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Visual System
Visual System
170
Anatomy
Graduate
03/24/2015

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Term
embryologically the eye is an extension of what
Definition
primitive diencephalon
Term
1st stage of development of the eye produces what
Definition
optic cup
Term
the optic cup induces the development of the lens, iris, and cornea from what
Definition
ectoderm
Term
the optic cup induces the development of what structures from the ectoderm (3)
Definition
lens, iris, cornea
Term
the optic cup develops lens, iris, and cornea from the ectoderm by what week
Definition
6th week
Term
if a hypoxic premature infant is maintained in high oxygen concentrations for long periods of time, what will happen
Definition
hyperplasia of retinal vessels
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
excess generation of cells
Term
hyperplasia occurs if a hypoxic premature infant is maintained in high oxygen concentrations for long periods of time, what happens after withdrawal of oxygen
Definition
newly formed retinal vessels shrink and form fibrotic tissue, potentially producing blindness
Term
fibrous tissue forming behind the lens is a condition called what
Definition
retrolental fibroplasia
Term
hyperplasia of retinal vessels followed up by shrinking and formation of fibrous due to withdrawal of oxygen results in a condition called what
Definition
retrolental fibroplasia
Term
what are the 3 layers of the eye
Definition
sclera, choroid, retina
Term
anteriorly the sclera is continuous with what
Definition
cornea
Term
the cornea is continuous with this structure which is very important in focusing light rays
Definition
conjunctivium
Term
the conjunctivum eye is very important for doing what
Definition
focusing light rays
Term
what 2 strucutres are found in the choroid layer
Definition
ciliary body, iris
Term
the choroid contains what
Definition
nutrient vessels of the eye, autonomic nerves
Term
the lens is suspended from what
Definition
ring shaped ciliary body
Term
the lens is suspended from the ring shaped ciliary body by several what
Definition
suspensory/zonular ligamnts
Term
what is the ciliary body partly composed of
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
Contraction of the ciliary body results in what
Definition
relaxation of the zonular ligaments allowing the lens to relax and thicken
Term
what happens when the ciliary body relaxes
Definition
zonular ligaments become tense, makign the lens thinner
Term
what is the structure that constricts and dilates to adjust the amount of light entering the eye
Definition
iris
Term
the iris contains what type of muscle fibers
Definition
smooth
Term
what is the aperture at the center of the iris
Definition
pupil
Term
what covers the inner surface of the eye chamber
Definition
retina
Term
secretory retina aka
Definition
blind retina
Term
this structure underlies the ciliary body and produces aqueous humor
Definition
secretory retina
Term
what is the role of the secretory retina
Definition
produce aqueous humor
Term
what are the 2 parts of the retina
Definition
secretory, visual
Term
the region located behidn the cornea is subdivided by what into anterior and posterior chambers
Definition
iris
Term
what are the anterior and posterior chamber filled with
Definition
aqueous humor
Term
teh secretory retina produces aqueuous humor into where
Definition
posterior chamber
Term
how does aqueous humor enter the anterior chamber?
Definition
through the pupillary opening of the iris
Term
where is aqueous humor resorbed?
Definition
canal of schlemm, angle formed by the iris and cornea
Term
angle formed by the iris and cornea
Definition
canal of schlemm
Term
after aqueous humor enters the canal of schlemm, what happens to it
Definition
enters the venous system
Term
what is the function of aqueous humor
Definition
nourish and hydrate the lens
Term
how often does aqueous humor turn over
Definition
2-3 hours
Term
condition in which aqueous humor is produced faster than it is resorbed leading to increased intraocular pressure damaging the retina
Definition
glaucoma
Term
what is the purpose of the drugs that are used to treat glaucoma
Definition
cause pupillary constriction to open up the canal of schlemm to improve drainage
Term
a thicker lens is used for what vision
Definition
close
Term
a thinner lens is used for what vision
Definition
distant
Term
what is the area between the lens and the retina called
Definition
vitreous body/humor
Term
vitreous humor, like aqueous humor, is constantly being secreted and resorbed. True/False
Definition
False, Vitreous humor is permanent
Term
hemorrhages or exfoliated epithelium in the vitreous body are never removed, resulting in what
Definition
floaters slowly moving across your visual field
Term
what is the retina derived from
Definition
diencephalon
Term
how many layers are there to the retina
Definition
10
Term
what are the 4 layers of the we are responsible for
Definition
pigment layer, rods and cones, bipolar layer, ganglionic layer
Term
ganglion cells are _____ in the retina
Definition
unmyelinated
Term
where does incoming light first get processed?
