Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Vision, auditory, taste, hunger
Chapters 4,6, 7 and 10
112
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/24/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
Control sensations from the head, muscles movements in the head and much of the parasymapthetic output to the organs.
Term
Olfactory
Definition
Smell
Term
Optic CN II
Definition
Vision
Term
Oculmotor
Definition
Control of eye movements; pupil contriction
Term
trochlear
Definition
control of eye movements
Term
trigmenial
Definition
skin sensations for most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing
Term
abducens
Definition
control of eye movments
Term
facial
Definition
taste from the first 2/3 of the tongue; control of facial expressions, crying salvation, and dilation of the heads blood vessels
Term
statoacoustic
Definition
hearing; equilibrium
Term
glossopharyhgeal
Definition
taste and other sensations from the throat and back 1/3 of the tongue; control of swallowin salivation, throat movements, during speech
Term
vagus
Definition
sensations from neck and thorax; control of throat, esophagus, and larynx; parasymapathetic
Term
accessory
Definition
control of the neck and shoulder movements
Term
hypoglossal
Definition
control of muscles of the tongue
Term
law of specific nerve energies
Definition
impulses in one neuron indicate light, whereas impulses in another neuron indicate sound
Term
pupil
Definition
opening in the center of the iris; where light enters
Term
retina
Definition
rear surface of the eye; lined with visual receptors
Term
bipolar cells
Definition
located closer to the center of the eye; sends messages to ganglion cells
Term
ganglion cells
Definition
located closer to the center of the eye; join together and travel back to the brain
Term
blind spot
Definition
has no receptors
Term
optic nerve
Definition
exits through the back of the eye; bundle of axons that travel from the ganglion cells of the retina to the back of the eye
Term
Fovea
Definition
a tiny specialized area for acute detailed vision on the central portion of your retina
Term
foveal vision
Definition
better sensitivity to detail
Term
peripheral vision
Definition
bett sensitivity to dim light
Term
rods
Definition
receptor, abundant in or near the fovea; less active in dim light; essential for color vision
Term
cones
Definition
abundant in or near the fovea, less active in dim light, more useful in bright light and essential for color vision
Term
photopigments
Definition
chemicals that release energy when struck by light
Term
trichromatic (Young-Hemoltz) Theory
Definition
we perceive color through the relative rates of response br three kinds of cones each kind maximally sensitive to a different set of wave lengths
Term
opponent-process theory
Definition
we perceive color in terms of opposites; red-green; yellow-blue
Term
negative color after image
Definition
a replacement of the red you had been staring at w/ gree
Term
visual field
Definition
the part of the world that you see
Term
retinex theory
Definition
the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determines the brightness and color of each area
Term
color constancy
Definition
the ability to recognize colors depite changes in lighting
Term
horizontal cells
Definition
receives input from receptors and delivers inhibitory input to bipolar cells
Term
amacrine cells
Definition
where bipolar cells make synapses
Term
lateral geniculate nucleus
Definition
part of the thalamus where most ganglions cell axons go
Term
receptive field
Definition
part of the visual field that excites or inhibits it; the point in space from which light strikes the cell
Term
parvocellular neurons
Definition
small cell bodies/ small receptive fields - mostly in or near the fovea
Term
magnocellular neurons
Definition
larger cell bodies and receptive fields distributed evenly throughout the retins
Term
koniocellular neurons
Definition
small cell bodies found throughout the retina
Term
primary visual cortex
Definition
where most information from the lateral geniculate nucleus goes responsible for conscious vision, visual imagery, visual images in dreams responding to light
Term
secondary visual cortex
Definition
process the info further and transmits it to additional areas
Term
ventral stream
Definition
"what" pathway; indentifying and recognizing objects
Term
dorsal stream
Definition
visual path in the parietal cortex
Term
visual agnosia
Definition
an inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision
Term
prosopagnosia
Definition
inability to recognize faces
Term
motion blindness
Definition
people w/ damage to area MT, able to see objects but impaired at seeing whether they are moving or not or which direction and how fast
Term
blindsight
Definition
an ability to respond to visual information that they report not seeing
Term
infant vision
Definition
built in face recognition, like faces upright
Term
amplitude
Definition
intensity of soundwave
Term
loudness
Definition
sensation related to amplitude but not identical to it
Term
frequency
Definition
number of compressions/sec
Term
pitch
Definition
the related aspect of perception; higher frequency=higher ______
Term
pinna
Definition
familiar structure of flesh and cartlidge attached to each side of the head
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
eardrum in the middle ear; vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that strike it
Term
oval window
Definition
a membrane of the inner ear
Term
cochlea
Definition
a structure in the inner ear containing auditory receptors
Term
hair cells
Definition
auditory receptors between basilar membrane of the cochlea and the tectorial membrane on the other
Term
place theory
Definition
the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency
Term
frequency theory
Definition
the basilar membrane vibrates in synch w/ a sounds causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials @ the same frequency
Term
volley principle
Definition
the auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to about 4000/second
Term
conductive deafness
Definition
middle ear does no transmit soundwaves properly to the cochlea
Term
nreve deafness
Definition
someone hears certain frequencies and not others
Term
tinnitus
Definition
frequent or constant ringing in the ears
Term
somatosensation
Definition
touch
Term
dermatome
Definition
area of the skin connected to a specific spinal nerve
Term
pain
Definition
the experience evoked by a harmful stimulus directs our attention towards danger and holds our attention
Term
glutamate
Definition
released in both mild and strong pain
Term
subtance P
Definition
released during strong pain
Term
gate theory
Definition
spinal cord neurons that receive...
