Shared Flashcard Set

Details

VM 255 Exam 2
Immunology through Poisoning
220
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 4
10/18/2010

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define species resistance.
Definition
Genetic ability of a species to not become infected by a pathogen.
Term
Examples of mechanical/chemical barriers to infection
Definition
skin, MM, mucociliary apparatus, GI tight junctions
tears, sweat, sebum, etc.
Term
Define complement.
Definition
Enzymes activated during infections, which bind to the invader and cause it to lyse.
Term
What is the primary job of neutrophils?
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What is the primary job of monocytes? What two other jobs do they have?
Definition
phagocytosis - modify antigens for recognition by lymphocytes - release inflammatory mediators
Term
A basophil is a _____ cell in circulation. What do its granules carry?
Definition
mast - histamine and inflammatory mediators
Term
What are the responsibilities of the eosinophil? Increases may occur with_______
Definition
phagocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators - parasitic infections
Term
primary antibody
Definition
IgG
Term
this antibody is a 'pre' antibody; manufactured early in response until IgG is manufactured
Definition
IgM
Term
Antibody secreted in the respiratory and GI tract
Definition
IgA
Term
What is the difference between naturally and artificially acquired immunity?
Definition
natural= not injected. natural exposure to pathogen or antibody in the environment (or womb.)
artificial = injection of vaccine, or antiserum/antitoxin
Term
What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
Definition
Active = stimulates an immune response
Passive = short-term immunity, no immune response
Term
What family and genus is the rabies virus in?
Definition
Family: Rhabdoviridae Genus: Lyssavirus (Genotype 1)
Term
What factors increase susceptibility to rabies?
Definition
inappropriate vaccination series, or exposure to wildlife
Term
How is rabies transmitted?
Definition
saliva of infected animal comes into contact with a break in the skin barrier or mucous membranes
Term
Explain how the rabies virus replicates and travels through the body, starting with initial exposure and ending with clinical signs.
Definition
Exposure -> replicates in muscle cells -> neuromuscular junction -> travels along axons to CNS -> spreads throughout CNS -> travels to salivary glands -> Clinical signs within 2-3 days
Term
Why might the time of exposure to the time of clnical signs be prolonged?
Definition
location of the bite may increase distance to travel - can be anywhere from a month to a year
Term
Why are animals quarantined for 10 days after biting someone?
Definition
animals will die within 5-10 days of showing symptoms
Term
Explain the three stages of the clinical signs of rabies.
Definition
Prodromal = altered behavior - often goes unnoticed
Excitative = hyperactive, unprovoked attacks, stuporous
Paralytic = hind limbs proceeding cranially, may see seizures just before death
Term
Two methods of diagnosing rabies
Definition
Direct fluorescent antibody (dFA)
Presence of negri bodies in brain tissue
Term
The treatment for rabies is always ________
Definition
euthanasia
Term
What is meant by rabies being a "labile" virus?
Definition
Does not survive well outside of animal - killed with detergents, sunlight, bleach
Term
Any animal that has bitten a human or other animal must be quarantined for ____ days
Definition
10
Term
What is the protocol for an unvaccinated animal that has been bitten by a known positive animal?
Definition
quarantine for 6 months
Term
3 methods of rabies prevention
Definition
Vaccination, reduce contact with wildlife, post exposure vaccination even if you are already vaccinated
Term
Vigorously washing a bite wound with soap and water for 5 minutes will decrease the chances of rabies spreading through your body by _____ %
Definition
90
Term
What is the ORV and how does it work?
Definition
ORV = oral rabies vaccine program. Packets of rabies antigen are coated with fish meal and dropped in areas where raccoons are likely to find it. When a raccoon bites the package, it's immune system is tricked into thinking it has been exposed to the vaccine, and creates a blueprint allowing for a quick response should they really be exposed.
Term
Which species contracts rabies more often, dogs or cats?
Definition
cats
Term
What is the scientific name for kennel cough?
Definition
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Term
What four pathogens cause kennel cough?
Of these, which are the two most common?
Definition
Canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus, canine herpesvirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterium

bordetella and parainfluenza
Term
What is the only reason you would run a culture for kennel cough?
Definition
If there are liver problems, because adenovirus does affect the liver
Term
What is the incubation period for kennel cough, and how long does it last for?
