ignore the message sent from the weaker eye and only interpret the stronger eye's image. If not corrected, permanent decrease of function and vision can occur in the effected eye. It is classified based on the direction of turn for the eye as follows: inward- esotropia, outward- exotropia, upward- hypertropia, and downward- hypotropia. Non- surgical interventions would include the use of glasses to stretngthen the weaker eye; eye patches also can be utilized in order to force the brain to recognise the images of the weaker eye as well as strengthen the surronding muscles. A vision therapy course could also be prescribed which would utilize specific activities and excercises to increase eye movement and synchornize focus. If this was not successful then eye muscle surgery may be indicated. Sometimes, the eyes can appear misaligned but are actually pointing at the same object or point. This is known as pseudostrabismus or false strabismus and will usually rectify itself as the child's face grows.

If I was a NP for this patient, I would perform a visual acuity test by focusing a pen light infront of the patient and then verifying the image was located in the same position of both eyes. If it was not, I would request an opthamology consult for further testing and treatment as noted. I also would perform a comprehensive neuro exam as another cause of strabismus is increased ICP or a lesion affecting cranial nerve II, III, IV or VI. Pt's with increased risk factor to this specific form of strabismus are patients with down syndrome or CP. Depending on the patient's age and if they have fever or other signs of infection a LP may be indicated to R/O meningitis.
Term
Sensation
Definition
information received by the sensory receptors
Term
Perception
Definition
information received by the sensory receptors
Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
general sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, and special sense organs that provide information about the external environment and about our position within in
Term
Proprioceptor
Definition
a receptor located in a muscle or tendon; concerned with locomotion, posture, and muscle tone
Term
Interoceptor
Definition
sensory receptor monitoring the functions and status of internal organs and systems
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
sensory receptor monitoring the functions and status of internal organs and systems
Term
Accomodation
Definition
(1) adaptation in response to differences or changing needs; (2) adjustment of the eye for seeing objects at close range
Term
Refract
Definition
bend; usually refers to light
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
receptors sensitive to mechanical pressures such as touch, sound, or contractions
Term
Chemoreceptor
Definition
receptor sensitive to various chemicals in solution
Term
Dynamic Equilibrium
Definition
sense that reports on angular or rotator movements of the head in space
Term
Static Equilibrium
Definition
balance concerned with changes in the position of the head
Term
Baroreceptor
Definition
the receptor responsible for baroreception
Term
Tactile
Definition
pertaining to the sense of touch
Term
Hormone
Definition
chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands; responsible for specific regulatory effects on certain parts or organs
Term
Target Cells
Definition
specific cells that posess the receptors needed to find and “read” the hormonal messages as they arrive
Term
Exocrine Gland
Definition
gland that has ducts through which its secretions are carried to a body surface (skin or mucosa)
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
ductless gland that empties its hormonal products directly into the blood
Term
Intercellular
Definition
between the body cells
Term
Tropic Hormone
Definition
a hormone that regulates the function of another endocrine organ
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits
Term
Definition
Chapter 7
Term
Coagulation
Definition
clotting (of blood)
Term
Serum
Definition
the ground substance of blood plasma from which clotting agents have been removed
Term
Plasma
Definition
the fluid portion of the blood
Term
Agglutination
Definition
clumping of (foreign) cells, induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
a condition in which the blood has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than normal, and an increased pH
Term
Antigen
Definition
any substance-including toxins, foreign proteins, or bacteria-that, when introduced to the body, is recognized as foreign and activates the immune system
Term
Diapedisis
Definition
the passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls into the tissues
Term
Hematopoeisis
Definition
the passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls into the tissues
Term
Hemocytoblasts
Definition
stem cells whose divisions produce each of the various populations of blood
Term
Hemolysis
Definition
the rupture of erth-rocytes
Term
Pathogens
Definition
disease-causing microorganisms (e.g., some bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
y produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunologic memory
Term
Antibody- mediated Immunity
Definition
the form of immunity resulting from the presence of circulating antibodies produced by plasma cells; also called humoral immunity
Term
Helper T Cells
Definition
lymphocytes whose secretions and other activities coordinate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunities; also called TH cells
Term
Interferons
Definition
peptides released by virus infected cells, especially lymphocytes, that slow viral replication and make other cells more resistant to viral infection
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
short-lived immunity resulting from the introduction of “borrowed antibodies” obtained from an immune animal or human donor; immunological memory is not established
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