Term
endorphins
Definition
the transmitters that attach to the same receptors as morphine
Term
periqueductal gray area
Definition
where the receptors are found that opiates bind to
Term
capsaicin
Definition
a chemical found in hot peppers such as jalapenos
Term
labeled line principle
Definition
each receptor would respond to a limited range of stimuli and the meaning would depend entirely on which neurons are active
Term
across-fiber pattern principle
Definition
each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and a given response by a given axon means little in comparison to what other axons are doing
Term
papillae
Definition
structure on surface of tongue containing taste buds
Term
cross-adaption
Definition
reduced response to one taste after absorbtion of others
Term
adaption
Definition
the fatigue of receptors sensitive to sour taste
Term
olfaction
Definition
sense of smell; the response to chemicals that contact that membranes inside the nose
Term
olfactory cells
Definition
responsible for smell and line the olfactory epethilium in the rear of the nasal passages
Term
pheremones
Definition
chemicals released by an anumal that affect the behavior of other members of the same species; especially sexually
Term
vomernasal organ (VNO)
Definition
a set of receptors located near, but seperate from, the olfactory receptors; responds only to pheremones
Term
symesthesia
Definition
the experience of one sense in response to stimulation of a different sense; 1/500 people affected
Term
homeostasis
Definition
temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range
Term
set point
Definition
a single value the body works to maintain
Term
negative feedback
Definition
processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point
Term
basal metabolism
Definition
the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest
Term
poikilothermic
Definition
body temperature matches that temp of their environment
Term
homeothermic
Definition
uses physiological mechanisms to maintin a nearly constant body temperature despite changes in the temperature of the environment
Term
preoptic area
Definition
brain area important for temperature control is located anterior to the anterior hypothalamus
Term
cytokines
Definition
attack the bacteria, viruses ect,..; also stimulate the vagus nerve which sends signals to the hypothalamus to release fever reducing chemicals
Term
vasopressin
Definition
a hormone released by the pituitary gland; raises blodd pressure by constricting the blood vessels
Term
osmotic thirst
Definition
too much salt not enough water
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
the tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to an area of higher concentration
Term
OVLT
Definition
an area important for detecting osmotic pressure and the salt content of the blood
Term
supraoptic nucleus & paraventicular nucleus
Definition
controls the rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin
Term
lateral preoptic area
Definition
controls drinking
Term
hypovolemic thirst
Definition
loss of bodily fluid
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
constricts blood vessels compensating for the drop in blood pressure
Term
sodium specific hunger
Definition
enhanced preference for salty tastes during a period of sodium deficiencies
Term
aldosterone
Definition
hormone produced in adrenal glands that causes the kidneys, salivary glands, and sweat glands to retain salt
Term
conditioned taste aversion
Definition
not wanting a food item because you associate it with illness
Term
vagus nerve (CN X)
Definition
conveys information about the stretching of the stomach, first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients
Term
glucose
Definition
an important source of energy throughout the body and nearly the only fuel used by the brain
Term
glucagon
Definition
stimulates the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen yo glucose to replenish low supplies in the blood
Term
leptin
Definition
peptide released by fat cells; tends to decrease appetite partly by decreasing the release of neuropeptide Y
Term
arcuate nucleus
Definition
a set of neurons sensitive to hunger signals and a set sensitive to satiety
Term
ghrelin
Definition
released by stomach to cause stomach contractions
Term
paraventicular nucleus
Definition
inhibits the lateral hypothalamus
Term
lateral hypothalamus
Definition
important for eating
Term
ventromedial hypothalamus
Definition
leads to over eating and weight gain
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
unwilling to eat as much as the need
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
extreme dieting alternated with binge eating; purging also happens
Supporting users have an ad free experience!