Definition
Incubation period = 2-14 days
Infection = 14-20 days
Term
How is kennel cough transmitted?
Definition
aerosoled droplets of respiratoy secretions - common in overcrowded, poorly ventilated conditions
Term
Explain how bordetella is able to set up an infection in the respiratory tract.
Definition
Binds to mucociliary escalator, decreasing the mobility of the cilia. Secretes a substance that disables the local immune cells.
Term
What are the clinical symptoms of lower respiratory disease?
Definition
Paraoxysmal coughing, expectoration of mucus, classic "honking" cough, Retching, trachea is sensitive for weeks after infection
Term
Diagnosis of kennel cough is based on __________
Definition
History and clinical signs - coughing on tracheal palpation - bacterial cultures, blood work, viral isolation
Term
Drugs given for symptoms of kennel cough and to prevent
Definition
bronchodilators (aminophylline or theo-dur,) anti-tussives (hycodan, codeine, torbutrol,) antibiotics
Term
Non-pharmaceutical methods of kennel cough symptom relief
Definition
use a harness, lift bowls off the floor
Term
How to prevent kennel cough
Definition
vaccinate (not 100% but reduces severity,) isolation of new dogs, clean environment, reduce overcrowding, improve ventilation
Term
How often should the bordetella vaccine be given? How long before kenneling should your dog be vaccinated?
Definition
every 6 months - 72 hours before
Term
What does CDV stand for? What is the scientific name?
Definition
Canine Distemper Virus - Paramyxovirus
Term
What factors increase susceptibility to CDV?
Definition
dogs <6 mos old, or unvaccinated dogs
Term
What other kinds of animals can contract distemper?
Definition
raccoons, foxes, skunks, ferrets, etc.
Term
Are all strains of distemper the same severity?
Definition
no; range from mild to fatal; we always treat it the same way regardless
Term
What human disease is similar to distemper?
Definition
Measles
Term
What is the primary mode of transmission for distemper?
Definition
airborne body secretions, including urine
Term
How long after exposure are symptoms seen?
Definition
10-12 days later
Term
How and why is distemper able to replicate and spread throughout the body?
Definition
Carried to the lymph nodes, spreads throughout lymph tissue to all other lymph nodes in the body. Causes viremia and infects surface epithelium of respiratory, GI, urogenital, and CNS
Term
symptoms of distemper
Definition
fever, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, encephalomyelitis, lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea/vomiting
Term
What will you see in a patient with encephalomyelitis?
Definition
brain inflammation, ataxia, myoclonus, paresis, hyperesthesia, chewing gum syndrome
Term
What specific parts of the eye will be affected with "eye inflammation?"
Definition
keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis, lesions on the retina, optic neuritis
Term
What chronic conditions are present with dogs that have had distemper?
Definition
enamel hypoplasia, hyperkeratosis, CNS problems
Term
What will a WBC count be like with distemper?
Definition
leukopenia with marked lymphocytopenia, slight thrombocytopenia
Term
What are the ways we can diagnose distemper?
Definition
Clinical signs - rule-outs
Vaccine History
Lab tests:
inclusion bodies on blood smear
serology- compare serum samples
Fluorescent antibodies
Polymerase chain reaction
CSF tap
Term
3 general methods of distemper treatment
Definition
supportive care, antibiotics, glucocorticoids
Term
What is involved in supportive care for a patient with distemper?
Definition
Monitor animal closely, warm environment, pad cage to prevent self trauma from seizures, highly digestible food, fluids with nutritional support, antiemetics, antidiarrheals, anticonvulsives
Term
Why are antibiotics and glucocorticoids given?
Definition
antibiotics prevent secondary infection, glucocorticoids protect eyes from the overly active immune system
Term
What are the most important things to tell the owner about prognosis and potential life-long problems?
Definition
Often causes permanent CNS damage - life long problems may warrant euthanasia
Term
What other long-term problems are common?
Definition
hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD,) rheumatoid arthritis, cardiomyopathies, epididymitis
Term
Best way to prevent distemper
Definition
vaccination
Term
concerns with multidog households
Definition
vaccinate other dogs/animals, isolate for 30 days to allow disease to run its full course, clean everything with 1:30 bleach dilution. An aerosolized virus will last longer in the environment.