Definition
rods and cones (which is the 10th/last layer)
Term
where do the photoreceptive ends of rods and cones face
Definition
away from incoming light
Term
due to the orientation of the photoreceptive ends of rods and cones, what must incoming light do first
Definition
penetrate the inner layers of the retina before being absorbed by rods and cones
Term
some processing of light impulses occurs within the retina as evidenced by structures in what layer
Definition
bipolar layer
Term
some processing of light impulses occurs with the retina as evidenced by what structures of teh bipolar layer (3)
Definition
bipolar, amacrine, horizontal cells
Term
Impulses from the bipolar area go where
Definition
ganglionic cells in the innermost layer of the retina, closest to the interior of the eye
Term
the central processes of ganglion cells forms what
Definition
optic nerve
Term
capillaries of teh choroid layer supply the outer layer of the retina via what
Definition
diffusion
Term
capillaries from what artery enters the eye through the optic papilla
Definition
central retinal
Term
capilarries from the central retinal artery enter the eye through what
Definition
optic papilla
Term
capillaries from the central retinal artery which enters the eye through the optic papilla supply what
Definition
inner layers of the retina
Term
what are the 3 specialized regions of the retina
Definition
macula luta, fovea centralis, optic disc (papilla)
Term
oval area of the retina, 3x5 mm, located deep in the eye
Definition
macula luta
Term
the macula luta surrounds a specalized area known as what
Definition
fovea centralis
Term
the fovea centralis contains mostly what type of receptors if not entirely
Definition
cones
Term
receptor used for acute daylight, color vision
Definition
cones
Term
moving away from the fovea centralis, what type of receptors are present
Definition
more and more rods
Term
receptor best suited for night and black and white vision
Definition
rods
Term
what type of receptors are almost not present at the outer edges of teh retina
Definition
cones
Term
what structure creates the "blind spot" of teh visual field
Definition
optic disc (papilla)
Term
where is the optic disc/papilla located in relation to the fovea centralis
Definition
nasal to the fovea centralis
Term
specialized region of the retina where no photoreceptors are located
Definition
optic disc/papilla
Term
condition in which the papilla becomes engorged with blood and swells as a result of high pressure within the cranial cavity due to infection, bleeding, or tumor
Definition
papilledema/choked disc
Term
if a person with pailledema receives a lumbar puncture, what may happen? (structurally)
Definition
quick release of high pressure within the cranial cavity, potentially leading to a downward thrust of the medulla and cerebellum through the foramen magnum
Term
if a person with pailledema receives a lumbar puncture, what may happen? (name)
Definition
arnold-chiari syndrome
Term
the visual axis stems from what?
Definition
fovea centralis
Term
the retina is subdivided into quadrants relative to what
Definition
fovea centralis
Term
how are the quadrants of the retina labeled
Definition
upper, lower, nasal, temporal
Term
visual field > retinal field: upper nasal
Definition
lower temporal
Term
visual field > retinal field: upper temporal
Definition
lower nasal
Term
visual field > retinal field: lower nasal
Definition
upper temporal
Term
visual field > retinal field: lower temporal
Definition
upper nasal
Term
the optic nerve is an outgrowth of what
Definition
diencephalon
Term
the optic nerve is surrounded by what
Definition
meninges
Term
nerves become myelinated by what after they leave the retina
Definition
oligodendrocytes
Term
nerves become myelinated by oligodendrocytes after they leave what
Definition
the retina
Term
visual pathways: where do nasal fibers go in the optic chiasm and tract
Definition
cross to the contralateral side
Term
visual pathways: where do temporal fibers go in the optic chiasm and tract
Definition
stay ipsilateral
Term
visual pathways: most fibers in teh optic tract synapse where
Definition
lateral geniculate body/nucleus
Term
visual pathways: some fibers in teh optic tract will not synapse in the lateral geniculate body, but where? and why?
