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Visual Processing, Motion, and Depth Perception
Chapters 4,6,8, and 10 in Goldstein's S&P book
81
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
04/12/2011

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Cards

Term
Answer
Definition
Question
Term
parietal (spatial) = where/how pathway
Definition
Dorsal
Term
Temporal pathway = what
Definition
Ventral
Term
What did Ungerleider & Mishkin’s lesion studies reveal
Definition
That there are separate regions in the brain for object recognition and spatial processing
Term
Objects and Faces (object recognition, face perception)
Definition
Inferior Temporal Cortex
Term
Complex object recognition
Definition
Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT)
Term
Located on temporal lobe; selectively responds to just faces, and nothing else (humans, monkeys, smiley faces, etc.)
Definition
Fusiform Face Area: Nancy Kanwisher (1997)
Term
This area contains place cells, which can map environment monkeys have been in before, just from electrodes in their brain!
Definition
Parahippocampal Place Area
Term
Responds selectively to body parts (not the face)
Definition
Extrastriate body area
Term
Prosopagnosia
Definition
Cannot recognize faces (damage to FFA)
Term
Object agnosia
Definition
Failure to recognize objects -- know what they are used for, but not what to call them
Term
Apperceptive agnosia
Definition
cannot perceive things
Term
Associative agnosia
Definition
can name things, but does not know what they are used for
Term
Contour completion
Definition
Gestalt principle; similarities in orientation or apparent connectedness
Term
Good continuation
Definition
Gestalt principle; grouping edges than have similar orientation
Term
Occlusion
Definition
Gestalt principle; if an edge suddenly stops, we know something is in the way
Term
“Good Figure” or Pragnanz
Definition
Infer the simplest figure possible from what you see
Term
Similarity
Definition
Gestalt principle; we group similar things together into sets (based on color, texture, shape, etc.)
Term
Conjunction
Definition
Gestalt principle; combining features makes discrimination difficult
Term
Proximity
Definition
Gestalt principle; spacing, location, clusters go together
Term
Parallelism & Symmetry: pop-out effect
Definition
Gestalt principle; things that look the same or like two halves of a whole
Term
Proximity
Definition
Gestalt principle; things that are closer together
Term
Common Region
Definition
Gestalt principle; perceptual cues tell us things that are in a common region
Term
Connectedness
Definition
Gestalt principle; when two items are linked, they go together
Term
Synchrony
Definition
Gestalt principle; Events that occur at the same time are perceived as occurring together (ex. Flashing lights vs. stationary stars)
Term
Common Fate
Definition
Gestalt principle; we tend to perceive things that are moving together as being in a group
Term
Meaningfulness
Definition
When we perceive words in the hide and seek picture, it is due to this aspect of perception
Term
Familiarity
Definition
Once you see one horse in the hide and seek picture, you see many more.
Term
Texture segmentation
Definition
the ability to differentiate between different stimuli based on textures
Term
Developed by Oliver Selfridge (1957); decision-making by committee
Definition
Pandemonium Model
Term
Committee rules
Definition
Avoid accidents, honor physics
Term
Beiderman; focuses on geons
Definition
Recognition-by-components theory
Term
each geon has its own unique set of NAPs that are relatively consistent across viewpoints
Definition
Discriminability
Term
principle of the recognition-by-components model that states that we can rapidly and correctly identify an object if we can perceive its individual geons
Definition
Principle of Componential Recovery
Term
Figure is surrounded by ground
Definition
surroundedness
Term
have a preferences for things that are below the horizon
Definition
Experience
Term
when the image projected on our retina misleads us; relative size, discrimination rules, and depth cues are violated
Definition
Accidental Viewpoints
Term
What makes up a scene
Definition
Background and multiple meaningful objects
Term
What is an object?
Definition
the thing we are acting upon in a scene
Term
Scene
Definition
extended area where the action occurs
Term
What did Li Fei-Fei (2007)'s studies reveal?