Term
what two organs does leptospirosis mainly affect?
Definition
liver and kidneys
Term
What species are affected by lepto?
Definition
dogs and cats, skunks/possums/raccoons, humans!
Term
what kind of bacteria is leptospira?
Definition
spirochete
Term
How many serovars of leptospira exist? How many affect dogs? How many does the vaccine protect against?
Definition
over 200; 7 affect dogs; some
Term
How is lepto transmitted?
Definition
Penetrate breaks in skin or MM - direct contact with urine or urine contaminated water
Term
How long can lepto live in the environment?
Definition
up to 6 months
Term
within how many days of exposure does leptospira spread throughout the bloodstream?
Definition
2-4 days
Term
Explain what is responsible for the following symptoms of lepto:
-fever, anorexia, depression, leukocytosis
Definition
leptospira spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream
Term
petechial hemorrhages
Definition
leptospira destroy the endothelial cells of blood vessels and capillaries
Term
icterus
Definition
leptospira destroy the hepatocytes, causing liver failure
Term
PU/PD
Definition
leptospira destroy the cells of the renal tubules, causing kidney failure. Toxins remain in the blood and the clinical signs of renal failure are seen.
Term
What other organs are affected by lepto besides the liver and the kidneys?
Definition
spleen, repro organs, eyes, nervous tissue
Term
Within how many days is the body able to fight off the lepto in most tissues, except for the kidney and liver?
Definition
7-8
Term
is there liver damage in all patients with lepto?
Definition
No - in adults, liver damage is possible. In puppies however, liver damage is inevitable.
Term
Do most lepto cases present in acute, sub-acute, or chronic form?
Definition
sub-acute or chronic
Term
Symptoms of acute and subacute lepto, and the differences between each.
Definition
Sub-acute: fever, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, PD, painful abdomen, +/- icterus
acute: fever (103-104,) shivering, muscle tenderness, vomiting, rapid dehydration
Term
How is lepto diagnosed?
Definition
history, clinical signs, FA, paired serum titers
Term
what about the history points to a diagnosis of lepto?
Definition
more common in hunting and free range dogs, lepto like to live in moist environments like swamps. outbreaks are typically in the fall.
Term
When are the antibody titers compared, and why?
Definition
Many dogs (1/4 of dogs in MI) have already been exposed, even if they aren't vaccinated. Need to see if the antibody levels are rising. They are compared in the acute phase, and then 3-4 weeks later
Term
What is the FA test done on?
Definition
urine or impression smears of organs
Term
Treatment of lepto
Definition
IV fluids, antibiotics, nutritional support
Term
What two antibiotics are needed and why?
Definition
Penicillin or derivative- clears it from the blood
Doxycycline - clears it from the kidneys
Term
How do we prevent transmission of lepto to humans/other animals when treating a lepto patient?
Definition
Since it is spread only by the urine, you need a urinary catheter and collection system
Term
What do we need to educate the client about if their dog has lepto?
Definition
it is intermittenly shed for a period of time, and it is zoonotic - treatment and diagnosis is expensive - long term kidney and liver damage - survival of one strain does not protect against other strains
Term
What do owners need to know regarding lepto vaccination?
Definition
vaccine may not protect your dog since there are so many different strains. The vaccine is only effective for 6-8 months, so animals that are more at risk need more frequent vaccination. Since leptospira does not tolerate cold temperatures, outbreaks are seasonal and it is most often seen in temperate climates.
Term
What organ changes will be seen on necropsy of an animal that had lepto?
Definition
multifocal hepatic and renal tubular necrosis seen as mottled tissue, or multifocal hemorrhages of the lungs if the animal had DIC
Term
acute systemic illness characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis
Definition
canine parvovirus
Term
causative agent of parvo
Definition
Canine Parvovirus-2
Term
populations susceptible to parvo
Definition
puppies, inappropriate vaccination series, Dobermans, Rottweilers, possibly labs
Term
how is parvo transmitted?
Definition
fecal-oral
Term
what tissue does parvo first travel to and replicate in?
Definition
lymph tissue of pharyngeal area
Term
3 main tissues of rapidly dividing cells that are affected by parvo
Definition
lymph nodes, bone marrow, enterocytes
Term
Explain why parvo victims have increased risk of bacterial infections.
