Shared Flashcard Set

Details

VM 165
Large Animal & Lab Animal Nurse Care
103
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2009

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Lambing
Definition
Sheep parturition
Term

Lamb

 

Ram lamb

 

Ewe lamb

Definition

Sheep neonate

 

Male

 

Female

Term
Yearling ewe
Definition
Immature female sheep, has not given birth
Term
Ewe
Definition
Mature female sheep
Term
Ram
Definition
Mature male sheep
Term
Wether
Definition
Castrated male sheep
Term
Disadvantages of sheep stress
Definition
This can cause /\ susceptibility to disease, poor performance (repro), /\ lamb mortality and HYPERTHERMIA!!!
Term
Sheep Behavior
Definition
Avoidance, flock always moves together
Term
Sheep Protectors
Definition
Alpacas, lamas, great perynese dogs, donkeys
Term
Flight Zone
Definition
Animal's personal space, when it's invaded, they move away
Term
Determining Flight Zone
Definition
  • Size depends on tameness of animal
  • Wool dictates their ability to see
  • Larger if approached head-on
  • Smaller if approached from the side or behind
  • If animal is facing you, you are outside the flight zone
Term
Point-of-Balance
Definition
  • Perpendicular to their shoulder
  • If you stand there, they will turn away from you
  • To move animal back, stand in front
  • Alternating pressure is most effective
Term
Restraint methods for sheep
Definition
  • "Setting them up" position or tipping
  • Chutes
  • Crowd pen (a pen that narrows into a single file chute)
  • Squeeze chute/head gate
Term
Sheep Norms
Definition

Temp: 102.0-104.0

Heart Rate: 70-90 beats/min

Respiratory Rate: 12-15 breaths/min

Term
Why Hoof Trim?
Definition

prevent disease

prevent lameness

show purposes (looks pretty)

Term
Sheep/Goat hoof trimming tools
Definition

Bendesio trimmers

pruning sheers

Term
Sheep/Goat Hoof Trimming Procedure
Definition
  1. Set up (for restraint)
  2. Cut toe off
  3. even out sole, heel, and hoof wall
  4. ideally we want them flat/level/even
Term
Cattle hoof trimming tools
Definition

Hoof nippers (to cut)

grinder/sander (to level them out)

Term
Hoof trimming restraint (Cattle)
Definition
  • Tilt table/tilt chute (on hydraulics)
  • hoof trimming chute (hoof sits in a little cup)
Term
Why trim horses hooves?
Definition
  • Prevent lameness
  • prevent disease
  • improper trimming can cause disease/conditions
Term
Equine shoeing tools
Definition
  • Shoe puller - pull shoes
  • hoof pick
  • pasp
  • hoof nippers
  • hammer
  • hoof knife
  • nail clincher
Term
Oral Gavage
Definition
  • With a needle - do NOT force, wait for mouce to swallow and insert needle until hub
  • With soft tube  - measure from nose to last rib and mark tube, insert, inject slowly (mice/rats cannot vomit); pinch when you take out to prevent aspiration
Term

Guinea pig restraint

 

Blood collection

Definition
  • ALWAYS 2 hands (around thorax and butt)
  • guinea pig burrito/towel restraint

  • Dorsal pedal vein
Term
Hamster Restraint
Definition
  • scruff ALL extra skin (can use gauze if they bite)
  • put in jar so they don't bite
  • 2 handed cup restraint
  • make sure to examine cheek pouches ;-)
Term
Mouse restraint
Definition
  • Lift by base of tail, support for trip
  • plastic cone
  • make sure they can breathe when scruffed
Term
Rat Restraint
Definition
  • lift by base of tail and let them relax on your arm
  • support the back
  • restrain with plastic cone (watch for hyperthermia), sweater, towel (rat burrito)
Term
Rat Sub Q and blood collection
Definition

Sub Q - come from back

Blood collection: tail vein

Term
Rabbit Sub Q and Blood collection
Definition
  • SQ: between shoulder blades
  • ear vein - give tranquilizer, lateral marginal ear vein, pluck hair, apply lidocane gel (wait 10 min), insert catheter, give meds (slowly b/c vein could collapse); apply direct pressure after catheter is removed
Term
Rabbit Restraint
Definition

Secure the rear - prevent from kicking

Scruff while holding back legs

 