Definition
directly enter the brainstem to mediate reflexes
Term
how many layers does the lateral geniculate body have
Definition
6
Term
what are the 2 halves of the lateral geniculate body
Definition
medial, lateral
Term
visual pathways: fibers from the lateral geniculate body enter what
Definition
optic radiations
Term
visual pathways: after entering the optic radiations, where do fibers go
Definition
sweep around the lateral side of the lateral ventricle and pass to the occipital lobe
Term
visual pathways: visual fibers are also called what
Definition
geniculocalcarine tract
Term
visual pathways: fibers carrying information from teh upper retina are found in what region of the optic radiations
Definition
upper
Term
visual pathways: fibers from the upper retina are found in teh upper region of the optic radiations and traverse what lobe
Definition
parietal lobe
Term
visual pathways: fibers carrying information from teh upper retina are found in the upper region of the optic radiation and traverse teh parietal lobe to terminate where
Definition
cuneous portion of the occipital lobe
Term
visual pathways: fibers leaving the lower retina leave what part of the lateral geniculate body
Definition
lateral part
Term
visual pathways: fibers represent thing upper retina leave what part of the lateral geninculate body
Definition
medial
Term
visual pathways: fibers representing the lower retina leave the lateral part of the LGB, traverse what regions of the optic radiations?
Definition
lower region
Term
visual pathways: after leaving the lower region, where do lower retina fibers go through
Definition
sweep anteriorly into the temporal lobe, curve ocer the tip of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and then pass posteriorly
Term
visual pathways: after passing through the temporal lobe, where do lower retina fibers go?
Definition
pass posteriorly into the lingual portion of the occipital lobe
Term
brodmann's area for the primary visual cortex
Definition
area 17
Term
where is the primary visual cortex located
Definition
above and below the calcarine suclus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere
Term
fibers representing the upper retina terminate ______ the calcarine sulcus, in the ______
Definition
above, cuneus
Term
fibers representing the lower retina terminate _______ the calcarine sulcus in the ________ ______
Definition
below, lingual gyrus
Term
the primary visual cortex is characterized by what
Definition
line of gennari/striate cortex
Term
structure which represents the termination of projections from the lateral geniculate body
Definition
line of gennari/striate cortex
Term
retinotopic localizaiton exists within the visual cortex. name the organizaiton from most posterior to deepest
Definition
macula, paramacular, peripheral retina
Term
brodmann's area 18.19
Definition
association cortex
Term
4 major visual reflexes
Definition
light response, consensual response, dark response, accomodation
Term
role of the pupillary light reflex
Definition
reduces the amount of light that enters the eye
Term
pupils of both eyes constrict in response to increased light shining in either eye
Definition
pupillary light reflex
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the retina leave the optic tract and enter what
Definition
brainstem
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from teh retina leave the optic tract and enter the brainstem how?
Definition
bilaterally
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the retina leave the optic tract and enter the brainstem bilaterally via what
Definition
brachium of the superior colliculus
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the brachium of the superior colliculus terminate where
Definition
pretectal nuclei
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the superior colliclus terminate in the pretectal nuclei how
Definition
bilaterally
Term
where is the pretectal area located
Definition
between the midbrain and diencephalon
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: each pretectal nucleus sends projections where
Definition
edinger-whestphal nuclei
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: each pretectal nuclei sends projections to the edinger whestpal nuclei how
Definition
bilaterally
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: fibers of the edinger westphal nuclei cross where
Definition
posterior commissure
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: what type of fibers exit come from the edinger-westphal nuclei
Definition
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the edinger-westphal nuclei exit what
Definition
the brainstem
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the edinger westphal nuclei exit the brainstem in what
Definition
CN III
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the edinger westphal nuclei exit the brainstem in CN III terminate where
Definition
ciliary ganglion
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the ciliary ganglion are considered what
Definition
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel in what
Definition
short ciliary nerves
Term
papillary light reflex pathway: post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel in the short ciliary nerves and enter the eye to innervate what
Definition
pupillary constrictor muscle
Term
papillary light reflex: how is it examined
Definition
shining a light into each eye
Term
papillary light reflex: what should the test elicit? corresponding responses?