Definition
Destruction of lymph nodes and bone marrow causes lymphopenia and neutropenia (compromised immune system.) Destruction of the villi causes loss of an intestinal barrier.
Term
Bleeding into the GI tract and fluid loss is due to _______
Definition
destruction of the villi, and poor digestion and absorption of nutrients
Term
Parvo symptoms that the owner will report
Definition
depression, lethargy, fever, anorexia, vomiting, bloody, foul diarrhea
Term
Parvo physical exam findings
Definition
febrile, dehyration (CRT, MM, skin tent, sunken eyes), painful abdominal palpation
Term
Diagnosis of parvo
Definition
History, PE, clinical signs, low WBC, puppies are hypoglycemic and hypokalemic, ELISA test on feces
Term
therapeutics for parvo patients
Definition
fluid therapy (crystalloids +/- colloids, plasma transfusion) NPO until vomiting stops, antiemetics, antibiotics, deworming, nutritional support, colony stimulating factor,
Term
what you need to monitor in a parvo patient
Definition
V/D, urination, abdominal pain, attitude, TPR, hydration
Term
location/set up of cage for a parvo patient
Definition
isolation ward - need dedicated supplies and all employees entering to be gowned, masked, etc.
elevate cage bottom to keep the animal dry
Term
parvo discharge instructions
Definition
complete dispensed medications, virus can shed for up to two months, live in the environment for 5 months - bleach or throw away everything - may develop food allergies due to open GI tract
Term
what kind of meals should be fed to prevent allergies due to an open GI tract?
Definition
1/3 cup cottage cheese, 2/3 cup rice = 120 calories. smaller, more frequent meals. make rice daily.
Term
explain why vaccinated puppies can still get parvo
Definition
colostral antibodies begin to wane at 2-3 months - window occurs where there is too much anti-vaccine acitvity from the maternal antibodies, but not enough to fight off the virus
Term
feline retrovirus causing immunodeficiency and cancer, similar to HIV in humans
Definition
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Term
Is FeLV contagious? Does it always cause cancer? Where does it often lie dormant? Is there a vaccine?
Definition
yes - no - bone marrow - yes
Term
Are cats in urban areas or rural areas more likely to contract FeLV?
Definition
urban areas
Term
What is a retrovirus?
Definition
Contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (RT.) It takes a single strand of RNA and makes a double-strand of it's own DNA. This DNA enters the nucleus and is integrated with the cell's DNA, and is replicated.
Term
How is FeLV transmitted?
Definition
Virus is shed in saliva, tears, and urine - has vertical (mom to baby) and horizontal (cat to cat) transmission - often spread by fighting or grooming - lives on fomites for a short period of time
Term
what is the life expectancy of a FeLV positive cat that has already started shedding the virus?
Definition
6 months
Term
where does FeLV initially replicate?
Definition
oral-pharyngeal lymph nodes
Term
B-lymphocytes and macrophages disseminate the FeLV virus throughout the body into what three tissues?
Definition
All lymphoid tissue, intestinal crypt cells, bone marrow
Term
how long can FeLV be latent in the bone marrow before it turns into an infection?
Definition
2-4 weeks
Term
What carries the FeLV virus into epithelial and glandular tissues?
Definition
infected WBC and platelets that are released from the bone marrow
Term
What factors increase susceptibility to FeLV?
Definition
Intact males and females, living outdoors, kitten, unvaccinated
Term
What are the three possible outcomes if a cat becomes infected with FeLV?
Definition
1) Not infected due to good immune system or inadequate exposure.
2) Latent infection - body is able to keep it in check, and will eventually either overcome it or become PI.
3) Persistent infection - progressive infection that is constantly shed. May not become visibly sick for months
Term
Clinical signs of FeLV
Definition
Possibly nothing
Recurrent infections (URI or chronic wounds)
Gingivitis, stomatitis
chronic D/V
anorexia, weight loss
non-regenerative anemia
lymphoma
FIA
Term
what is FIA?
Definition
Feline Infectious Anemia - haemobartonellosis parasite - spread by fleas
Term
What will happen to the offspring of pregnant queens with FeLV?