  • Sidenote: testes are cranial to penis
Term
Sex determination in rodents
Definition
males have greater ano-genital distance than females
Term
Porphyrins
Definition
Comes out of the Harderian gland - produces red tears
Term
Stallion or Stud
Definition
intact male of breeding age (~2), can apply to any hores 2 or older
Term
Mare
Definition
Sexually mature female (between 2-3)
Term
Gelding
Definition

castrated male

 

typically castrated at ~18 months - usually at spring of a year old if both testicles are descended

Term
Filly
Definition
young female (before sexual maturity)
Term
Colt
Definition
young male horse (not sexually matured)
Term
Foal
Definition

Baby of either sex

still nursing on mom

Term
weanling
Definition

once weaned off mom

either sex

Term
yearling
Definition

horse thats a year old

either sex

Term
Horse behavior
Definition
  • Flight instinct (prey animal) - spook
  • detecting danger - vision, smell, hearing
  • Watch the ears! (and the legs :-P)
Term
Horse Restraint
Definition
  • Voice
  • halter/lead
  • skin twitch
  • ear twitch
  • imbalance principle
  • lead shank (over nose, looped through, under chin, scross gums, through mouth)
  • twitch (humane vs chain)
  • stocks
Term
Restraining Mare/Foal
Definition

1. restrain mare

2. capture foal, keeping foal between you and mom

3. possible chemical restraint on mare (ex: if going to Sx or getting an IV cath)

Term
pigs, swine, porkers, hogs
Definition
general term for all sexes/ages of swine
Term

boars

 

boar piglets

Definition

intact male (any age)

 

Term
barrows
Definition
castrated males (typically castrated 2-3 days after birth)
Term
sows
Definition
sexually mature female that has a litter
Term
gilts
Definition
young female that has not had a litter of piglets
Term
piglets
Definition

baby pigs

 

go from piglets to weanlings, then referred to as guilts or barrows/boars

Term
Swine behavior
Definition

Very intelligent

clean

VERY social (gregarious) - isolating creates stress

curious

vocal

acute hearing and smell

"rooting" behavior

almost NO herding behavior


Term
Aggressive pig
Definition
pawing or raised hair
sows protect their piglets, boys are just angry sometimes
(somewhat difficult to recognize)
Term
Nervous pig
Definition

squeling

excessive grunting

barking

Term
Aproaching pigs
Definition

approach from any angle EXCEPT directly behind them

when they start to approach you, scratch between ears/back and talk to them

expect to be pushed/shoved/rooted

Term
Moving pigs
Definition

don't rush them, they explore as they move

use positive reinforcement

use chaser boards/pokey canes/sticks

Term
Swine restraint
Definition

Small pigs: hand held by hind legs, support chest with knee

Mature pigs - squeeze behind doors/gate; place in crate

Snare

Nose rings - prevent from rooting

Term
Swine phlebotomy sites
Definition

Jugular - restrain w/ snare - for adults standing - direct needle perpendicular to skin - pigs <100lbs restrained on backs


Marginal ear vein - any size pig, veins dilated in warm envt


Cephalic vein - for newborns/weanlings (<30lbs) - restrain on back

Term
Clinical Mastitis
Definition
Easily detected by changes in milk (quality) and cow's behavior
Term
Clinical Mastitis Test
Definition

PE

Strip cup

Term
Subclinical Mastitis
Definition

Unnoticed unless tests are performed

tremendious loss of milk production

increased SCC

Term
Subclinical Mastitis Detection
Definition
CMT (california mastitis test)
Term
Strip Test
Definition

Clinical mastitis test

visual milk exam for gross abnormalities (blood, flakes, clots, wateriness)

Benifits: stimulates milk letdown, removal of foremilk (\/ bacteria)

Term
CMT
Definition

California Mastitis Test

Cowside or herd analysis

Rapid results

How it works: reagent reacts with SCC and milk thickens or gels

 

Term
Interperting CMT score
Definition

Negative (0)- purple milk

Trace - slight slime, dissipears with continued rotation

Weak positive (1)- distinct slime, no gel formation

Distinct positive (2)- immediate gel formation, moves toward center when swirled (moves as a mass)