Definition
constriction of tested eye (direct response) as well as constriction of the contralateral eye (consensual resposne)
Term
reflex used to adjsut the focus of each eye from a distant object to a closer object
Definition
accommodoation reflex
Term
what are the 3 changes that must occur during the accommmodation reflex
Definition
convergence, accommodoation, pupillary constriction
Term
accommodatoin reflex: the eye turns medially to fix the visual axes on the closer object
Definition
convergence
Term
accommodatoin reflex: which muscles does converge use
Definition
medial recti muscles
Term
accommodatoin reflex: convexity of the lens increases (lens thickens) to focus the closer object on the retina
Definition
accommodation
Term
accommodatoin reflex: accomoodation uses what mm
Definition
ciliary mm
Term
accommodatoin reflex: iris contracts to block light rays from the periphery of the lens, improving the sharp focus of the fovea
Definition
pupillary constriction
Term
accommodatoin reflex: pupillary constriction uses what mm
Definition
pupillary constrictor mm
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: informatio about the image is relayed back to the brainstem reflex centers and CN nuclei in what fibers of the optic radiations
Definition
inner(medial)/corticocollicular fibers
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: information from the corticocollicular fibers goes where next? via what? how?
Definition
bilaterally to superior colliculi via the brachium of the superior colliculus
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: from the superior colliculi where does information go
Definition
CN III nuclear complex
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: from the CN III nuclear complex where does information go?
Definition
edinger westphal nucleus
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: the edinger westphal nucleus projects what type of fibers
Definition
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the edigner westphal nuclei project out and terminate where
Definition
ciliary ganglion
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: the ciliary ganglion projects what sort of fibers
Definition
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary gangllion enter the eye and innervate what (2)
Definition
ciliary muscle, pupillary constrictor muscle
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: the oculomotor nerve also innervates which eye muscles?
Definition
medial recti
Term
accommodatoin reflex pathway: the oculomotor nerve also innervates medial recti muscles which produce what
Definition
bilateral adduction to achieve converge of the eye
Term
Pupillary Light Reflex Condition: in dim light, the pupil is small and does not constrict further in response to light. It does however constrict during accomodation.
Definition
argyll robertson pupil
Term
pupillary light reflex condition: occurs in syphilis and diabetes
Definition
argyll robertson pupil
Term
reflex used to enlarge the pupil thereby increasing the amount of light entering the eye in condition of reduce light
Definition
pupillary dark reflex (pupillary dilation)
Term
the pupillary dark reflex is mediated through what system
Definition
sympathetic system
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: the afferent limb of the pathway is from the retina through what structure
Definition
brachium of teh superior colliculus
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: the afferent limb of the pathway is from the retina through the brachium of the superior colliculus to what structure
Definition
midbrain reticular formation in the brainstem
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: from the midbrain reticular formation where are connections made next
Definition
reticulospinal tract
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: where does the reticulospinal tract go?
Definition
descends the spinal cord
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: fibers from the reticulospinal tract reach what type of neurons?
Definition
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: fibers from the reticulospinal tract reach the sympathetic preganglionic neurons where?
Definition
intermedio-lateral cell columns at t1-t3
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: preganglionic neurons in the interomedio-lateral cell columns at t1-t3 leave teh spinal cord and do what next?
Definition
ascend in teh sympathetic chain
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: preganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord and ascend in the sympathetic chain to terminate where
Definition
superior cervical ganglion
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: what is teh role of the superior cervical ganglion
Definition
provide sympathetic innervation to the head
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: from the superior cervical ganglion, these fibers join the carotid plexus
Definition
postganglionic sympathetic fibres
Term
Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: postganglionic sympathetic fibers join the carotid plexus to reach the eye and innervate what
Definition
pupillary dilator muscle
Term
condition: loss of sympathetic innervation to the face
Definition
homer's syndrome
Term
how many components does homer's syndrome have
Definition
4
Term
what are the 4 components of homer's syndrome
Definition
constricted pupil, ptosis of the affected eyelid, enopthalamus, loss of vasoconstrction and innervation to the sweat glands (resulting in affected half being warm, flushed, and dry)
Term
loss of innervation to the superior tarsal muscle (the smooth muscle component of the levator palpebrae superiorus) results in what
Definition
ptosis of the affected eyelid
Term
wasting of the adipose tissue behind the eye
Definition
enopthalamus
Term
which component of homers syndrome is a later sign
Definition
enopthalamus
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