Definition
will be still born or have "fading kitten syndrome"
Term
Ways to diagnose FeLV
Definition
Clinical signs + history
ELISA test (serum or body secretions)
Immunofluorescent antibody test (blood smear)
CBC will show nonregenerative anemia
Term
State the protocol of using the ELISA and IFA tests to diagnose FeLV.
Definition
1) Run ELISA test on serum
2) If negative, retest if signs of FeLV occur. If positive, run IFA test.
3) If IFA is positive, the patient has FeLV. If Negative, retest in 12 weeks.
4)If positive, the animal has FeLV. If negative, retest if signs of FeLV occur.
Term
How long does it take after FeLV exposure for an ELISA test to be positive?
Definition
2-4 weeks
Term
Treatment for FeLV
Definition
No Cure
Supportive care for symptoms
Antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
Appetite stimulators
Blood transfusions for anemia
Immunomodulator drugs (interferon)- may be toxic to BM
AZT Antiviral drug (many side effects)
Chemotherapy for solid tumors
Term
What is the avg lifespan of a cat that has is FeLV positive but shows no symptoms?
Definition
2-3 yrs
Term
Client Ed for FeLV
Definition
Cat does not necessarily need to be euthanized.
Keep indoors and away from other cats.
Reduce stress and use parasite preventatives.
Keep UTD on vaccine.
Treat any signs of illness early and aggressively.
Feline leukemia is not human leukemia.
Term
Which takes longer to show symptoms, and can be latent for a longer period of time, FeLV or FIV?
Definition
FIV
Term
How is FIV transmitted?
Definition
horizontally - through cat bites
Term
FIV significantly affects what cells of the immune system?
Definition
T-cells
Term
Compared to FeLV, FIV cats have an increased risk of developing what two health problems?
Definition
renal issues, oral issues
Term
Explain why false positives occur on the ELISA test for FIV, but not FeLV.
Definition
FeLV tests for antigens - no vaccine interference.
FIV tests for antibodies - vaccinated cats will have antibodies.
Term
Symptoms of FIV
Definition
general cachexia, chronic and nonresponsive skin/ear infections, nervous problems including:
altered sleep patterns, peripheral neuropathies, behavioral problems (aggression)
oral problems
Term
Explain why Feline Infectious Peritonitis is actually a combination of viruses?
Definition
Infection of coronavirus (FECV)will sometimes mutate into FIPV. Difficult to determine which is the causative agent, so it is called FIP.
Term
FIPV enters the ________ and spreads throughout the body
Definition
macrophages
Term
Is FIP curable?
Definition
no- only rare cases of survival
Term
Factors that increase susceptibility to FIP
Definition
Most often in cattery situations
3 months-3 yrs old
Birmans and Persians
Immunocompromised, old, etc.
Term
FIP is a slow developing disease. What are the two forms of FIP?
Definition
Wet form (effusive) and Dry form (non-effusive)
Term
How is FIP transmitted?
Definition
fecal-oral
Term
where does the FIP virus initially replicate, and then where does it spread to?
Definition
epithelial cells of mouth and nose, then GI tract
Term
FIP virus enters gut macrophages and disseminates throughout the body. What happens next?
Definition
release inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability and attract more WBC's
Term
Explain which tissues FIP infects localizes in to cause the Wet form and which will cause the dry form.
Definition
Wet form - localize in veins throughout thorax and abdomen.
Dry form - localize in liver and lymph nodes
Term
The ____form of FIP is associated with pleural effusion and ascites. The ____ form is associated with pyogranulomatous lesions.
Definition
Wet, Dry
Term
Symptoms of the wet form of FIP
Definition
Perivasculitis - accumulation of protein rich fluid thoracic and/or abdominal cavities
Anorexia and weight loss
Depression
Dehydration
Intermittent fever
Pleural, pericaridal, renal capsule effusion
Abdominal fluid wave
Term
Symptoms caused by pleural, pericardial, and renal capsule effusion, respectively.
Definition
tachypnea
Tachycardia
Painful kidneys
Term
Why does FIP cause connective tissue strands between organs?
Definition
Protein rich fluid leaves fibrin when removed
Term
With FIP, what will radiographs look like? What will an ultrasound look like?
Definition
Radiographs will have diffuse radioopacity throughout thorax and abdomen.
