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Vocab 1
History and scientific methods
58
Physiology
Not Applicable
01/09/2005

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Term
Applied psychology
Definition
The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems
Term
Behavior
Definition
Any observable response or activity by an organism
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
Term
Biological approach
Definition
A psychological viewpoint that examines how our genes, hormones, and nervous systems interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, coping techniques and other traits.
Term
Clinical psychology
Definition
the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
Term
Cognition
Definition
The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
Term
Critical thinking
Definition
the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome
Term
Culture
Definition
the widely shared customs, beliefs, values , norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.
Term
Empiricism
Definition
the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
the tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.
Term
Evolutionary psychology
Definition
theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations
Term
functionalism
Definition
a school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of conciousness, rather than its structure.
Term
Humanism
Definition
a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
Term
introspection
Definition
careful, systematic observation of one's own concious experience.
Term
Natural selection
Definition
Principles stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus, come to be selected over time.
Term
Psychiatry
Definition
A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems
Term
Psychoanalytic theory
Definition
The theory developed by Freud fact that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Term
Psychology
Definition
The science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underlie it and a profession that applies accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems
Term
SQ3R
Definition
The study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite and review
Term
Stimulus
Definition
any detectable input from the environment
Term
structuralism
Definition
The school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related
Term
Theory
Definition
a system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations
Term
unconcious
Definition
According to Frued thoughts, memories and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
Term
Anecdotal evidence
Definition
personal stories about specific incidents and experiences
Term
Case study
Definition
an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
Term
Confounding of variables
Definition
The condition that exist whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects
Term
Control group
Definition
subjects in a study who do not recieve the special treatment given to the experimental group
Term
Correlation coefficient
Definition
a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables
Term
Data collection techniques
Definition
procedures for making empirical observations and measurements
Term
Dependant variable
Definition
in an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
Term
descriptive statistics
Definition
statistics that are used to organize and summarize data.
Term
double blind procedure
Definition
The condition that exist whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects
Term
Experiment
Definition
A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in the second variable as a result
Term
experimental group
Definition
the subjects in a study who recieve some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
Term
Experimenter bias
Definition
A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
Term
Extraneous variable
Definition
Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Term
Independent variable
Definition
In an experiment, a condition or an event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
Term
Inferential statistics
Definition
statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
A descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects
Term
Operational definition
Definition
a definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable
Term
Placebo effect
Definition
the fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they recieve an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
Term
Population
Definition
The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about
Term
Random assignment
Definition
The constitution of groups in a study such that all subject have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition
Term
replication
Definition
The repetition of the study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated
Term
research methods
Definition
Different approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies
Term
response set
Definition
A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions
Term
sample
Definition
The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study
Term
sampling bias
Definition
A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which is drawn
Term
scientific method
Definition
a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimum
Term
social desirability bias
Definition
A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
Term
standard deviation
Definition
An index of the amount of variability in a set of data
Term
statistical significance
Definition
The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low
Term
statistics
Definition
The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data
Term
subjects
Definition
The persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study
Term
survey
Definition
A descriptive research method in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects’ behavior
Term
variability
Definition
The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean
Term
variables
Definition
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed from the mean
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