Strong positive (3)- gel develops a convex surface, adheres to bottom of cup

Term
Dry cow treatment
Definition
  • Pulled from milking line 2 months prior to parturition
  • antibiotic (intermammary infusion)
  • teat sealent
Term
CMT advantages/disadvantages
Definition
  • Advantages: fairly accurate, sensitive, contamination doesn't matter, inexpensive, simple, cheep, easy clean-up, temp changes have little effect on the CMT
  • Disadvantages: scoring is subjective, scores represent a range (not actual count), false posities (fresh <10 days, nearly dry, and cows far from the middle of their lactation), false negatives if acute clinical mastitis (toxins break SCC down)
Term
Sterile Milk culture
Definition
  • Strip teat (b/c we want bacteria in udder, not just teat), collect milk in sterile milk culture tube, label tube, submit for sensitivity test
  • ALWAYS teat dip!!!
Term
Cow
Definition

Female bovine, sexually mature (probably has been bred and had the first calf)

Typically 2.5 years old

Term

Bull

 

Bull Calf

Definition

intact male, any age

 

Young

Term
Heifer
Definition

Female bovine that has not had it's first calf (typically calf at 2.5 years)

 

Typically bred ~18 months

Gestation = 11 months

Term
Steer
Definition
Castrated male bovine of any age
Term
Calf
Definition
Young, usually younger than a year
Term
Freshening Heifer/Cow
Definition

A heifer/cow beginning parturition

The act of giving birth

Term
Cattle Behavior
Definition

Approaching: familiar person - stand, flee, or aggression; unfamiliar person - flee or aggressive

Strong herding instinct

Term
Signs of aggresive cattle
Definition
snorting and bellowing, feining a charge, charginig
Term
Signs of potentially aggressive cattle
Definition

Anxious/apprehensive attitude (moving nervously, swishing tail, low repetitive moo)

 

Term
Signs of docile cattle
Definition

Inquisitive

steady gaze

return to previous activity (ignoring you)

Term
Catching Cattle
Definition

Lariat

halter

chutes/headgates

Term
Lariat
Definition
  • Use on Docile cattle in pen (to apply halter)
  • Use on nervous/aggressive in pen (if they cannot be approached/haltered and you fear personal safety)
  • Use: toss loop over head/neck, pull tight, wrap around sturdy post twice, pull/haze animal toward you, shorten tope
Term
Haltering (use on...; when to use...; how to use) (cattle)
Definition
  • ONLY use when within arm's reach of docile animal or if animal's movements are already constrained (NOT when nervous/anxious/(potentially) aggressive)
  • Use to restrain head/neck or to move animal (but must halter broke)
  • Pull over ears first
Term
Chutes (cattle)
Definition
  • Should be curved, solid sides, well litas tall or taller than animals
  • Prepare before sending animals through (observe for obsticles/escapes)
Term
Headgates (cattle)
Definition

Animal is hazed/led/pulled until head is completely through device then device is closed, preventing withdrawl of the head

Constrains forward/backward movement

Proper use = maximum safety for animal and handler(s)

*create an illusion of an escape route*

Term
Cattle restraint methods (3)
Definition

Nose tongs - used when animal will not stand still for a short procedure on the head/neck - pressure on nasal septum

Flank clamp - prevents kicking (typically on young cows)

Tail jack

Term
When/why/how to work OUTSIDE the pen
Definition

*assess behavior*

When: if pen is not too large, walls do not extend from floor to ceiling

How: stand outside on catwalk adjacent to wall; use lariat

Why: concerned for safety (aggressive), you are alone (no one to help)

Term
When/how to work INSIDE the pen (cattle)
Definition

When: safety is NOT in jeperdy, you're familiar w/ animal, you have to haze a potentially aggressive animal into a chute/headgate system, to examine/treat a calf/dam pair

How: VOICE, observe animal's reaction

Term
Catching/Restraining Calves
Definition

- Catching: restrain mom, let owner catch calf by crowding into corner, halter if older than 4 wks, cradle if <4 wks

- Nursing Calf: seeks protection from mom/herd (risk of being trampled)

- Non-handled calves: will be very nervous, possibly aggressive (not usually aggressive if under 6 months)

Term
Equine Lameness (define, can cause...)
Definition
  • Pain associated with musculoskeletal system
  • Causes: poor performance & economic loss
  • Front limb lameness more common than hind limb (65% of weight is in front)
Term
Equine Lameness Exam
Definition