Ultrasound will show pockets of fluid.
Term
Symptoms of the dry form of FIP
Definition
surface abscesses (pyogranulomatous lesions)
idiopathic fever
anorexia and weight loss
depression
Term
What tissues will show the surface abscesses caused by FIP?
Definition
eyes, nervous tissue, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes
Term
Abscesses of the eye tissue will cause what specific eye problems?
Definition
iritis, uveitis, hyphema, anisocoria, nystagmus
Term
Clinical symptoms common to both forms of FIP
Definition
Mild URI, diarrhea, persistent fever non-responsive to AB, decreased appetite and weight loss, "poor-doer" kittens
Term
How to diagnose FIP
Definition
wet form: history, clinical symptoms, fluid analysis
dry form: difficult, lots of rule-outs

Paired serum antibody is inconclusive.
Term
Explain how fluid analysis is used to diagnose the wet form of FIP
Definition
Rivalta test. Take 10 mls of withdrawn fluid at room temp. Add 2-3 drops of white vinegar. Drop one drop of the fluid into the tube. If it dissolves - most likely not FIP. If it remains a globule - most likely FIP.
Term
Treating FIP
Definition
Patient comfort
Nutritional and fluid support
Immunosuppressants
Drain fluid
Term
FIP Client Ed and Prevention
Definition
Vaccine efficacy low
Pregnant queens can have healthy kittens
Wait one month after losing cat to FIP before introducing new cats
Clean everything with dilute bleach
Term
How is a pregnant queen with FIP able to have kittens that do not contract the disease?
Definition
Isolate the queen 2 weeks prior to birth. Remove kittens by 5 weeks. Antibodies passed through the colostrum will protect the kittens.
Term
What are the 5 most common poisonings in small animal medicine?
Definition
human medicines/food
rodenticides
toxic chemicals
plants
rodenticides
Term
When you receive a call about a possible toxicity, what kinds of questions should you be asking?
Definition
what is the suspected substance?
How long ago was the exposure?
Was it swallowed or is it on the animal's skin/eyes?
How is the pet acting and how long have they been acting that way?
Term
How to identify the poison/toxin
Definition
Packet or label if available
Local Poison control
National Animal Poison Control center
Owner needs to bring: package, substance, vomit
Term
common symptoms of toxicity
Definition
muscle tremors or seizures, V/D, excessive salivation, skin redness, mental excitement or depression, bleeding, ulceration of the mouth or skin, excessive pawing at the mouth or licking, swelling, abnormal body temp
Term
What if the owner doesn't know what the pet got into?
Definition
Detailed history - where does the client live? Analyze vomit, urine, feces, or other secretions. There will be a considerable delay in treatment, which is dependent on what the poison is.
Term
General treatments of poisoning
Definition
induce vomiting, prevent further exposure/damage, prevent continued absorption, flush the body, stabilize the patient
Term
Methods of preventing further exposure
Definition
induce vomiting, analyze vomit. common emetics to repeat only once:
table salt, hydrogen peroxide, syrup of ipecac, apomorphine, xylazine
eliminate poison from skin and eyes
Term
When should you not induce vomiting? What should you do instead?
Definition
If animal has ingested a corrosive agent (or if you're not sure if it has,) give milk or water instead to dilute
Term
How to eliminate poisons from the skin
Definition
bathe with mild dishwashing detergent (bather needs protective gloves,) e-collar to prevent grooming, be sure to keep the animal warm
Term
How to eliminate poisons from the eye
Definition
irrigate with body temp saline for at least 20-30 minutes
Term
3 ways to prevent continued absorption
Definition
1) Dilution and removal
2) Binding of substance (activated charcoal)
3) Enemas, cathartics, parenteral fluids
Term
Gastric Lavage
Definition
- purpose is to use water to remove stomach contents
- Animal is anesthetized - make sure the ET tube is inflated and monitor closely after extubation
- large diameter tube premeasured to last rib
- Lubricate and pass into the stomach
- Lavage until fluid runs clear
- Fluid is removed via suction or smaller stomach tube
- Dog's head is lowered - consider switching lateral recumbency
- activated charcoal is administered before extubation
Term
How many hours after ingestion have passed until induced vomiting won't help? What is the best thing to do at this point?