Definition
~27 ms : Shape and features; no objects yet; ~67 ms: Some object recognition (large objects) and the “gist” of the scene; ~500 ms: Detailed object recognition
Term
Visual persistance of memory
Definition
275 ms of memory (Iconic memory)
Term
Degree of naturalness
Definition
Global image feature; nature has textured zones and undulating contours (Beach), city has straight horizontal and vertical lines
Term
Degree of roughness
Definition
global image feature; small, smooth scenes vs. detailed, rough scenes
Term
Degree of openness
Definition
global image feature; whether a scene has a wide-open horizon or none
Term
Convergence of parallel lines
Definition
Global image feature; Suggests the depth of the scene; very fast computation; Very fast computation of information (~500 ms)
Term
Color
Definition
global image feature; nature has lots of greens and blacks, cities have steel, grays, reds
Term
Oblique Effect
Definition
preference for horizontals and verticals over other contours
Term
Light from Above Heuristic
Definition
make inferences based on how the lighting appears to be coming into the scene
Term
Importance of Potter & Colleagues (1974)
Definition
Recognized target with 100 accuracy @ 250 ms
Term
evidence that there are neurons tuned to respond to different types of gestalt grouping heuristics
Definition
Neurons in V1 tuned to respond to context; firing rate responded to what was around them
Term
Zapidia & colleges (1995)
Definition
Contextual Modulation: the rate of the neuron depends on the context of the stimuli; response of individual cell is modulated by the things that surround it
Term
Lamme (1995)
Definition
Surround bar with square = high response; Put a square away from the green bar = low response; suggested that cells in V1 are responding to figure-ground relationships
Term
Spector and Gill
Definition
Wanted to find out what it takes to get a neuron to fire/how to tell whether or not someone has perceived a stimulus
Term
Sheinberg & Logothetis (1997)
Definition
Perception (actually attending to the stimuli) can increase the amplitude of the neural (receptor’s) response
Term
Tong & Colleagues (1998)
Definition
ONLY WHAT THEY WERE PERCEIVING WAS CHANGING, NOT WHAT THEY WERE SEEING
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
Focusing on something while excluding everything else; giving priority to one sense/stimulus while excluding everything else; ex, cocktail party effect
Term
The Spotlight of Attention Model
Definition
We are constantly casting our beam out and searching for stuff to focus on our fovea
Term
Sustained Attention
Definition
AKA vigilance; example is an air traffic controller, boat captain, etc.
Term
Divided attention
Definition
ex, texting while driving
Term
directing sense organ to a stimulus
Definition
Overt attention
Term
attending without directing
Definition
Covert attention
Term
Saccades
Definition
Rapid eye movements
Term
Fixations
Definition
Eye pauses to take in information; about 3 per second
Term
Ways for a stimulus to be salient
Definition
orientation, color change, knowledge,
Term
Conjunction Search
Definition
Happen when the target shares two or more features with the distractors
Term
Serial Search
Definition
Self-terminating serial search – when you find the item you are looking for, you stop looking
Term
The Binding Problem
Definition
If we have to go through multiple features, we have to put them together to decide if they are the target
Term
Feature Integration Theory
Definition
Treisman & Colleagues (1996); involves the pre-attentive stage and the directive attention stage
Term
Pre-attentive stage
Definition
all features are processed in parallel
Term
Direct (focused) attention stage
Definition
Relationships among shared features are analyzed/compared
Term
Illusory Conjunctions
Definition
Psychological phenomenon whereby participants involved in a fast visual search will falsely combine features of two objects into one object. For example, after visual presentation of a red B, blue S and green T, a proportion of participants will report seeing a blue B, red S and green T.
Term
Colby & Colleagues (1995)
Definition
Monkeys were trained to do a task à flashed a light, found that neurons responded to it; if they trained the monkey to direct its attention toward a stimulus, the firing rate of the neuron was enhanced through attention
Term
The Attentional Blink task
Definition
Attentional capacity is limited to measures the speed at which we can capture a stimulus, process it, then re-deploy our attention to catch the next stimulus; when presented with a rapid stream of information, we’re bound to miss something
Term
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)
Definition
Series of stimuli presented rapidly, one at a time; vary the number if items and amount of time between the targets
Term
P300
Definition
brain wave that occurs 300 ms after you have seen a stimulus; happens when you see something rare and meaningful
Term
Attentional Bottleneck
Definition
Humans cannot deploy all of our attention to an entire scene at one time
Term
Feature Integration Theory (FIT)
Definition
You have to attend to a stimulus to bind the features
Term
Phi Phenomenon
Definition
apparent motion is created by the precise timing of blinking on-off of a particular light
Term
Induced Motion
Definition
a smaller stimulus moves in front of a large stimulus, creating the illusion of movement
Term
Motion Aftereffects
Definition
we have motion sensors that are sensitive to one particular direction; When that direction is repeatedly presented, we stop paying attention to the stimulus
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