- Original complaint or pre-purchase exam

- History (location, signalment, onset, duration, at home treatment, etc)

- Visual - rest and in motion, under saddle

- Grade lameness 0-1

- PE of limb

Term
Diagnostic tests for equine lameness
Definition

-hoof testers - pain could mean laminitis/founder or abscess

-flexion test

-nerve blocks - regional - performed AFTER nerve blocks only if lameness persists - should clip AND prep

-joint blocks

-synovial fluid analysis

-radiographs - for bone abnormalities

-ultrasound - for soft tissue injuries

-CT - bone abnormalities

-MRI - soft tissue; must be under general anesthesia

-Bone scan

-diagnostic arthroscopy

Term
Palmar digital nerve block
Definition
  • blocks heel, caudal 1/3 of foot, most of sole
  • most distal block
  • primarily deals with navicular and deep digital flexure tendon

[image]

Term
Abaxial sesamoid nerve block
Definition

- Blocks from proximal pastern distally (not fetlock) (not much analgesia on dorsal surface of P2&1)

- insert needle at level of fetlock

- P2&3 are compleatly blocked

[image][image]

Term
Low 4-point nerve block
Definition

- Blocks distal 1/3 of MC3 distally (aka cannon bone)

- Horses w/ navicular disease would be sound with this one

[image][image]

Term
High 4 point nerve block
Definition

- Blocks palmar carpal and palmar MC nerves

- Desensitizes MC region, fetlock joint and rest of distal limb

- Inject just distal to carpus

[image][image]

Term
Joint Blocks (equine)
Definition

- Performed AFTER nerve blocks if lameness persists

- Should clip/prep area (ideally) so they don't get joint sepsis

[image]

Term
Neuroexam (equine)
Definition

- Purpose: confirm condition, localize disease, diagnose/rule-out list

*handle with caution*

- History, PE, observation (mental status, behavior, posture/coordination)

- Gait assessment (strait line, circle, back, incline walking, elevated head walking)

- postural reflexes - sway reaction, placing responses

- spinal reflexes - anal/perineal, withdrawl

- tail tone

- cutaneous sensation (panniculus response)

Term
IV catheter selection (equine)
Definition

- Shortest length

- largest diameter

- least reactive

- accomplish goal

- mimimize thromboplebitis

Term
Catheter sites (equine)
Definition

- Jugular - most common

- Lateral thoracic vein  - used if jugular is not available

- Median cephalic and saphaneous vein - tends to collapse, kink or dislodge b/c of leg motion

Term
Nasogastric Intubation
Definition

For oral dosing, administration of fluids (funnel, dose syringe, stomach pump; ~1 gallon), and refluxing (void stomach contents)

- Advantages: reliable delivery, good diagnostic tool (colic)

- Disadvantages: trauma, placement into lungs => aspiration; horses resent it (physical or chemical restraint)

Term
Abdominocentesis (equine) - reason and procedure
Definition

- colic cases - finds necrosis

- obtain peritoneal fluid for analysis (clues for disease or rupture (find ingesta))

- Procedure: horse standing (foal - lateral recumbancy w/ local analgesia), lowest part of abdomen (clip/prep), ventral midline and just right (so you don't hit spleen), EDTA tube and serum blood tubes to collect fluid (EDTA first for blood, serum 2nd for bacterial cultures)

Term
Abdominocentesis (equine) - evaluation of fluid
Definition

- Gross visual: pale yellow, clear, odorless, water consistency

-Total protein

-WBC/RBC count

-PCV

-Microscopic (bacteria)

-Microbial C&S

Term
Arthrocentesis (equine) - purpose & procedure
Definition

- obtain synovial fluid for analysis (joint disease)

- Procedure: standing, clip/prep (if unclipped, use scrub brush to get nasties away), restraint (must be motionless, twitch or sedate), EDTA first, Serum 2nd


* foal NEED asepsis b/c more susceptable to 'joint ill' *

Term
Arthrocentesis (equine) - evaluation of fluid
Definition

- Gross visual: yellow, clear/transparent, odorless, viscosity (stringy)

- TP

- RBC/WBC count

- PCV

- Microscope eval (bacteria)

- C&S

Term
Floating Teeth
Definition

- filing down the sharp edges of the teeth

 

*Sedate and place the mouth speculum*

 

Term
Equine aging via dentistry
Definition
[image]
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