Definition
< 2 hrs, create a slurry with activated charcoal
Term
Explain how activated charcoal works.
Definition
Each piece of activated charcoal has deep pores which are able to trap both small and large organic molecules, inhibiting absorption of the toxin by the GI tract.
Term
If enemas are given with activated charcoal, the activated charcoal should be repeated. What is the most appropriate enema?
Definition
soap and warm water
Term
What are cathartics and what is their purpose?
Definition
orally administered substances that increase GI elimination of solid substances such as garbage or compost. Examples include mineral oil and epsoms salts.
Term
Regarding antidotes...
Definition
administer if available, but most poisons do not have an antidote.
Term
It is very important to stabilize a poisoning patient and then monitor. What kinds of things do you need to monitor?
Definition
vital signs, mental status, body temp, V/D, urination/defecation, salivation, blood work and U/As
Term
Minimum database needed for poisoning case
Definition
PCV/TS, Urine specific gravity and dipstick, serum urea and glucose, additional serum profile
Term
Generalized treatment plan for poisoning/toxicity
Definition
Identify the poison or toxin

Prevent further exposure

Prevent continued absorption

Administer antidotes

Treat the symptoms

Support and monitor patient
Term
What does ethylene glycol look like? Is it absorbed slowly or quickly from the GI tract?
Definition
clear, colorless, sweet-tasting liquid, colors are often added for detection purposes.
Term
Explain how ingestion of ethylene glycol leads to calcium oxalate cystal formation in the bladder.
Definition
In the liver, alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethylene glycol into oxalate and other metabolites. The oxalate binds to calcium when released into the bloodstream. Calcium oxalate is excreted by the kidney, and forms crystals in the bladder.
Term
Characteristics of stage one ethylene glycol toxicity.
Definition
Central Nervous System
- occurs 30 min-12 hours after ingestion
- signs of alcohol intoxication
- nausea/vomiting
- Polyuria
Term
Characteristics of stage 2 ethylene glycol toxicity
Definition
Cardiopulmonary
12-24 hours after ingestion
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Not seen very often in our patients
Term
Characteristics of stage 3 ethylene glycol toxicity
Definition
Oliguric acute renal failure
anorexia
vomiting
little to no urine production
swollen and painful kidneys
Term
How to diagnose ethylene glycol poisoning
Definition
History of exposure
PE
Blood work
Ethylene glycol test kit
Calcium oxalate crystals in urine
Wood's lamp
Term
Within what time frame does the EGT kit work, and why might it not work for cats?
Definition
30 min-12 hours after ingestion
cats have lower minimum toxicity levels
Term
Within what time frame are calcium oxalate crystals found in the urine?
Definition
3-5 hours after ingestion
Term
Main ways to treat ethylene glycol poisoning
Definition
Try to determine the amount ingested.
Induce vomiting - give water in between for self lavage
Activated charcoal
Bolusing fluids
Ethanol, fomeprimole, sodium bicarbonate
Term
What enzyme does ethanol and fomeprimole inhibit?
Definition
alcohol dehyrdogenase
Term
Why would sodium bicarbonate be given?
Definition
reduces metabolic acidosis
Term
What determines the prognosis of the ethylene glycol poisoned patient?
Definition
severity of renal dysfunction, How quickly treatment was initiated (w/in 5 hours for dogs, 3 hours for cats)
Term
What do we need to warn owners about using ethylene glycol?
Definition
danger of toxicity, there are alternatives, be smart about usage/storage
Term
Strychnine comes from seeds of the _____ ______. It is a pesticide for ______________________. What color is it usually dyed?
Definition
Indian tree
Mice, rats, moles, gophers, coyotes
Pelleted, red or green
Term
Why is strychnine rapidly absorbed in the intestines? It is metabolized by the ______ and excreted in the ______
Definition
ionized in acidic pH
liver
kidneys
Term
What does strychnine do to the muscles?
Definition
Prevents proper operation of nerve signals to the muscles. The "off switch" has been disabled.
Term
Symptoms of strychnine poisoning
Definition
agitation, excitability, apprehension
Tetanic seizures
Extreme hyperesthesia
Term
When owner calls with strychnine poisoning, you tell them to...
Definition
induce vomiting
cover the animal with a blanket
Term
diagnosing strychnine poisoning
Definition
detect levels in stomach (vomitus,) liver, kidneys, urine. multiple samples needed
Term
prognosis for strychnine poisoning
Definition
very guarded due to rapid absorption, exhaustion, and asphyxiation
Term
Treating strychnine poisoning
Definition
Decontaminate = emesis/lavage, activated charcoal, fluids
Control seizures = pentobarbital, +/- xylazine or diazepam
Muscle relaxants
Prevent asphyxiation w/ anesthetization and artificial respiration
Supportive care (i.e. hypothermia)
Term
How do anticoagulant poisons work?
Definition
antagonize vitamin K, interfering with normal synthesis of coagulation proteins. Ultimately prothrombin cannot be converted into thrombin. Stays in the system for a long time = long recovery.
Term
Clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning occur within __ hours.
Definition
12-24
Term
Clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning occur within __ hours.
Definition
12-24
Term
clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning
Definition
lethargy/depression
Pale mm - petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages
Hyphema
Epistaxis
Melena
Hemorrhage upon venipuncture
Internal bleeding within thorax or abdomen
Term
diagnosing anticoagulant poisoning
Definition
history, clinical signs, and PE
Definitive: ACT, PT, aPTT, BMBT
Term
What do each of these stand for? ACT, APTT, PT, BMBT
Definition
ACT = activated clotting time
APTT= activated partial thromboplastin time
PT = prothrombin time
Term
Treating anticoagulant poisoning
Definition
Isotonic fluids to maintain BV
Vitamin K sub Q - give with fat containing meal
Blood transfusion (when vit K levels rise)
Thoracocentesis
O2 therapy
Recheck clotting factors
Term
Preventing anticoagulant poisoning
Definition
Don't use it in your house
Warn people if you or someone else is using it
Keep animals inside
Put poison in spots where animals cannot access it
Term
What is the most common drug toxicity in cats?
Definition
acetaminophen
Term
Explain why acetaminophen toxicity decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin.
Definition
forms methemoglobin, a non-functional type of hemoglobin. Results in heinz bodies, hemolysis
Term
Why does acetaminophen toxicity cause liver failure?
Definition
inhibits the enzyme glutathione, which converts iron to the form which enables hemoglobin to carry oxygen
Term
Clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity within 0-12 hours
Definition
muddy/brown MM
difficulty breathing
vomiting
drooling
Term
clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity within 12-24 hours
Definition
swelling of face and limbs, uncoordinated movement, convulsions/coma, death
Term
clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity within 24 hrs
Definition
liver failure, painful abdomen, jaundice, abnormal mental state
Term
treating acetaminophen toxicity
Definition
emesis followed by charcoal
oxygen supplementation
NAC or mucomyst
Fluid/blood transfusions
Recheck liver values
Term
How does NAC or mucomyst work?
Definition
binds to acetaminophen metabolites to speed up elimination
Term
Prognosis of acetaminophen toxicity
Definition
Depends on how much liver damage has occurred. Animal will need lifetime special care, including special diet, medications, regular blood work rechecks
Term
What is carbon monoxide?
Definition
odorless, colorless, non-irritating gas produced by inefficient combustion of carbon containing fuels
Term
How does carbon monoxide decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin?
Definition
Binds to hemoglobin, allowing for less binding sites available to oxygen (forms carboxyhemoglobin.)
Term
Why do "cherry-red" MM occur with CO poisoning?
Definition
Once CO is bound to hemoglobin, it reduces the ability of the other hgb binding sites to release their oxygen
Term
symptoms of CO poisoning
Definition
drowsiness, lethargy, weakness, incoordination
Term
treatment for CO poisoning
Definition
oxygen. as concentration of oxygen increases, displaces CO from hemoglobin
Term
Acid and alkali corrosives cause burns of the __________
Definition
mouth, esophagus, stomach, skin, cornea
Term
Is it advisable to give an acid for an alkali and vice versa?
Definition
NO
Term
Treatment for corrosive ingestion
Definition
dilute with water or milk. activated charcoal is not useful. DO NOT induce vomiting. Stabilize the patient. Treat shock and electrolyte imbalances.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!